<s>
The	O
Video	B-Application
Coding	I-Application
Experts	I-Application
Group	I-Application
or	O
Visual	B-Application
Coding	I-Application
Experts	I-Application
Group	I-Application
(	O
VCEG	B-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Question	O
6	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
working	O
group	O
of	O
the	O
ITU	O
Telecommunication	O
Standardization	O
Sector	O
(	O
ITU-T	O
)	O
concerned	O
with	O
standards	O
for	O
compression	O
coding	O
of	O
video	O
,	O
images	O
,	O
audio	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
standardization	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
H.26x	B-Application
"	O
line	O
of	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
"	O
T.8xx	O
"	O
line	O
of	O
image	O
coding	O
standards	O
,	O
and	O
related	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Administratively	O
,	O
VCEG	B-Application
is	O
the	O
informal	O
name	O
of	O
Question	O
6	O
(	O
Visual	O
,	O
audio	O
and	O
signal	O
coding	O
)	O
of	O
Working	O
Party	O
3	O
(	O
Audiovisual	O
technologies	O
and	O
intelligent	O
immersive	O
applications	O
)	O
of	O
ITU-T	O
Study	O
Group	O
16	O
(	O
Multimedia	O
and	O
related	O
digital	O
technologies	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
VCEG	B-Application
is	O
to	O
produce	O
ITU-T	O
Recommendations	O
(	O
international	O
standards	O
)	O
for	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
and	O
image	O
coding	O
methods	O
appropriate	O
for	O
conversational	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
videoconferencing	B-Application
and	O
video	B-Application
telephony	I-Application
)	O
and	O
non-conversational	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
streaming	O
,	O
broadcast	O
,	O
file	O
download	O
,	O
media	O
storage/playback	O
,	O
or	O
digital	O
cinema	O
)	O
audio/visual	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mandate	O
concerns	O
the	O
maintenance	O
and	O
extension	O
of	O
existing	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
recommendations	O
,	O
and	O
laying	O
the	O
ground	O
for	O
new	O
recommendations	O
using	O
advanced	O
techniques	O
to	O
significantly	O
improve	O
the	O
trade-offs	O
between	O
bit	O
rate	O
,	O
quality	O
,	O
delay	O
,	O
and	O
algorithm	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
are	O
desired	O
with	O
sufficient	O
flexibility	O
to	O
accommodate	O
a	O
diverse	O
number	O
of	O
transport	O
types	O
(	O
Internet	O
,	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
,	O
Mobile	O
,	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
,	O
GSTN	O
,	O
H.222.0	O
,	O
NGN	B-Protocol
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Question	O
6	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
Study	O
Group	O
16	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
standards	O
relating	O
to	O
multimedia	O
service	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
application	O
capabilities	O
(	O
including	O
those	O
supported	O
for	O
NGN	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VCEG	B-Application
was	O
preceded	O
in	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
called	O
the	O
CCITT	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
)	O
by	O
the	O
"	O
Specialists	O
Group	O
on	O
Coding	O
for	O
Visual	O
Telephony	O
"	O
chaired	O
by	O
Sakae	O
Okubo	O
(	O
NTT	O
)	O
which	O
developed	O
H.261	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Okubo	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
coordinator	O
for	O
developing	O
the	O
H.262/MPEG	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
Part	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
requirements	O
chairman	O
in	O
MPEG	O
for	O
the	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
set	O
of	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
digital	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
was	O
H.120	B-Algorithm
,	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
CCITT	O
(	O
now	O
ITU-T	O
)	O
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.120	B-Algorithm
was	O
not	O
usable	O
in	O
practice	O
,	O
as	O
its	O
performance	O
was	O
too	O
poor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.120	B-Algorithm
was	O
based	O
on	O
differential	B-General_Concept
pulse-code	I-General_Concept
modulation	I-General_Concept
(	O
DPCM	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
relatively	O
inefficient	O
compression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
companies	O
began	O
experimenting	O
with	O
the	O
much	O
more	O
efficient	O
motion-compensated	B-Algorithm
block	B-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
hybrid	O
compression	O
model	O
for	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1994	O
,	O
Richard	O
Shaphorst	O
(	O
Delta	O
Information	O
Systems	O
)	O
took	O
over	O
new	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
development	O
in	O
ITU-T	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
for	O
developing	O
H.324	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Schaphorst	O
appointed	O
Karel	O
Rijkse	O
(	O
KPN	O
Research	O
)	O
to	O
chair	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
as	O
part	O
of	O
that	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
Schaphorst	O
then	O
appointed	O
Gary	O
Sullivan	O
(	O
PictureTel	O
,	O
since	O
1999	O
Microsoft	O
)	O
to	O
launch	O
the	O
subsequent	O
"	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
+	O
"	O
enhancement	O
project	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
Sullivan	O
was	O
made	O
rapporteur	O
(	O
chairman	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
question	O
(	O
group	O
)	O
for	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
that	O
is	O
now	O
called	O
VCEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
+	O
project	O
,	O
the	O
group	O
then	O
completed	O
an	O
"	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
++	O
"	O
effort	O
,	O
produced	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
Appendix	O
III	O
and	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
Annex	O
X	O
,	O
and	O
launched	O
the	O
"	O
H.26L	B-Application
"	O
project	O
with	O
a	O
call	O
for	O
proposals	O
issued	O
in	O
January	O
1998	O
and	O
a	O
first	O
draft	O
design	O
adopted	O
in	O
August	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
,	O
Thomas	O
Wiegand	O
(	O
Fraunhofer	O
HHI	O
)	O
was	O
appointed	O
as	O
an	O
associated	O
rapporteur	O
(	O
vice-chairman	O
)	O
of	O
VCEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sullivan	O
and	O
Wiegand	O
led	O
the	O
H.26L	B-Application
project	O
as	O
it	O
progressed	O
to	O
eventually	O
become	O
the	O
H.264	B-Application
standard	O
after	O
formation	O
of	O
a	O
Joint	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Team	I-Application
(	O
JVT	O
)	O
with	O
MPEG	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
completing	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
In	O
MPEG	O
,	O
the	O
H.264	B-Application
standard	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
part	I-Application
10	I-Application
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
2003	O
,	O
VCEG	B-Application
and	O
the	O
JVT	O
developed	O
several	O
substantial	O
extensions	O
of	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
produced	O
H.271	O
,	O
and	O
conducted	O
exploration	O
work	O
toward	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
future	O
new	O
standard	O
with	O
better	O
compression	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wiegand	O
has	O
remained	O
an	O
associated	O
rapporteur	O
of	O
VCEG	B-Application
since	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
work	O
of	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
led	O
by	O
VCEG	B-Application
was	O
voted	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
influential	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
standardization	O
work	O
of	O
the	O
CCITT	O
and	O
ITU-T	O
in	O
their	O
50-year	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	O
coding	O
work	O
that	O
is	O
now	O
in	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
VCEG	B-Application
was	O
also	O
highly	O
ranked	O
in	O
the	O
voting	O
,	O
placing	O
third	O
overall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
Joint	B-Algorithm
Collaborative	I-Algorithm
Team	I-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
JCT-VC	O
)	O
was	O
created	O
as	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
experts	O
from	O
ITU-T	O
Study	O
Group	O
16	O
(	O
VCEG	B-Application
)	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
JTC	O
1/SC	O
29/WG11	O
(	O
MPEG	O
)	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
new	O
generation	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
now	O
known	O
as	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
,	O
ISO/IEC	B-Algorithm
23008-2	I-Algorithm
and	O
MPEG-H	B-Algorithm
Part	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2014	O
,	O
Jill	O
Boyce	O
(	O
then	O
of	O
Vidyo	B-Protocol
,	O
later	O
Intel	O
)	O
was	O
appointed	O
as	O
an	O
additional	O
associated	O
rapporteur	O
for	O
VCEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2015	O
the	O
ITU	O
celebrated	O
its	O
150-year	O
anniversary	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
VCEG	B-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
five	O
areas	O
of	O
standardization	O
to	O
be	O
recognized	O
by	O
an	O
"	O
ITU	O
150	O
Award	O
"	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
influential	O
topics	O
of	O
ITU	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VCEG	B-Application
and	O
MPEG	O
created	O
another	O
partnership	O
called	O
the	O
Joint	O
Video	O
Exploration	O
Team	O
(	O
JVET	O
)	O
in	O
October	O
2015	O
,	O
later	O
renaming	O
it	O
as	O
the	O
Joint	O
Video	O
Experts	O
Team	O
,	O
which	O
developed	O
the	O
Versatile	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
VVC	O
,	O
H.266	B-Algorithm
,	O
ISO/IEC	O
23090-3	O
and	O
MPEG-I	O
Part	O
3	O
)	O
standard	O
,	O
completing	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
in	O
July	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2022	O
,	O
Yan	O
Ye	O
(	O
of	O
Alibaba	O
)	O
was	O
appointed	O
as	O
an	O
associate	O
rapporteur	O
for	O
VCEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organization	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
VCEG	B-Application
has	O
standardized	O
(	O
and	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
maintenance	O
of	O
)	O
the	O
following	O
video	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
formats	I-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
H.120	B-Algorithm
:	O
the	O
first	O
digital	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
v1	O
(	O
1984	O
)	O
featured	O
conditional	O
replenishment	O
,	O
scalar	B-Algorithm
quantization	I-Algorithm
,	O
differential	B-General_Concept
PCM	I-General_Concept
(	O
DPCM	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
variable-length	O
coding	O
and	O
a	O
switch	O
for	O
quincunx	O
sampling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
v2	O
(	O
1988	O
)	O
added	O
motion	B-Algorithm
compensation	I-Algorithm
and	O
background	O
prediction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.261	B-Algorithm
:	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
practical	O
digital	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
(	O
late	O
1990	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
design	O
was	O
a	O
pioneering	O
effort	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
motion-compensated	B-Algorithm
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
coding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
subsequent	O
international	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
based	O
closely	O
on	O
its	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.262	B-Algorithm
:	O
it	O
is	O
identical	O
in	O
content	O
to	O
the	O
video	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
Part	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
standard	O
(	O
ISO/IEC	B-Algorithm
13818-2	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
standard	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
a	O
joint	O
partnership	O
between	O
VCEG	B-Application
and	O
MPEG	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
it	O
became	O
published	O
as	O
a	O
standard	O
of	O
both	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ITU-T	O
Recommendation	O
H.262	B-Algorithm
and	O
ISO/IEC	B-Algorithm
13818-2	I-Algorithm
were	O
developed	O
and	O
published	O
as	O
"	O
common	O
text	O
"	O
international	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.263	B-Algorithm
:	O
was	O
developed	O
as	O
an	O
evolutionary	O
improvement	O
based	O
on	O
experience	O
from	O
H.261	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
MPEG-1	O
and	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
first	O
version	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
1995	O
and	O
provided	O
a	O
suitable	O
replacement	O
for	O
H.261	B-Algorithm
at	O
all	O
bitrates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-4	B-Application
Part	I-Application
2	I-Application
is	O
substantially	O
similar	O
to	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.263v2	B-Algorithm
:	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
+	O
or	O
as	O
the	O
1998	O
version	O
of	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
the	O
informal	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
international	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
retains	O
the	O
entire	O
technical	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
,	O
but	O
enhances	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
capabilities	O
by	O
adding	O
several	O
annexes	O
which	O
substantially	O
improve	O
encoding	O
efficiency	O
and	O
provide	O
other	O
capabilities	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
enhanced	O
robustness	O
against	O
data	O
loss	O
in	O
the	O
transmission	O
channel	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
+	O
project	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
late	O
1997	O
or	O
early	O
1998	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
then	O
followed	O
by	O
an	O
"	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
++	O
"	O
project	O
that	O
added	O
a	O
few	O
more	O
enhancements	O
in	O
late	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.264	B-Application
:	O
Advanced	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Coding	I-Application
(	O
AVC	B-Application
)	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
standard	O
in	O
the	O
series	O
of	O
international	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
Joint	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Team	I-Application
(	O
JVT	O
)	O
consisting	O
of	O
experts	O
from	O
ITU-T	O
'	O
s	O
Video	B-Application
Coding	I-Application
Experts	I-Application
Group	I-Application
(	O
VCEG	B-Application
)	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
'	O
s	O
Moving	O
Picture	O
Experts	O
Group	O
(	O
MPEG	O
)	O
created	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ITU-T	B-Application
H.264	I-Application
standard	O
and	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
Part	I-Application
10	I-Application
standard	O
(	O
formally	O
,	O
ISO/IEC	B-Application
14496-10	I-Application
)	O
are	O
technically	O
identical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
past	O
standards	O
,	O
its	O
design	O
provides	O
a	O
balance	O
between	O
the	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
,	O
implementation	O
complexity	O
,	O
and	O
cost	O
based	O
on	O
state	O
of	O
VLSI	O
design	O
technology	O
(	O
CPUs	B-Device
,	O
DSPs	B-Architecture
,	O
ASICs	O
,	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.265	B-Algorithm
:	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
ISO/IEC	B-Algorithm
23008-2	I-Algorithm
and	O
MPEG-H	O
Part2	O
,	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
January	O
2013	O
for	O
its	O
first	O
edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
has	O
approximately	O
twice	O
the	O
compression	O
capability	O
of	O
its	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
predecessor	O
and	O
was	O
similarly	O
developed	O
with	O
MPEG	O
in	O
a	O
joint	O
team	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Joint	B-Algorithm
Collaborative	I-Algorithm
Team	I-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
JCT-VC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.266	B-Algorithm
:	O
Versatile	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
VVC	O
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
ISO/IEC	O
23090-3	O
and	O
MPEG-I	O
Part	O
3	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
video	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
finalized	O
on	O
6	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
Joint	O
Video	O
Experts	O
Team	O
(	O
JVET	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
joint	O
video	O
expert	O
team	O
of	O
the	O
VCEG	B-Application
working	O
group	O
of	O
ITU-T	O
Study	O
Group	O
16	O
and	O
the	O
MPEG	O
working	O
group	O
of	O
ISO/IEC	O
JTC	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
ITU-T	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
and	O
MPEG-H	B-Algorithm
Part	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
late	O
2006	O
,	O
VCEG	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
work	O
on	O
still	O
image	O
coding	O
standards	O
including	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
VCEG	B-Application
works	O
on	O
most	O
of	O
these	O
image	O
coding	O
standards	O
jointly	O
with	O
ISO/IEC	O
JTC1/SC29/WG1	O
(	O
the	O
Joint	O
Photographic	O
Experts	O
Group/Joint	O
Bi-level	O
Image	O
experts	O
Group	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
