<s>
VideoGuard	B-Device
(	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
simply	O
as	O
NDS	B-Device
)	O
,	O
produced	O
by	O
NDS	B-Device
,	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
encryption	O
system	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
television	O
broadcasting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
on	O
digital	O
satellite	O
television	O
systems	O
-	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
operated	O
by	O
News	O
Corporation	O
,	O
which	O
owned	O
about	O
half	O
(	O
49%	O
)	O
of	O
NDS	B-Device
until	O
its	O
sale	O
to	O
Cisco	O
in	O
2012	O
(	O
becoming	O
Cisco	B-Device
Videoscape	I-Device
division	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2018	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
is	O
improved	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
Synamedia	B-Device
(	O
Cisco	O
's	O
spun-off	O
company	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
former	O
Videoscape	B-Device
division	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
content	O
provided	O
by	O
companies	O
like	O
BSkyB	O
requires	O
subscription	O
,	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
protects	O
that	O
content	O
by	O
encrypting	O
both	O
standard	O
subscription	O
channels	O
and	O
pay-per-view	O
movies	O
and	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
flags	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
's	O
card	O
either	O
over	O
the	O
air	O
(	O
via	O
'	O
hidden	O
 '	O
data	O
streams	O
)	O
or	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
box	O
's	O
built	O
in	O
modem	B-Application
,	O
thereby	O
allowing	O
rapid	O
changing	O
of	O
channel	O
packages	O
and	O
ordering	O
of	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Already	O
in	O
use	O
in	O
America	O
since	O
1997	O
,	O
the	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
system	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
UK	O
by	O
NDS	B-Device
in	O
1998	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
Sky	O
Digital	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
VideoCrypt	O
system	O
(	O
also	O
supplied	O
by	O
NDS	B-Device
)	O
in	O
use	O
on	O
Sky	O
's	O
analogue	O
broadcasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
widespread	O
piracy	B-Application
of	O
the	O
US	O
DirecTV	O
service	O
between	O
1997	O
and	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
implementation	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
remained	O
secure	O
until	O
2014	O
when	O
a	O
BBC	O
investigation	O
revealed	O
that	O
some	O
companies	O
in	O
south	O
London	O
offered	O
pirated	O
Sky	O
TV	O
sold	O
for	O
£10	O
a	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
pay	O
per	O
view	O
flaws	O
have	O
been	O
identified	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
related	O
merely	O
to	O
the	O
circuitry	O
of	O
the	O
set-top	O
box	O
(	O
STB	O
)	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
NDS	B-Device
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
protect	O
pay-TV	O
,	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
numerous	O
non-subscription	O
broadcasters	O
to	O
enforce	O
geographic	O
rights	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VideoGuard	B-Device
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
BBC	O
,	O
ITV	O
,	O
and	O
Channel	O
4	O
to	O
restrict	O
non-UK	O
viewing	O
,	O
although	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
these	O
broadcasters	O
have	O
moved	O
to	O
broadcasting	O
FTA	O
on	O
the	O
more	O
geographically	O
restricted	O
footprint	O
of	O
the	O
Astra	O
2D	O
satellite	O
which	O
is	O
mainly	O
,	O
although	O
not	O
entirely	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
Ireland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VideoGuard	B-Device
is	O
unusual	O
in	O
that	O
legitimate	O
external	O
conditional-access	B-Device
modules	I-Device
are	O
not	O
available	O
,	O
the	O
encryption	O
system	O
instead	O
being	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
hardware	O
and	O
firmware	O
of	O
platform-supplied	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
several	O
groups	O
have	O
managed	O
to	O
reverse-engineer	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
to	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
a	O
legitimate	O
subscriber	O
's	O
card	O
can	O
be	O
utilised	O
in	O
third-party	O
receivers	O
to	O
decrypt	O
those	O
channels	O
which	O
that	O
subscriber	O
is	O
authorised	O
to	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
software	O
CAM	O
emulator	O
exists	O
for	O
the	O
Dreambox	B-Operating_System
&	O
Triple-Dragon	O
Linux-powered	O
satellite	O
receivers	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Diablo	O
,	O
Dragon	O
,	O
Giga-Blue	O
and	O
T-Rex	O
conditional-access	B-Device
modules	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
late	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
BSkyB	O
have	O
begun	O
issuing	O
replacement	O
NDS	B-Device
smartcards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
other	O
broadcasters	O
than	O
Sky	O
or	O
DirecTV	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
use	O
the	O
VideoGuard	B-Device
system	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
