<s>
Videotelephony	B-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
and	O
video	B-Application
teleconferencing	I-Application
,	O
is	O
the	O
two-way	O
or	O
multipoint	O
reception	O
and	O
transmission	O
of	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
signals	O
by	O
people	O
in	O
different	O
locations	O
for	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
videophone	B-Application
is	O
a	O
telephone	O
with	O
a	O
video	O
camera	O
and	O
video	B-Device
display	I-Device
,	O
capable	O
of	O
simultaneous	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
implies	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
this	O
technology	O
for	O
a	O
group	O
or	O
organizational	O
meeting	O
rather	O
than	O
for	O
individuals	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
videoconference	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telepresence	B-Application
may	O
refer	O
either	O
to	O
a	O
high-quality	O
videotelephony	B-Application
system	O
(	O
where	O
the	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
illusion	O
that	O
remote	O
participants	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
room	O
)	O
or	O
to	O
meetup	O
technology	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
go	O
beyond	O
video	O
into	O
robotics	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
moving	O
around	O
the	O
room	O
or	O
physically	O
manipulating	O
objects	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
called	O
"	O
visual	B-Application
collaboration	I-Application
"	O
and	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
groupware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Application
telephony	I-Application
also	O
included	O
"	O
image	O
phones	O
"	O
which	O
would	O
exchange	O
still	O
images	O
between	O
units	O
every	O
few	O
seconds	O
over	O
conventional	O
plain	O
old	O
telephone	O
service	O
(	O
POTS	O
)	O
lines	O
,	O
essentially	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
slow-scan	O
TV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
advanced	O
video	B-Application
codecs	I-Application
,	O
more	O
powerful	O
CPUs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
high-bandwidth	O
Internet	O
service	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
allowed	O
videophones	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
high-quality	O
low-cost	O
color	O
service	O
between	O
users	O
almost	O
any	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
where	O
the	O
Internet	O
is	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Useful	O
applications	O
include	O
sign	O
language	O
transmission	O
for	O
deaf	O
and	O
speech-impaired	O
people	O
,	O
distance	O
education	O
,	O
telemedicine	B-Application
,	O
and	O
overcoming	O
mobility	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
News	O
media	O
organizations	O
have	O
begun	O
to	O
use	O
desktop	B-Device
technologies	O
like	O
Skype	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
higher-quality	O
audio	O
than	O
the	O
cellular	O
phone	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
video	B-Application
links	I-Application
at	O
much	O
lower	O
cost	O
than	O
sending	O
professional	O
equipment	O
or	O
using	O
a	O
professional	O
studio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
popular	O
videotelephony	B-Application
technologies	O
use	O
the	O
Internet	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
traditional	O
landline	O
phone	O
network	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
modern	O
phone	O
networks	O
use	O
digital	O
packet	B-Protocol
protocols	O
,	O
and	O
videotelephony	B-Application
software	O
commonly	O
runs	O
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
over	O
digital	O
radiotelephony	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
videotelephony	B-Application
was	O
first	O
conceived	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1870s	O
,	O
both	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
basic	O
sciences	O
to	O
permit	O
its	O
very	O
earliest	O
trials	O
would	O
take	O
nearly	O
a	O
half	O
century	O
to	O
be	O
discovered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
first	O
embodied	O
in	O
the	O
device	O
which	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
video	B-Application
telephone	I-Application
,	O
or	O
videophone	B-Application
,	O
and	O
it	O
evolved	O
from	O
intensive	O
research	O
and	O
experimentation	O
in	O
several	O
telecommunication	O
fields	O
,	O
notably	O
electrical	O
telegraphy	O
,	O
telephony	O
,	O
radio	O
,	O
and	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simple	O
analog	O
videophone	B-Application
communication	O
could	O
be	O
established	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
the	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
that	O
was	O
the	O
German	O
Reich	O
Postzentralamt	O
(	O
post	O
office	O
)	O
videotelephone	B-Application
network	O
serving	O
Berlin	O
and	O
several	O
German	O
cities	O
via	O
coaxial	O
cables	O
between	O
1936	O
and	O
1940	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
as	O
a	O
subscription	O
service	O
started	O
in	O
the	O
latter	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
1920s	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
spurred	O
notably	O
by	O
John	O
Logie	O
Baird	O
and	O
T	O
's	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
organizations	O
believed	O
that	O
videotelephony	B-Application
would	O
be	O
superior	O
to	O
plain	O
voice	O
communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
first	O
crewed	O
space	O
flights	O
,	O
NASA	O
used	O
two	O
radio-frequency	O
(	O
UHF	O
or	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
)	O
video	B-Application
links	I-Application
,	O
one	O
in	O
each	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TV	O
channels	O
routinely	O
use	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
videotelephony	B-Application
when	O
reporting	O
from	O
distant	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
news	O
media	O
were	O
to	O
become	O
regular	O
users	O
of	O
mobile	O
links	O
to	O
satellites	B-Application
using	O
specially	O
equipped	O
trucks	O
,	O
and	O
much	O
later	O
via	O
special	O
satellite	B-Application
videophones	B-Application
in	O
a	O
briefcase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
was	O
very	O
expensive	O
,	O
though	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
not	O
adopted	O
for	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
telemedicine	B-Application
,	O
distance	O
education	O
,	O
and	O
business	O
meetings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
a	O
commercial	O
failure	O
,	O
chiefly	O
due	O
to	O
consumer	O
apathy	O
,	O
high	O
subscription	O
costs	O
,	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
network	O
effect	O
—	O
with	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
hundred	O
Picturephones	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
users	O
had	O
extremely	O
few	O
contacts	O
they	O
could	O
actually	O
call	O
,	O
and	O
interoperability	O
with	O
other	O
videophone	B-Application
systems	O
would	O
not	O
exist	O
for	O
decades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
expensive	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
continued	O
to	O
evolve	O
throughout	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
powerful	O
video	B-Application
codecs	I-Application
combined	O
with	O
high-speed	O
Internet	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
and	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
service	O
did	O
videotelephony	B-Application
become	O
a	O
practical	O
technology	O
for	O
regular	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
video	O
compression	O
allowed	O
digital	O
video	O
streams	O
to	O
be	O
transmitted	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
previously	O
difficult	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
impractically	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
requirements	O
of	O
uncompressed	B-Device
video	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
Video	B-Protocol
Graphics	I-Protocol
Array	I-Protocol
(	O
VGA	B-Protocol
)	O
quality	O
video	O
without	O
compression	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
require	O
a	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
over	O
92Mbps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
compression	O
technique	O
used	O
to	O
significantly	O
reduce	O
bandwidth	O
requirements	O
in	O
videotelephony	B-Application
and	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
is	O
the	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Nasir	O
Ahmed	O
,	O
T	O
.	O
Natarajan	O
and	O
K	O
.	O
R	O
.	O
Rao	O
in	O
1973	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
algorithm	O
was	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
practical	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
that	O
was	O
useful	O
for	O
online	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
,	O
H.261	B-Algorithm
,	O
standardised	O
by	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
and	O
subsequent	O
H.26x	B-Application
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
telephony	I-General_Concept
transmission	O
networks	O
became	O
possible	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
with	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
networks	O
,	O
assuring	O
a	O
minimum	O
bit	O
rate	O
(	O
usually	O
128	O
kilobits/s	O
)	O
for	O
compressed	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Media	O
space	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
as	O
widely	O
used	O
today	O
as	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
but	O
were	O
still	O
an	O
important	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
dedicated	O
systems	O
started	O
to	O
appear	O
as	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
networks	O
were	O
expanding	O
throughout	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
sold	O
to	O
companies	O
came	O
from	O
PictureTel	O
Corp.	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
an	O
initial	O
public	O
offering	O
in	O
November	O
,	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Concept	O
Communication	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
replaced	O
the	O
,	O
US$	O
100,000	O
computers	O
necessary	O
for	O
teleconferencing	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
$	O
12,000	O
circuit	O
board	O
that	O
doubled	O
the	O
video	O
frame	O
rate	O
from	O
15	O
to	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
and	O
which	O
reduced	O
the	O
equipment	O
to	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
circuit	O
board	O
fitting	O
into	O
standard	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
also	O
secured	O
a	O
patent	O
for	O
a	O
codec	B-General_Concept
for	O
full-motion	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
,	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
at	O
AT&T	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
throughout	O
the	O
1990s	O
rapidly	O
evolved	O
from	O
very	O
expensive	O
proprietary	O
equipment	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
network	O
requirements	O
to	O
a	O
standards-based	O
technology	O
readily	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
at	O
a	O
reasonable	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
Internet	O
Protocol-based	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
became	O
possible	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
efficient	O
video	O
compression	O
technologies	O
were	O
developed	O
,	O
permitting	O
desktop	B-Device
,	O
or	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
PC	O
)	O
-based	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
CU-SeeMe	B-Protocol
was	O
developed	O
at	O
Cornell	O
by	O
Tim	O
Dorcey	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1995	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
videoconference	B-Application
between	O
North	O
America	O
and	O
Africa	O
took	O
place	O
,	O
linking	O
a	O
technofair	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
with	O
a	O
techno-rave	O
and	O
cyberdeli	O
in	O
Cape	O
Town	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
1998	O
Winter	O
Olympics	O
opening	O
ceremony	O
in	O
Nagano	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
Seiji	O
Ozawa	O
conducted	O
the	O
Ode	O
to	O
Joy	O
from	O
Beethoven	O
's	O
Ninth	O
Symphony	O
simultaneously	O
across	O
five	O
continents	O
in	O
near-real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
technology	O
was	O
initially	O
used	O
primarily	O
within	O
internal	O
corporate	O
communication	O
networks	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
community	O
service	O
uses	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
started	O
in	O
1992	O
through	O
a	O
unique	O
partnership	O
with	O
PictureTel	B-Application
and	O
IBM	O
,	O
which	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
were	O
promoting	O
a	O
jointly	O
developed	O
desktop	B-Device
based	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
product	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
PCS/1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
next	O
15	O
years	O
,	O
Project	B-Application
DIANE	I-Application
(	O
Diversified	O
Information	O
and	O
Assistance	O
Network	O
)	O
grew	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
platforms	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
multi-state	O
cooperative	O
public	O
service	O
and	O
distance	O
education	O
network	O
consisting	O
of	O
several	O
hundred	O
schools	O
,	O
libraries	O
,	O
science	O
museums	O
,	O
zoos	O
and	O
parks	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
community-oriented	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kyocera	O
conducted	O
a	O
two-year	O
development	O
campaign	O
from	O
1997	O
to	O
1999	O
that	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
VP-210	O
Visual	O
Phone	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
mobile	O
colour	O
videophone	B-Application
that	O
also	O
doubled	O
as	O
a	O
camera	O
phone	O
for	O
still	O
photos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
phone	O
was	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
as	O
similar	O
contemporary	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
but	O
sported	O
a	O
large	O
camera	O
lens	O
and	O
a	O
5cm	O
(	O
2	O
inch	O
)	O
colour	O
TFT	B-Device
display	I-Device
capable	O
of	O
displaying	O
65,000	O
colors	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
process	O
two	O
video	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videotelephony	B-Application
was	O
popularized	O
in	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
via	O
free	O
Internet	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Skype	B-Application
and	O
iChat	B-Protocol
,	O
web	O
plugins	O
supporting	O
H.26x	B-Application
video	O
standards	O
,	O
and	O
on-line	O
telecommunication	O
programs	O
that	O
promoted	O
low	O
cost	O
,	O
albeit	O
lower	O
quality	O
,	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
to	O
virtually	O
every	O
location	O
with	O
an	O
Internet	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
rapid	O
improvements	O
and	O
popularity	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
videotelephony	B-Application
has	O
become	O
widespread	O
through	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
video-enabled	O
mobile	O
phones	O
such	O
as	O
2010	O
's	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
,	O
plus	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
and	O
computer	B-Architecture
webcams	B-Protocol
which	O
use	O
Internet	B-Application
telephony	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
upper	O
echelons	O
of	O
government	O
,	O
business	O
,	O
and	O
commerce	O
,	O
telepresence	B-Application
technology	I-Application
,	O
an	O
advanced	O
form	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
,	O
has	O
helped	O
reduce	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
travel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
high	O
definition	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
produced	O
by	O
LifeSize	B-Protocol
Communications	I-Protocol
,	O
were	O
displayed	O
at	O
the	O
Interop	O
trade	O
show	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
,	O
Nevada	O
,	O
able	O
to	O
provide	O
video	O
at	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
with	O
a	O
1280	O
by	O
720	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polycom	O
introduced	O
its	O
first	O
high	O
definition	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
system	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
high	O
definition	O
resolution	O
for	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
became	O
a	O
popular	O
feature	O
,	O
with	O
most	O
major	O
suppliers	O
in	O
the	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
market	O
offering	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technological	O
developments	O
by	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
developers	O
in	O
the	O
2010s	O
have	O
extended	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
beyond	O
the	O
boardroom	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
hand-held	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
devices	I-Application
that	O
combine	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
video	O
,	O
audio	O
and	O
on-screen	O
drawing	O
capabilities	O
broadcasting	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
over	O
secure	O
networks	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Protocol
collaboration	I-Protocol
systems	O
now	O
allow	O
people	O
in	O
previously	O
unreachable	O
locations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
workers	O
on	O
an	O
offshore	O
oil	O
rig	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
view	O
and	O
discuss	O
issues	O
with	O
colleagues	O
thousands	O
of	O
miles	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
system	O
manufacturers	O
have	O
begun	O
providing	O
mobile	O
applications	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
that	O
allow	O
for	O
live	O
and	O
still	O
image	O
streaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
highest	O
ever	O
video	B-Application
call	I-Application
(	O
other	O
than	O
those	O
from	O
aircraft	O
and	O
spacecraft	O
)	O
took	O
place	O
on	O
May	O
19	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
when	O
British	O
adventurer	O
Daniel	O
Hughes	O
used	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
a	O
BGAN	O
satellite	B-Application
modem	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
videocall	B-Application
to	O
the	O
BBC	O
from	O
the	O
summit	O
of	O
Mount	O
Everest	O
,	O
at	O
above	O
sea	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
significant	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Berstein	O
Research	O
found	O
that	O
Zoom	B-Application
added	O
more	O
subscribers	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
months	O
of	O
2020	O
alone	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
entire	O
year	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GoToMeeting	B-Protocol
had	O
a	O
20	O
percent	O
increase	O
in	O
usage	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
LogMeIn	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
UK	O
based	O
StarLeaf	B-Application
reported	O
a	O
600	O
percent	O
increase	O
in	O
national	O
call	O
volumes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
became	O
so	O
widespread	O
during	O
the	O
pandemic	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Zoom	B-Application
fatigue	O
"	O
came	O
to	O
prominence	O
,	O
referring	O
to	O
the	O
taxing	O
nature	O
of	O
spending	O
long	O
periods	O
of	O
time	O
on	O
videocalls	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
21	O
September	O
2021	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
launched	O
two	O
new	O
versions	O
of	O
its	O
Portal	O
video-calling	O
devices	O
,	O
the	O
Portal	O
Go	O
and	O
Portal	O
Plus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
video	B-Application
calling	I-Application
devices	O
include	O
the	O
first	O
portable	O
variety	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
and	O
number	O
of	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videotelephony	B-Application
can	O
be	O
categorized	O
by	O
its	O
functionality	O
and	O
intended	O
purpose	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
by	O
its	O
method	O
of	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videophones	B-Application
were	O
the	O
earliest	O
form	O
of	O
videotelephony	B-Application
,	O
dating	O
back	O
to	O
initial	O
tests	O
in	O
1927	O
by	O
AT&T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
late	O
1930s	O
,	O
the	O
post	O
offices	O
of	O
several	O
European	O
governments	O
established	O
public	O
videophone	B-Application
services	O
for	O
person-to-person	O
communications	O
using	O
dual	O
cable	O
circuit	O
telephone	O
transmission	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
present	O
day	O
,	O
standalone	O
videophones	B-Application
and	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
video-enabled	O
mobile	O
phones	O
are	O
usually	O
used	O
on	O
a	O
person-to-person	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
saw	O
its	O
earliest	O
use	O
with	O
T	O
's	O
Picturephone	O
service	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
corporate	O
video-conferencing	B-Application
systems	O
in	O
the	O
present	O
day	O
have	O
migrated	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
to	O
digital	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
and	O
IP	B-Protocol
transmission	O
modes	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
convey	O
the	O
very	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
generated	O
by	O
their	O
cameras	O
and	O
microphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telepresence	B-Application
systems	I-Application
are	O
a	O
newer	O
,	O
more	O
advanced	O
subset	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
meant	O
to	O
allow	O
higher	O
degrees	O
of	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
fidelity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Protocol
collaboration	I-Protocol
systems	O
are	O
another	O
recent	O
development	O
,	O
combining	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
video	O
,	O
audio	O
,	O
and	O
on-screen	O
drawing	O
capabilities	O
using	O
newest	O
generation	O
hand-held	B-Application
electronic	I-Application
devices	I-Application
broadcasting	O
over	O
secure	O
networks	O
,	O
enabling	O
multi-party	O
conferencing	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
,	O
independent	O
of	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proximity	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
is	O
another	O
alternative	O
mode	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
flexibility	O
of	O
small	O
group	O
conversations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TV	O
cams	O
enable	O
people	O
to	O
make	O
video	O
"	O
phone	O
"	O
calls	O
using	O
video	B-Application
calling	I-Application
services	O
,	O
like	O
Skype	B-Application
on	O
their	O
TV	O
,	O
without	O
using	O
a	O
PC	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TV	O
cams	O
are	O
specially	O
designed	O
video	O
cameras	O
that	O
feed	O
images	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
to	O
another	O
TV	O
camera	O
or	O
other	O
compatible	O
computing	O
devices	O
like	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
tablets	B-Device
and	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Webcams	B-Protocol
are	O
popular	O
,	O
relatively	O
low-cost	O
devices	O
which	O
can	O
provide	O
live	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
streams	O
via	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
many	O
software	B-Protocol
clients	I-Protocol
for	O
both	O
video	B-Application
calls	I-Application
and	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	B-Protocol
camera	I-Protocol
videophone	B-Application
and	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
either	O
stand-alone	O
or	O
built-in	O
,	O
that	O
serve	O
as	O
complements	O
to	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
connected	O
to	O
other	O
participants	O
by	O
computer	B-Architecture
and	O
VoIP	B-Application
networks	O
—	O
lowest	O
direct	O
cost	O
,	O
assuming	O
the	O
users	O
already	O
possess	O
computers	O
at	O
their	O
respective	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quality	O
of	O
service	O
can	O
range	O
from	O
low	O
to	O
very	O
high	O
,	O
including	O
high	O
definition	O
video	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
latest	O
model	O
webcams	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
related	O
and	O
similar	O
device	O
is	O
a	O
TV	O
camera	O
which	O
is	O
usually	O
small	O
,	O
sits	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
a	O
TV	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
connect	O
to	O
it	O
via	O
its	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
port	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
how	O
a	O
webcam	B-Protocol
attaches	O
to	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
via	O
a	O
USB	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videophones	B-Application
—	O
low	O
to	O
midrange	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
standalone	O
models	O
operated	O
over	O
either	O
plain	O
old	O
telephone	O
service	O
(	O
POTS	O
)	O
lines	O
on	O
the	O
PSTN	O
telephone	O
networks	O
or	O
more	O
expensive	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
lines	I-Protocol
,	O
while	O
newer	O
models	O
have	O
largely	O
migrated	O
to	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
line	O
service	O
for	O
higher	O
image	O
resolutions	O
and	O
sound	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quality	O
of	O
service	O
for	O
standalone	O
videophones	B-Application
can	O
vary	O
from	O
low	O
to	O
high	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Huddle	O
room	O
or	O
all-in-one	O
systems	O
—	O
low	O
to	O
midrange	O
cost	O
,	O
newer	O
endpoint	O
category	O
based	O
on	O
standard	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
but	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
camera	O
,	O
microphone(s )	O
,	O
speakers	O
,	O
and	O
codec	B-General_Concept
contained	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
piece	O
of	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
used	O
in	O
small	O
to	O
medium	O
spaces	O
where	O
beamforming	B-Algorithm
microphone	B-Algorithm
arrays	I-Algorithm
located	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
are	O
sufficient	O
,	O
in	O
lieu	O
of	O
table	O
or	O
ceiling	O
microphones	B-Application
in	O
closer	O
proximity	O
to	O
the	O
in	O
room	O
participants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quality	O
of	O
service	O
is	O
comparable	O
to	O
standard	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
varying	O
from	O
moderate	O
to	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
manufacturers	O
 '	O
huddle	O
room	O
systems	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
the	O
codec	B-General_Concept
within	O
the	O
soundbar	O
shaped	O
unit	O
,	O
rather	O
only	O
camera	O
,	O
microphone	B-Application
,	O
and	O
speakers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
are	O
usually	O
still	O
classified	O
as	O
huddle	O
room	O
systems	O
,	O
but	O
,	O
like	O
webcams	B-Protocol
,	O
rely	O
on	O
a	O
USB	O
connection	O
to	O
an	O
external	O
device	O
,	O
usually	O
a	O
PC	O
,	O
to	O
process	O
the	O
video	B-Application
codec	I-Application
responsibilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
its	O
name	O
,	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
systems	O
for	O
Huddle	O
Rooms	O
prevent	O
participants	O
from	O
huddling	O
close	O
together	O
to	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All-in-one	O
systems	O
for	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
rooms	O
range	O
from	O
wide	O
angles	O
such	O
as	O
110°	O
Horizontal	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
(	O
FOV	O
)	O
to	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
360°	B-General_Concept
FOV	O
that	O
allow	O
a	O
full	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
room	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
—	O
midrange	O
cost	O
,	O
usually	O
using	O
multipoint	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
units	I-Protocol
or	O
other	O
bridging	O
services	O
to	O
allow	O
multiple	O
parties	O
on	O
videoconference	B-Application
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telepresence	B-Application
systems	I-Application
—	O
highest	O
capabilities	O
and	O
highest	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Full	O
high-end	O
systems	O
can	O
involve	O
specially	O
built	O
teleconference	O
rooms	O
to	O
allow	O
expansive	O
views	O
with	O
very	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
fidelity	O
,	O
to	O
permit	O
an	O
'	O
immersive	O
 '	O
videoconference	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Architecture
security	O
experts	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
poorly	O
configured	O
or	O
inadequately	O
supervised	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
can	O
permit	O
an	O
easy	O
"	O
virtual	O
"	O
entry	O
by	O
computer	B-Architecture
hackers	O
and	O
criminals	O
into	O
company	O
premises	O
and	O
corporate	O
boardrooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
adds	O
another	O
option	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
when	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Bill	O
Gates	O
said	O
in	O
2001	O
that	O
he	O
used	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
"	O
three	O
or	O
four	O
times	O
a	O
year	O
"	O
,	O
because	O
digital	O
scheduling	O
was	O
difficult	O
and	O
"	O
if	O
the	O
overhead	O
is	O
super	O
high	O
,	O
then	O
you	O
might	O
as	O
well	O
just	O
have	O
a	O
face-to-face	O
meeting	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
observers	O
argue	O
that	O
three	O
outstanding	O
issues	O
have	O
prevented	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
from	O
becoming	O
a	O
widely	O
adopted	O
form	O
of	O
communication	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
ubiquity	O
of	O
videoconferencing-capable	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
traditional	O
telephone	O
conversations	O
give	O
no	O
eye	O
contact	O
cues	O
,	O
many	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
are	O
arguably	O
worse	O
in	O
that	O
they	O
provide	O
an	O
incorrect	O
impression	O
that	O
the	O
remote	O
interlocutor	O
is	O
avoiding	O
eye	O
contact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
telepresence	B-Application
systems	I-Application
have	O
cameras	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
screens	O
that	O
reduce	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
parallax	B-Device
observed	O
by	O
the	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
issue	O
is	O
also	O
being	O
addressed	O
through	O
research	O
that	O
generates	O
a	O
synthetic	O
image	O
with	O
eye	O
contact	O
using	O
stereo	O
reconstruction.Telcordia	O
Technologies	O
,	O
formerly	O
Bell	O
Communications	O
Research	O
,	O
owns	O
a	O
patent	O
for	O
eye-to-eye	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
using	O
rear	B-Device
projection	I-Device
screens	I-Device
with	O
the	O
video	O
camera	O
behind	O
it	O
,	O
evolved	O
from	O
a	O
1960s	O
U.S.	O
military	O
system	O
that	O
provided	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
services	O
between	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
and	O
various	O
other	O
government	O
and	O
military	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Appearance	O
consciousness	O
:	O
A	O
second	O
psychological	O
problem	O
with	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
is	O
being	O
on	O
camera	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
video	O
stream	O
possibly	O
even	O
being	O
recorded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
next	O
to	O
a	O
stable	O
large	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
a	O
small	O
total	B-Protocol
round-trip	I-Protocol
time	I-Protocol
is	O
another	O
major	O
technical	O
requirement	O
for	O
the	O
communication	O
channel	O
for	O
interactive	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bandwidth	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
service	O
:	O
In	O
some	O
countries	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
or	O
expensive	O
to	O
get	O
a	O
high-quality	O
connection	O
that	O
is	O
fast	O
enough	O
for	O
good-quality	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Internet	O
speeds	O
increase	O
,	O
higher	O
quality	O
and	O
high-definition	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
will	O
become	O
more	O
readily	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
hardware	O
systems	O
,	O
an	O
unplugged	O
cord	O
or	O
an	O
unresponsive	O
remote	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
is	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
failure	O
,	O
contributing	O
to	O
a	O
perceived	O
unreliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successful	O
systems	O
are	O
backed	O
by	O
support	O
teams	B-Application
who	O
can	O
provide	O
fast	O
assistance	O
when	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perceived	O
lack	O
of	O
interoperability	O
:	O
Not	O
all	O
systems	O
can	O
readily	O
interconnect	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
and	O
IP	B-Protocol
systems	O
require	O
a	O
gateway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expense	O
of	O
commercial	O
systems	O
:	O
Well-designed	O
telepresence	B-Application
systems	I-Application
require	O
specially	O
designed	O
rooms	O
which	O
can	O
cost	O
hundreds	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
dollars	O
to	O
fit	O
out	O
their	O
rooms	O
with	O
codecs	B-General_Concept
,	O
integration	O
equipment	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Multipoint	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Units	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
high	O
fidelity	O
sound	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
furniture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monthly	O
charges	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
required	O
for	O
bridging	O
services	O
and	O
high	O
capacity	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
for	O
those	O
lacking	O
dedicated	O
facilities	O
is	O
the	O
rental	O
of	O
videoconferencing-equipped	O
meeting	O
rooms	O
in	O
cities	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issue	O
of	O
eye-contact	O
may	O
be	O
solved	O
with	O
advancing	O
technology	O
,	O
including	O
smartphones	B-Application
which	O
have	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
camera	O
in	O
essentially	O
the	O
same	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
developed	O
countries	O
,	O
the	O
near-ubiquity	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
computers	O
with	O
built-in	O
audio	O
and	O
webcams	B-Protocol
removes	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
expensive	O
dedicated	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
technology	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
videotelephony	B-Application
system	O
is	O
digital	O
compression	O
of	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
streams	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hardware	O
or	O
software	O
that	O
performs	O
compression	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
codec	B-General_Concept
(	O
coder/decoder	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
digital	O
stream	O
of	O
1s	O
and	O
0s	O
is	O
subdivided	O
into	O
labeled	O
packets	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
are	O
then	O
transmitted	O
through	O
a	O
digital	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
of	O
some	O
kind	O
(	O
usually	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
or	O
IP	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
components	O
required	O
for	O
a	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
system	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Audio	O
input	O
:	O
microphones	B-Application
,	O
CD/DVD	O
player	O
,	O
cassette	O
player	O
,	O
or	O
any	O
other	O
source	O
of	O
PreAmp	O
audio	O
outlet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Architecture
:	O
a	O
data	O
processing	O
unit	O
that	O
ties	O
together	O
the	O
other	O
components	O
,	O
does	O
the	O
compressing	O
and	O
decompressing	O
,	O
and	O
initiates	O
and	O
maintains	O
the	O
data	O
linkage	O
via	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
basically	O
three	O
kinds	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
and	O
videophone	B-Application
systems	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dedicated	O
systems	O
have	O
all	O
required	O
components	O
packaged	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
piece	O
of	O
equipment	O
,	O
usually	O
a	O
console	O
with	O
a	O
high	B-General_Concept
quality	I-General_Concept
remote	O
controlled	O
video	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
cameras	O
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
at	O
a	O
distance	O
to	O
pan	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
,	O
tilt	O
up	O
and	O
down	O
,	O
and	O
zoom	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
became	O
known	O
as	O
PTZ	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
console	O
contains	O
all	O
electrical	O
interfaces	O
,	O
the	O
control	O
computer	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
the	O
software	O
or	O
hardware-based	O
codec	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Omnidirectional	O
microphones	B-Application
are	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
console	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
TV	O
monitor	O
with	O
loudspeakers	O
and/or	O
a	O
video	B-Device
projector	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
dedicated	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
devices	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
group	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
are	O
built-in	O
,	O
large	O
,	O
expensive	O
devices	O
used	O
for	O
large	O
rooms	O
such	O
as	O
conference	O
rooms	O
and	O
auditoriums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Small	O
group	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
are	O
either	O
non-portable	O
or	O
portable	O
,	O
smaller	O
,	O
less	O
expensive	O
devices	O
used	O
for	O
small	O
meeting	O
rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
are	O
usually	O
portable	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
meant	O
for	O
single	O
users	O
,	O
and	O
have	O
fixed	O
cameras	O
,	O
microphones	B-Application
,	O
and	O
loudspeakers	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Desktop	B-Device
systems	O
are	O
add-ons	O
(	O
hardware	O
boards	O
or	O
software	B-General_Concept
codec	I-General_Concept
)	O
to	O
normal	O
PCs	B-Device
and	O
laptops	O
,	O
transforming	O
them	O
into	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
range	O
of	O
different	O
cameras	O
and	O
microphones	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
the	O
codec	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
contains	O
the	O
necessary	O
codec	B-General_Concept
and	O
transmission	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
desktops	O
systems	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
H.323	B-Protocol
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WebRTC	B-Protocol
platforms	O
use	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
instead	O
of	O
dedicated	O
native	O
application	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solutions	O
such	O
as	O
Adobe	B-Protocol
Connect	I-Protocol
and	O
Cisco	O
WebEx	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
using	O
a	O
URL	O
sent	O
by	O
the	O
meeting	O
organizer	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
degrees	O
of	O
security	O
can	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
virtual	O
"	O
room	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
the	O
user	O
must	O
download	O
and	O
install	O
a	O
browser	B-Protocol
extension	I-Protocol
to	O
enable	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
local	O
camera	O
and	O
microphone	B-Application
and	O
establish	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
meeting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
WebRTC	B-Protocol
does	O
n't	O
require	O
any	O
special	O
software	O
,	O
instead	O
a	O
WebRTC-compliant	O
internet	B-Application
browser	I-Application
itself	O
provides	O
the	O
facilities	O
for	O
1-to-1	O
and	O
1-to-many	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
enhancements	O
to	O
WebRTC	B-Protocol
are	O
provided	O
by	O
independent	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
use	O
several	O
methods	O
to	O
determine	O
which	O
video	O
feed	O
or	O
feeds	O
to	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videophones	B-Application
have	O
historically	O
employed	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
transmission	O
and	O
reception	O
bandwidths	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
understood	O
as	O
data	O
transmission	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
early	O
videophones	B-Application
employed	O
very	O
low	O
data	O
transmission	O
rates	O
with	O
a	O
resulting	O
poor	O
video	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadband	B-General_Concept
bandwidth	O
is	O
often	O
called	O
"	O
high-speed	O
"	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
usually	O
has	O
a	O
high	O
rate	O
of	O
data	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
any	O
connection	O
of	O
256	O
kbit/s	O
(	O
0.256	O
Mbit/s	O
)	O
or	O
greater	O
is	O
more	O
concisely	O
considered	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
Telecommunication	O
Standardization	O
Sector	O
(	O
ITU-T	O
)	O
recommendation	O
I.113	O
has	O
defined	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
transmission	O
capacity	O
at	O
1.5	O
to	O
2Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
(	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
definition	O
of	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
is	O
25	O
Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
adequate	O
video	O
for	O
some	O
purposes	O
becomes	O
possible	O
at	O
data	O
rates	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
definition	O
,	O
with	O
rates	O
of	O
768	O
kbit/s	O
and	O
384	O
kbit/s	O
used	O
for	O
some	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
applications	O
,	O
and	O
rates	O
as	O
low	O
as	O
100	O
kbit/s	O
used	O
for	O
videophones	B-Application
using	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
compression	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
newer	O
MPEG-4	B-Algorithm
video	O
and	O
audio	O
compression	O
format	O
can	O
deliver	O
high-quality	O
video	O
at	O
2Mbit/s	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
low	O
end	O
of	O
cable	B-Device
modem	I-Device
and	O
ADSL	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
(	O
ITU	O
)	O
has	O
three	O
umbrellas	O
of	O
standards	O
for	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
ITU	O
H.320	B-Application
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
for	O
public	O
switched	O
telephone	O
networks	O
(	O
PSTN	O
)	O
or	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
over	O
integrated	B-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
digital	I-Protocol
networks	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
still	O
prevalent	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
was	O
never	O
widely	O
adopted	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ITU	O
H.264	B-Application
Scalable	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Coding	I-Application
(	O
SVC	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
compression	O
standard	O
that	O
enables	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
to	O
achieve	O
highly	O
error	O
resilient	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
IP	B-Protocol
)	O
video	O
transmissions	O
over	O
the	O
public	O
Internet	O
without	O
quality-of-service	O
enhanced	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
standard	O
has	O
enabled	O
wide	O
scale	O
deployment	O
of	O
high	O
definition	O
desktop	B-Device
videoconferencing	B-Application
and	O
made	O
possible	O
new	O
architectures	O
,	O
which	O
reduces	O
latency	O
between	O
the	O
transmitting	O
sources	O
and	O
receivers	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
more	O
fluid	O
communication	O
without	O
pauses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
an	O
attractive	O
factor	O
for	O
IP	B-Protocol
videoconferencing	B-Application
is	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
easier	O
to	O
set	O
up	O
for	O
use	O
along	O
with	O
web	B-Protocol
conferencing	I-Protocol
and	O
data	B-Protocol
collaboration	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ITU	O
V.80	O
:	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
is	O
generally	O
compatibilized	O
with	O
H.324	O
standard	O
point-to-point	O
videotelephony	B-Application
over	O
regular	O
(	O
POTS	O
)	O
phone	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Unified	B-General_Concept
Communications	I-General_Concept
Interoperability	I-General_Concept
Forum	I-General_Concept
(	O
UCIF	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
a	O
non-profit	O
alliance	O
between	O
communications	O
vendors	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
May	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Founding	O
members	O
of	O
UCIF	B-General_Concept
include	O
HP	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Polycom	O
,	O
Logitech/LifeSize	O
Communications	O
,	O
and	O
Juniper	O
Networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
in	O
the	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
was	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
H.323	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
notably	O
Cisco	O
's	O
SCCP	B-Protocol
implementation	O
was	O
an	O
exception	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
newer	O
videophones	B-Application
often	O
use	O
SIP	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
often	O
easier	O
to	O
set	O
up	O
in	O
home	O
networking	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
text-based	O
protocol	O
,	O
incorporating	O
many	O
elements	O
of	O
the	O
Hypertext	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
the	O
Simple	B-Protocol
Mail	I-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
SMTP	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.323	B-Protocol
is	O
still	O
used	O
,	O
but	O
more	O
commonly	O
for	O
business	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
,	O
while	O
SIP	B-Application
is	O
more	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
personal	O
consumer	O
videophones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
call-setup	O
methods	O
based	O
on	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
Skype	B-Application
also	O
now	O
provide	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
protocol	O
used	O
by	O
videophones	B-Application
is	O
H.324	O
,	O
which	O
mixes	O
call	O
setup	O
and	O
video	O
compression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videophones	B-Application
that	O
work	O
on	O
regular	O
phone	O
lines	O
typically	O
use	O
H.324	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
is	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
modem	O
to	O
around	O
33	O
kbit/s	O
,	O
limiting	O
the	O
video	O
quality	O
and	O
frame	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
slightly	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
H.324	O
called	O
3G-324M	B-Application
defined	O
by	O
3GPP	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
some	O
cellphones	O
that	O
allow	O
video	B-Application
calls	I-Application
,	O
typically	O
for	O
use	O
only	O
in	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
H.320	B-Application
standard	O
,	O
which	O
specified	O
technical	O
requirements	O
for	O
narrow-band	O
visual	B-Application
telephone	I-Application
systems	O
and	O
terminal	O
equipment	O
,	O
typically	O
for	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
and	O
videophone	B-Application
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
applied	O
mostly	O
to	O
dedicated	O
circuit-based	O
switched	O
network	O
(	O
point-to-point	O
)	O
connections	O
of	O
moderate	O
or	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
through	O
the	O
medium-bandwidth	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
digital	B-Application
phone	I-Application
protocol	O
or	O
a	O
fractionated	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
T1	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
products	O
based	O
on	O
H.320	B-Application
standard	O
usually	O
support	O
also	O
H.323	B-Protocol
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IAX2	B-Protocol
protocol	O
also	O
supports	O
videophone	B-Application
calls	O
natively	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
protocol	O
's	O
own	O
capabilities	O
to	O
transport	O
alternate	O
media	O
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
hobbyists	O
obtained	O
the	O
Nortel	O
1535	O
Color	O
SIP	B-Application
Videophone	B-Application
cheaply	O
in	O
2010	O
as	O
surplus	O
after	O
Nortel	O
's	O
bankruptcy	O
and	O
deployed	O
the	O
sets	O
on	O
the	O
Asterisk	B-Language
(	O
PBX	O
)	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
additional	O
software	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
patch	O
together	O
multiple	O
video	O
feeds	O
for	O
conference	O
calls	O
or	O
convert	O
between	O
dissimilar	O
video	O
standards	O
,	O
SIP	B-Application
calls	O
between	O
two	O
identical	O
handsets	O
within	O
the	O
same	O
PBX	O
were	O
relatively	O
straightforward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
components	O
within	O
a	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
system	O
can	O
be	O
divided	O
up	O
into	O
several	O
different	O
layers	O
:	O
User	O
Interface	O
,	O
Conference	O
Control	O
,	O
Control	O
or	O
Signaling	O
Plane	O
,	O
and	O
Media	O
Plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
User	O
Interfaces	O
(	O
VUI	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
either	O
graphical	O
or	O
voice-responsive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
have	O
encountered	O
both	O
types	O
of	O
interface	O
,	O
and	O
normally	O
a	O
graphical	O
interface	O
is	O
encountered	O
on	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
interfaces	O
for	O
conferencing	O
have	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
uses	O
;	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
scheduling	O
,	O
setup	O
,	O
and	O
making	O
a	O
videocall	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Signals	O
can	O
be	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
n't	O
limited	O
to	O
,	O
H.323	B-Protocol
and	O
Session	B-Application
Initiation	I-Application
Protocol	I-Application
(	O
SIP	B-Application
)	O
Protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
layer	O
manages	O
Real-Time	B-General_Concept
Transport	O
Protocols	O
,	O
User	O
Datagram	O
Packets	B-Protocol
(	O
UDP	O
)	O
and	O
Real-Time	B-Protocol
Transport	I-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
RTCP	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RTP	O
and	O
UDP	O
normally	O
carry	O
information	O
such	O
the	O
payload	O
type	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
codec	B-General_Concept
,	O
frame	O
rate	O
,	O
video	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RTCP	B-Protocol
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
quality	O
control	O
Protocol	O
for	O
detecting	O
errors	O
during	O
streaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simultaneous	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
among	O
three	O
or	O
more	O
remote	O
points	O
is	O
possible	O
in	O
a	O
hardware-based	O
system	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
a	O
Multipoint	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Unit	I-Protocol
(	O
MCU	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
MCU	O
bridges	O
for	O
IP	B-Protocol
and	O
ISDN-based	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MCUs	O
can	O
be	O
stand-alone	O
hardware	O
devices	O
,	O
or	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
embedded	O
into	O
dedicated	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
use	O
a	O
standards-based	O
H.323	B-Protocol
technique	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
decentralized	O
multipoint	O
"	O
,	O
where	O
each	O
station	O
in	O
a	O
multipoint	O
call	O
exchanges	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
directly	O
with	O
the	O
other	O
stations	O
with	O
no	O
central	O
"	O
manager	O
"	O
or	O
other	O
bottleneck	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud-based	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
without	O
the	O
hardware	O
generally	O
required	O
by	O
other	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
SMEs	O
,	O
or	O
larger	O
international	O
or	O
multinational	O
corporations	O
like	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Cloud-based	O
systems	O
can	O
also	O
implement	O
mobile	O
calls	O
,	O
VOIP	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
video	B-Application
calling	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	B-General_Concept
speed	I-General_Concept
Internet	I-General_Concept
connectivity	O
has	O
become	O
more	O
widely	O
available	O
and	O
affordable	O
,	O
as	O
has	O
good-quality	O
video	O
capture	O
and	O
display	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
personal	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
based	O
on	O
webcams	B-Protocol
,	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
systems	O
,	O
software	O
compression	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Internet	O
have	O
become	O
progressively	O
more	O
affordable	O
by	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
availability	O
of	O
freeware	O
(	O
often	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
chat	B-Protocol
programs	I-Protocol
)	O
has	O
made	O
software	O
based	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
accessible	O
to	O
many	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
widest	O
deployment	O
of	O
videotelephony	B-Application
now	O
occurs	O
in	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nearly	O
all	O
mobile	O
phones	O
supporting	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
can	O
work	O
as	O
videophones	B-Application
using	O
their	O
internal	O
cameras	O
and	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
make	O
video	B-Application
calls	I-Application
wirelessly	O
to	O
other	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
users	O
anywhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
quarter	O
of	O
2007	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
over	O
131	O
million	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
users	O
(	O
and	O
hence	O
potential	O
videophone	B-Application
users	O
)	O
,	O
on	O
134	O
networks	O
in	O
59	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
phones	O
can	O
also	O
use	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
wireless	O
Internet	O
,	O
whether	O
through	O
the	O
cell	O
phone	O
network	O
or	O
over	O
a	O
local	O
Wi-Fi	O
connection	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
software-based	O
videophone	B-Application
apps	O
to	O
make	O
calls	O
to	O
any	O
video-capable	O
Internet	O
user	O
,	O
whether	O
mobile	O
or	O
fixed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deaf	O
,	O
hard-of-hearing	O
,	O
and	O
mute	O
individuals	O
have	O
a	O
particular	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
affordable	O
high-quality	O
videotelephony	B-Application
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
communicating	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
sign	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Video	O
Relay	O
Service	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
support	O
communication	O
between	O
a	O
caller	O
using	O
sign	O
language	O
and	O
another	O
party	O
using	O
spoken	O
language	O
,	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
directly	O
between	O
two	O
deaf	O
signers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videophones	B-Application
are	O
increasingly	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
telemedicine	B-Application
to	O
the	O
elderly	O
,	O
disabled	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
those	O
in	O
remote	O
locations	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
ease	O
and	O
convenience	O
of	O
quickly	O
obtaining	O
diagnostic	O
and	O
consultative	O
medical	O
services	O
are	O
readily	O
apparent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
further	O
improvement	O
in	O
telemedical	O
services	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
new	O
technology	O
incorporated	O
into	O
special	O
videophones	B-Application
to	O
permit	O
remote	O
diagnostic	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
blood	O
sugar	O
level	O
,	O
blood	O
pressure	O
,	O
and	O
vital	O
signs	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
units	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
relaying	O
both	O
regular	O
audio-video	O
plus	O
medical	O
data	O
over	O
either	O
standard	O
(	O
POTS	O
)	O
telephone	O
or	O
newer	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videotelephony	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
deployed	O
in	O
corporate	O
teleconferencing	O
,	O
also	O
available	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
public	O
access	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
higher	O
level	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
that	O
employs	O
advanced	O
telecommunication	O
technologies	O
and	O
high-resolution	O
displays	O
is	O
called	O
telepresence	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
the	O
principles	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
the	O
precise	O
mechanisms	O
,	O
of	O
a	O
videophone	B-Application
are	O
employed	O
by	O
many	O
users	O
worldwide	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
webcam	B-Protocol
videocalls	B-Application
using	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
with	O
inexpensive	O
webcams	B-Protocol
,	O
microphones	B-Application
,	O
and	O
free	O
video	B-Application
calling	I-Application
Web	B-Application
client	I-Application
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Juniper	O
Research	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
videophone	B-Application
users	O
will	O
reach	O
29	O
million	O
by	O
2015	O
globally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
conducted	O
by	O
Pew	O
Research	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
revealed	O
that	O
7%	O
of	O
Americans	O
have	O
made	O
a	O
mobile	O
video	B-Application
call	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
has	O
allowed	O
testimony	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
an	O
individual	O
who	O
is	O
unable	O
or	O
prefers	O
not	O
to	O
attend	O
the	O
physical	O
legal	O
settings	O
or	O
would	O
be	O
subjected	O
to	O
severe	O
psychological	O
stress	O
in	O
doing	O
so	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
controversy	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
testimony	O
by	O
foreign	O
or	O
unavailable	O
witnesses	O
via	O
video	O
transmission	O
,	O
regarding	O
the	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
Confrontation	O
Clause	O
of	O
the	O
Sixth	O
Amendment	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Constitution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
military	O
investigation	O
in	O
North	O
Carolina	O
,	O
Afghan	O
witnesses	O
have	O
testified	O
via	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Hall	O
County	O
,	O
Georgia	O
,	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
are	O
used	O
for	O
initial	O
court	O
appearances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
Social	O
Security	O
Administration	O
(	O
SSA	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
oversees	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
administrative	O
judicial	O
system	O
under	O
its	O
Office	O
of	O
Disability	O
Adjudication	O
and	O
Review	O
(	O
ODAR	O
)	O
,	O
has	O
made	O
extensive	O
use	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
to	O
conduct	O
hearings	O
at	O
remote	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
SSA	O
opened	O
its	O
fifth	O
and	O
largest	O
videoconferencing-only	O
National	O
Hearing	O
Center	O
(	O
NHC	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
St.	O
Louis	O
,	O
Missouri	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
SSA	O
has	O
also	O
established	O
NHCs	O
in	O
Albuquerque	O
,	O
New	O
Mexico	O
,	O
Baltimore	O
,	O
Maryland	O
,	O
Falls	O
Church	O
,	O
Virginia	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Chicago	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
provides	O
students	O
with	O
the	O
chance	O
to	O
learn	O
by	O
participating	O
in	O
two-way	O
communication	O
forums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
it	O
is	O
live	O
,	O
videotelephony	B-Application
allows	O
teachers	O
to	O
access	O
remote	O
or	O
otherwise	O
isolated	O
learners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
,	O
students	O
can	O
visit	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
including	O
museums	O
and	O
other	O
cultural	O
and	O
educational	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
benefits	O
that	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
can	O
provide	O
to	O
education	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
is	O
a	O
highly	O
useful	O
technology	O
for	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
telemedicine	B-Application
and	O
telenursing	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
diagnosis	O
,	O
consulting	O
,	O
prevention	O
,	O
treatment	O
,	O
and	O
transmission	O
of	O
medical	B-Application
images	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
,	O
patients	O
may	O
contact	O
nurses	O
and	O
physicians	O
in	O
emergency	O
or	O
routine	O
situations	O
;	O
physicians	O
and	O
other	O
paramedical	O
professionals	O
can	O
discuss	O
cases	O
across	O
large	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
rural	O
medical	O
center	O
in	O
Ohio	O
used	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
to	O
successfully	O
cut	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
transfers	O
of	O
sick	O
infants	O
to	O
a	O
hospital	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Special	O
peripherals	O
such	O
as	O
microscopes	O
fitted	O
with	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
videoendoscopes	B-Application
,	O
medical	B-Application
ultrasound	I-Application
imaging	O
devices	O
,	O
otoscopes	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
equipment	O
to	O
transmit	O
data	O
about	O
a	O
patient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
developments	O
in	O
mobile	B-Protocol
collaboration	I-Protocol
on	O
hand-held	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
devices	I-Application
have	O
also	O
extended	O
video-conferencing	B-Application
capabilities	O
to	O
locations	O
previously	O
unreachable	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
remote	O
community	O
,	O
long-term	O
care	O
facility	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
patient	O
's	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
can	O
enable	O
individuals	O
in	O
distant	O
locations	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
meetings	O
on	O
short	O
notice	O
,	O
with	O
time	O
and	O
money	O
savings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
such	O
as	O
VoIP	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
desktop	B-Device
videoconferencing	B-Application
to	O
enable	O
low-cost	O
face-to-face	O
business	O
meetings	O
without	O
leaving	O
the	O
desk	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
businesses	O
with	O
widespread	O
offices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
research	O
report	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
sampling	O
of	O
1,800	O
corporate	O
employees	O
showed	O
that	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
June	O
2010	O
,	O
54%	O
of	O
the	O
respondents	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
used	O
it	O
"	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
frequently	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
Corporation	O
have	O
used	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
to	O
reduce	O
both	O
costs	O
and	O
environmental	O
impacts	O
of	O
its	O
business	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
is	O
also	O
currently	O
being	O
introduced	O
on	O
online	O
networking	O
websites	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
help	O
businesses	O
form	O
profitable	O
relationships	O
quickly	O
and	O
efficiently	O
without	O
leaving	O
their	O
place	O
of	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videoconferencing	B-Application
on	O
hand-held	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
devices	I-Application
(	O
mobile	B-Protocol
collaboration	I-Protocol
technology	O
)	O
is	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
industries	O
such	O
as	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
energy	O
,	O
healthcare	O
,	O
insurance	O
,	O
government	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
increasingly	O
globalized	O
film	O
industry	O
,	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
has	O
become	O
useful	O
as	O
a	O
method	O
by	O
which	O
creative	O
talent	O
in	O
many	O
different	O
locations	O
can	O
collaborate	O
closely	O
on	O
the	O
complex	O
details	O
of	O
film	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
2013	O
award-winning	O
animated	O
film	O
Frozen	O
,	O
Burbank-based	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Animation	O
Studios	O
hired	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
City-based	O
husband-and-wife	O
songwriting	O
team	O
of	O
Robert	O
Lopez	O
and	O
Kristen	O
Anderson-Lopez	O
to	O
write	O
the	O
songs	O
,	O
which	O
required	O
two-hour-long	O
transcontinental	O
videoconferences	B-Application
nearly	O
every	O
weekday	O
for	O
about	O
14	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
lower-cost	O
endpoints	O
,	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
video	O
cameras	O
into	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
and	O
software	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
FaceTime	B-Operating_System
,	O
Skype	B-Application
,	O
Teams	B-Application
and	O
Zoom	B-Application
,	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
has	O
changed	O
from	O
just	O
a	O
business-to-business	O
offering	O
to	O
include	O
business-to-consumer	O
(	O
and	O
consumer-to-consumer	O
)	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
has	O
frequently	O
proven	O
its	O
value	O
,	O
research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
some	O
non-managerial	O
employees	O
prefer	O
not	O
to	O
use	O
it	O
due	O
to	O
several	O
factors	O
,	O
including	O
anxiety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
also	O
find	O
that	O
attendees	O
of	O
business	O
and	O
medical	O
videoconferences	B-Application
must	O
work	O
harder	O
to	O
interpret	O
information	O
delivered	O
during	O
a	O
conference	O
than	O
they	O
would	O
if	O
they	O
attended	O
face-to-face	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
recommend	O
that	O
those	O
coordinating	O
videoconferences	B-Application
make	O
adjustments	O
to	O
their	O
conferencing	O
procedures	O
and	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
press	B-Application
videoconferencing	I-Application
was	O
developed	O
in	O
October	O
2007	O
by	O
the	O
PanAfrican	O
Press	O
Association	O
(	O
APPA	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
Paris	O
France-based	O
non-governmental	O
organization	O
,	O
to	O
allow	O
African	O
journalists	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
international	O
press	O
conferences	O
on	O
developmental	O
and	O
good	O
governance	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Press	B-Application
videoconferencing	I-Application
permits	O
international	O
press	O
conferences	O
via	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
need	O
only	O
be	O
seated	O
by	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
ask	O
their	O
questions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
demonstrations	O
of	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
telecommunications	O
to	O
help	O
sign	O
language	O
users	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
occurred	O
when	O
T	O
's	O
videophone	B-Application
(	O
trademarked	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Picturephone	O
"	O
)	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
at	O
the	O
1964	O
New	O
York	O
World	O
's	O
Fair	O
—	O
two	O
deaf	O
users	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
communicate	O
freely	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
between	O
the	O
fair	O
and	O
another	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
universities	O
and	O
other	O
organizations	O
,	O
including	O
British	O
Telecom	O
's	O
Martlesham	O
facility	O
,	O
have	O
also	O
conducted	O
extensive	O
research	O
on	O
signing	O
via	O
video	B-Application
telephony	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
sign	O
language	O
via	O
videotelephony	B-Application
was	O
hampered	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
its	O
use	O
over	O
slow	O
analog	O
copper	O
phone	O
lines	O
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
high	O
cost	O
of	O
better	O
quality	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
(	O
data	O
)	O
phone	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
factors	O
largely	O
disappeared	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
more	O
efficient	O
and	O
powerful	O
video	B-Application
codecs	I-Application
and	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
lower-cost	O
high-speed	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
data	O
and	O
IP	B-Protocol
(	O
Internet	O
)	O
services	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Significant	O
improvements	O
in	O
video	B-Application
call	I-Application
quality	O
of	O
service	O
for	O
the	O
deaf	O
occurred	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
in	O
2003	O
when	O
Sorenson	O
Media	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
formerly	O
Sorenson	O
Vision	O
Inc	O
.	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
video	O
compression	O
software	O
coding	O
company	O
,	O
developed	O
its	O
VP-100	O
model	O
stand-alone	O
videophone	B-Application
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
deaf	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
output	O
its	O
video	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
television	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
lower	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
acquisition	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
offer	O
remote	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
and	O
a	O
powerful	O
video	O
compression	O
codec	B-General_Concept
for	O
unequaled	O
video	O
quality	O
and	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
with	O
video	O
relay	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coupled	O
with	O
similar	O
high-quality	O
videophones	B-Application
introduced	O
by	O
other	O
electronics	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
high-speed	O
Internet	O
,	O
and	O
sponsored	O
video	O
relay	O
services	O
authorized	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
VRS	O
services	O
for	O
the	O
deaf	O
underwent	O
rapid	O
growth	O
in	O
that	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
relatively	O
low	O
cost	O
and	O
widespread	O
availability	O
of	O
3G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
phone	O
technology	O
with	O
video	B-Application
calling	I-Application
capabilities	O
have	O
given	O
deaf	O
and	O
speech-impaired	O
users	O
a	O
greater	O
ability	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
ease	O
as	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
activities	O
involve	O
considerable	O
mental	O
processing	O
efforts	O
on	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
translator	O
,	O
since	O
sign	O
languages	O
are	O
distinct	O
natural	O
languages	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
construction	O
,	O
semantics	B-Application
and	O
syntax	B-Application
,	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
aural	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
principal	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
advanced	O
equipment	O
enables	O
interpreters	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
video	O
camera	O
remotely	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
zoom	B-Application
in	O
and	O
out	O
or	O
to	O
point	O
the	O
camera	O
toward	O
the	O
party	O
that	O
is	O
signing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Licensing	O
Facebook	B-Protocol
Messenger	I-Protocol
Facebook	B-Application
Any	O
mobile	O
App	O
must	O
be	O
installed	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
FB	O
account	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
100%	O
proprietary	O
FaceTime	B-Operating_System
Apple	O
Inc	O
Apple	O
hardware	O
only	O
(	O
Desktop	B-Device
or	O
mobile	O
)	O
App	O
must	O
be	O
installed	O
,	O
requires	O
Apple	O
ID	O
account	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
100%	O
proprietary	O
Glide	B-Application
(	O
software	O
)	O
Glide	B-Application
Any	O
mobiles	O
App	O
must	O
be	O
installed	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
100%	O
proprietary	O
Google	B-Protocol
Hangouts	I-Protocol
Google	B-Application
Any	O
Desktop	B-Device
or	O
mobiles	O
App	O
must	O
be	O
installed	O
,	O
requires	O
Google	B-Application
account	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
100%	O
proprietary	O
Skype	B-Application
Microsoft	O
Any	O
Desktop	B-Device
or	O
mobile	O
App	O
must	O
be	O
installed	O
,	O
requires	O
Microsoft	O
account	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
100%	O
proprietary	O
Tikatoy	O
Tikatoy	O
Android	B-Application
only	O
Desktop	B-Device
or	O
Android	B-Application
Requires	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
with	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
Apple	O
blocks	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
C++	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
100%	O
proprietary	O
videomail.io	O
Binary	O
Kitchen	O
Android	B-Application
only	O
Desktop	B-Device
or	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
Safari	B-Application
(	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
)	O
only	O
for	O
viewing	O
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
Recording	O
max	O
3	O
minutes	O
,	O
does	O
not	O
work	O
on	O
old	O
browsers	B-Application
Reusable	O
:	O
can	O
be	O
plugged	O
directly	O
into	O
other	O
websites	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
WordPress	O
plugin	O
ninja-forms-videomail	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Mixed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
videophone	B-Application
"	O
never	O
became	O
as	O
standardized	O
as	O
its	O
earlier	O
counterpart	O
"	O
telephone	O
"	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
names	O
and	O
terms	O
being	O
used	O
worldwide	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
within	O
the	O
same	O
region	O
or	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videophones	B-Application
are	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
video	B-Application
phones	I-Application
"	O
,	O
"	O
videotelephones	B-Application
"	O
(	O
or	O
"	O
video	B-Application
telephones	I-Application
"	O
)	O
and	O
often	O
by	O
an	O
early	O
trademarked	O
name	O
Picturephone	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
commercial	O
videophone	B-Application
produced	O
in	O
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
compound	O
name	O
"	O
videophone	B-Application
"	O
slowly	O
entered	O
into	O
general	O
use	O
after	O
1950	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
although	O
"	O
video	B-Application
telephone	I-Application
"	O
likely	O
entered	O
the	O
lexicon	O
earlier	O
after	O
video	O
was	O
coined	O
in	O
1935	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Videophone	B-Application
calls	O
(	O
also	O
:	O
videocalls	B-Application
,	O
video	B-Application
chat	I-Application
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Skype	B-Application
and	O
Skyping	O
in	O
verb	O
form	O
differ	O
from	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
in	O
that	O
they	O
expect	O
to	O
serve	O
individuals	O
,	O
not	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
that	O
distinction	O
has	O
become	O
increasingly	O
blurred	O
with	O
technology	O
improvements	O
such	O
as	O
increased	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
sophisticated	O
software	B-Protocol
clients	I-Protocol
that	O
can	O
allow	O
for	O
multiple	O
parties	O
on	O
a	O
call	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
everyday	O
usage	O
the	O
term	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
is	O
now	O
frequently	O
used	O
instead	O
of	O
videocall	B-Application
for	O
point-to-point	O
calls	O
between	O
two	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
videophone	B-Application
calls	O
and	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
are	O
also	O
now	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
video	B-Application
link	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Webcams	B-Protocol
are	O
popular	O
,	O
relatively	O
low-cost	O
devices	O
which	O
can	O
provide	O
live	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
streams	O
via	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
many	O
software	B-Protocol
clients	I-Protocol
for	O
both	O
video	B-Application
calls	I-Application
and	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
videoconference	B-Application
system	O
is	O
generally	O
higher	O
cost	O
than	O
a	O
videophone	B-Application
and	O
deploys	O
greater	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
videoconference	B-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
videoteleconference	O
)	O
allows	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
locations	O
to	O
communicate	O
via	O
live	O
,	O
simultaneous	O
two-way	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
transmissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
often	O
accomplished	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
multipoint	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
unit	I-Protocol
(	O
a	O
centralized	O
distribution	O
and	O
call	O
management	O
system	O
)	O
or	O
by	O
a	O
similar	O
non-centralized	O
multipoint	O
capability	O
embedded	O
in	O
each	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Again	O
,	O
technology	O
improvements	O
have	O
circumvented	O
traditional	O
definitions	O
by	O
allowing	O
multiple	O
party	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
via	O
web-based	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
telepresence	B-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
a	O
high-end	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
system	O
and	O
service	O
usually	O
employed	O
by	O
enterprise-level	O
corporate	O
offices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telepresence	B-Application
conference	O
rooms	O
use	O
state-of-the	O
art	O
room	O
designs	O
,	O
video	O
cameras	O
,	O
displays	O
,	O
sound-systems	O
and	O
processors	O
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
high-to-very-high	O
capacity	O
bandwidth	O
transmissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
uses	O
of	O
the	O
various	O
technologies	O
described	O
above	O
include	O
calling	O
one-to-one	O
or	O
conferencing	O
one-to-many	O
or	O
many-to-many	O
for	O
personal	O
,	O
business	O
,	O
educational	O
,	O
deaf	O
Video	O
Relay	O
Service	O
and	O
tele-medical	B-Application
,	I-Application
diagnostic	I-Application
and	O
rehabilitative	B-Application
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
personal	O
videocalls	B-Application
to	O
inmates	O
incarcerated	O
in	O
penitentiaries	O
,	O
and	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
to	O
resolve	O
airline	O
engineering	O
issues	O
at	O
maintenance	O
facilities	O
,	O
are	O
being	O
created	O
or	O
evolving	O
on	O
an	O
ongoing	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
names	O
for	O
videophone	B-Application
that	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
English	O
are	O
:	O
Viewphone	O
(	O
the	O
British	O
Telecom	O
equivalent	O
to	O
T	O
's	O
Picturephone	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
visiophone	O
,	O
a	O
common	O
French	O
translation	O
that	O
has	O
also	O
crept	O
into	O
limited	O
English	O
usage	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
over	O
twenty	O
less	O
common	O
names	O
and	O
expressions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Latin-based	O
translations	O
of	O
videophone	B-Application
in	O
other	O
languages	O
include	O
vidéophone	O
(	O
French	O
)	O
,	O
Bildtelefon	B-Application
(	O
German	O
)	O
,	O
videotelefono	O
(	O
Italian	O
)	O
,	O
both	O
videófono	O
and	O
videoteléfono	O
(	O
Spanish	O
)	O
,	O
both	O
beeldtelefoon	B-Application
and	O
videofoon	O
(	O
Dutch	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
videofonía	O
(	O
Catalan	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
telepresence	B-Application
robot	O
(	O
also	O
telerobotics	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
robotically	O
controlled	O
and	O
motorized	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
display	O
to	O
help	O
give	O
a	O
better	O
sense	O
of	O
remote	O
physical	O
presence	O
for	O
communication	O
and	O
collaboration	O
in	O
an	O
office	O
,	O
home	O
,	O
school	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
science	O
fiction	O
literature	O
,	O
names	O
commonly	O
associated	O
with	O
videophones	B-Application
include	O
"	O
telephonoscope	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
telephote	O
"	O
,	O
viewphone	O
,	O
vidphone	O
,	O
vidfone	O
,	O
and	O
visiphone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
«	O
In	O
the	O
year	O
2889»	O
,	O
published	O
1889	O
,	O
the	O
French	O
author	O
Jules	O
Verne	O
predicts	O
that	O
«	O
The	O
transmission	O
of	O
speech	O
is	O
an	O
old	O
story	O
;	O
the	O
transmission	O
of	O
images	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
sensitive	O
mirrors	O
connected	O
by	O
wires	O
is	O
a	O
thing	O
but	O
of	O
yesterday.	O
»	O
In	O
many	O
science	O
fiction	O
movies	O
and	O
TV	O
programs	O
that	O
are	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
,	O
videophones	B-Application
were	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
primary	O
method	O
of	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
movies	O
where	O
a	O
videophone	B-Application
was	O
used	O
was	O
Fritz	O
Lang	O
's	O
Metropolis	O
(	O
1927	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
notable	O
examples	O
of	O
videophones	B-Application
in	O
popular	O
culture	O
include	O
an	O
iconic	O
scene	O
from	O
the	O
1968	O
film	O
2001	O
:	O
A	O
Space	O
Odyssey	O
set	O
on	O
Space	O
Station	O
V	O
.	O
The	O
movie	O
was	O
released	O
shortly	O
before	O
AT&T	O
began	O
its	O
efforts	O
to	O
commercialize	O
its	O
Picturephone	O
Mod	O
II	O
service	O
in	O
several	O
cities	O
and	O
depicts	O
a	O
video	B-Application
call	I-Application
to	O
Earth	O
using	O
an	O
advanced	O
AT&T	O
videophone	B-Application
—	O
which	O
it	O
predicts	O
will	O
cost	O
$1.70	O
for	O
a	O
two-minute	O
call	O
in	O
2001	O
(	O
a	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
real	O
rates	O
on	O
Earth	O
in	O
1968	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dr.	O
Larry	O
Rabiner	O
of	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
,	O
discussing	O
videophone	B-Application
research	O
in	O
the	O
documentary	O
2001	O
:	O
The	O
Making	O
of	O
a	O
Myth	O
,	O
stated	O
that	O
in	O
the	O
mid-to	O
late-1960s	O
videophones	B-Application
"	O
captured	O
...	O
the	O
imagination	O
of	O
the	O
public	O
and	O
...	O
of	O
Mr.	O
Kubrick	O
and	O
the	O
people	O
who	O
reported	O
to	O
him	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
portable	O
videophone	B-Application
is	O
also	O
featured	O
prominently	O
in	O
the	O
2009	O
science	O
fiction	O
movie	O
Moon	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
story	O
's	O
protagonist	O
,	O
Sam	O
Bell	O
,	O
also	O
calls	O
home	O
as	O
well	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
loved	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bell	O
,	O
the	O
lone	O
occupant	O
of	O
a	O
mining	O
station	O
on	O
the	O
far	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
's	O
moon	O
,	O
finally	O
succeeds	O
in	O
making	O
his	O
video	B-Application
call	I-Application
after	O
an	O
extended	O
work	O
period	O
,	O
but	O
becomes	O
traumatized	O
when	O
viewing	O
his	O
daughter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
earlier	O
examples	O
of	O
videophones	B-Application
in	O
popular	O
culture	O
included	O
a	O
videophone	B-Application
that	O
was	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
Warner	O
Bros	O
.	O
cartoon	O
,	O
Plane	O
Daffy	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
female	O
spy	O
Hatta	O
Mari	O
used	O
a	O
videophone	B-Application
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
Adolf	O
Hitler	O
(	O
1944	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
device	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
functionality	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
comic	O
strip	O
character	O
Dick	O
Tracy	O
,	O
who	O
often	O
used	O
his	O
"	O
2-way	O
wrist	O
TV	O
"	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
police	O
headquarters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
videotelephony	B-Application
and	O
videophones	B-Application
had	O
become	O
commonplace	O
and	O
unremarkable	O
in	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
media	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
real	O
and	O
ubiquitous	O
presence	O
in	O
common	O
electronic	O
devices	O
and	O
laptop	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
TV	O
programming	O
increasingly	O
used	O
videophones	B-Application
to	O
interview	O
subjects	O
of	O
interest	O
and	O
to	O
present	O
live	O
coverage	O
by	O
news	O
correspondents	O
,	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
or	O
by	O
satellite	B-Application
links	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mass	O
market	O
media	O
,	O
the	O
popular	O
U.S.	O
TV	O
talk	O
show	O
hostess	O
Oprah	O
Winfrey	O
incorporated	O
videotelephony	B-Application
into	O
her	O
TV	O
program	O
on	O
a	O
regular	O
basis	O
from	O
May	O
21	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
initial	O
episode	O
called	O
Where	O
the	O
Skype	B-Application
Are	O
You	O
?,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
marketing	O
agreement	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
telecommunication	O
company	O
Skype	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
videophones	B-Application
have	O
been	O
featured	O
in	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Lisa	O
's	O
Wedding	O
"	O
,	O
an	O
episode	O
of	O
The	B-Application
Simpsons	I-Application
which	O
depicted	O
a	O
Picturephone	O
(	O
1995	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
Beyoncé	O
Knowles	O
pop	O
single	O
and	O
music	O
video	O
called	O
"	O
Video	B-Application
Phone	I-Application
"	O
from	O
her	O
album	O
I	O
Am	O
...	O
Sasha	O
Fierce	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
