<s>
Vehicular	B-Device
ad	I-Device
hoc	I-Device
networks	I-Device
(	O
VANETs	B-Device
)	O
are	O
created	O
by	O
applying	O
the	O
principles	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
(	O
MANETs	B-General_Concept
)	O
–	O
the	O
spontaneous	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
wireless	O
network	O
of	O
mobile	O
devices	O
–	O
to	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VANETs	B-Device
were	O
first	O
mentioned	O
and	O
introduced	O
in	O
2001	O
under	O
"	O
car-to-car	O
ad-hoc	O
mobile	O
communication	O
and	O
networking	O
"	O
applications	O
,	O
where	O
networks	O
can	O
be	O
formed	O
and	O
information	O
can	O
be	O
relayed	O
among	O
cars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
shown	O
that	O
vehicle-to-vehicle	B-Device
and	O
vehicle-to-roadside	O
communications	O
architectures	O
will	O
co-exist	O
in	O
VANETs	B-Device
to	O
provide	O
road	O
safety	O
,	O
navigation	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
roadside	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VANETs	B-Device
are	O
a	O
key	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
intelligent	O
transportation	O
systems	O
(	O
ITS	O
)	O
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
,	O
VANETs	B-Device
are	O
referred	O
as	O
Intelligent	O
Transportation	O
Networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
understood	O
as	O
having	O
evolved	O
into	O
a	O
broader	O
"	O
Internet	B-Device
of	I-Device
vehicles	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
which	O
itself	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
ultimately	O
evolve	O
into	O
an	O
"	O
Internet	B-Device
of	I-Device
autonomous	I-Device
vehicles	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
VANETs	B-Device
were	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
mere	O
one-to-one	O
application	O
of	O
MANET	B-General_Concept
principles	O
,	O
they	O
have	O
since	O
then	O
developed	O
into	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
research	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
VANET	B-Device
became	O
mostly	O
synonymous	O
with	O
the	O
more	O
generic	O
term	O
inter-vehicle	B-Device
communication	I-Device
(	O
IVC	O
)	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
focus	O
remains	O
on	O
the	O
aspect	O
of	O
spontaneous	O
networking	O
,	O
much	O
less	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
infrastructure	O
like	O
Road	O
Side	O
Units	O
(	O
RSUs	O
)	O
or	O
cellular	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VANETs	B-Device
support	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
–	O
from	O
simple	O
one	O
hop	O
information	O
dissemination	O
of	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
cooperative	O
awareness	O
messages	O
(	O
CAMs	O
)	O
to	O
multi-hop	O
dissemination	O
of	O
messages	O
over	O
vast	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
concerns	O
of	O
interest	O
to	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
(	O
MANETs	B-General_Concept
)	O
are	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
VANETs	B-Device
,	O
but	O
the	O
details	O
differ	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
applications	O
of	O
VANETs	B-Device
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Road	O
Transportation	O
Emergency	O
Services	O
–	O
where	O
VANET	B-Device
communications	O
,	O
VANET	B-Device
networks	O
,	O
and	O
road	O
safety	O
warning	O
and	O
status	O
information	O
dissemination	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
reduce	O
delays	O
and	O
speed	O
up	O
emergency	O
rescue	O
operations	O
to	O
save	O
the	O
lives	O
of	O
those	O
injured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VANETs	B-Device
can	O
help	O
advertise	O
services	O
(	O
shops	O
,	O
gas	O
stations	O
,	O
restaurants	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
VANETs	B-Device
can	O
use	O
any	O
wireless	O
networking	O
technology	O
as	O
their	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
prominent	O
are	O
short-range	O
radio	O
technologies	O
are	O
WLAN	B-Architecture
and	O
DSRC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
cellular	O
technologies	O
or	O
LTE	O
and	O
5G	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
VANETs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
open	O
source	O
simulator	O
like	O
SUMO	O
(	O
which	O
handles	O
road	O
traffic	O
simulation	O
)	O
is	O
combined	O
with	O
a	O
network	O
simulator	O
like	O
,	O
or	O
NS-2	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
VANETs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
simulations	O
are	O
also	O
done	O
for	O
communication	O
channel	O
modeling	O
that	O
captures	O
the	O
complexities	O
of	O
wireless	O
network	O
for	O
VANETs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
standardization	O
of	O
VANET	B-Device
protocol	O
stacks	O
is	O
taking	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
corresponding	O
to	O
their	O
dominance	O
in	O
the	O
automotive	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	O
1609	O
WAVE	O
Wireless	O
Access	O
in	O
Vehicular	O
Environments	O
protocol	O
stack	O
builds	O
on	O
IEEE	O
802.11p	O
WLAN	B-Architecture
operating	O
on	O
seven	O
reserved	O
channels	O
in	O
the	O
5.9GHz	O
frequency	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WAVE	O
protocol	O
stack	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
provide	O
multi-channel	O
operation	O
(	O
even	O
for	O
vehicles	O
equipped	O
with	O
only	O
a	O
single	O
radio	O
)	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
lightweight	O
application	B-Application
layer	I-Application
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
charter	O
of	O
this	O
committee	O
is	O
to	O
actively	O
promote	O
technical	O
activities	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
vehicular	O
networks	O
,	O
V2V	B-Device
,	O
V2R	O
and	O
V2I	O
communications	O
,	O
standards	O
,	O
communications-enabled	O
road	O
and	O
vehicle	O
safety	O
,	O
real-time	O
traffic	O
monitoring	O
,	O
intersection	O
management	O
technologies	O
,	O
future	O
telematics	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
ITS-based	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
V2V	B-Device
standard	O
,	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
WAVE	O
(	O
"	O
Wireless	O
Access	O
for	O
Vehicular	O
Environments	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
builds	O
upon	O
the	O
lower-level	O
IEEE	O
802.11p	O
standard	O
,	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
V2V	B-Device
is	O
standardised	O
as	O
ETSI	O
ITS	O
,	O
a	O
standard	O
also	O
based	O
on	O
IEEE	O
802.11p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C-ITS	O
,	O
cooperative	O
ITS	O
,	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
term	O
used	O
in	O
EU	O
policy	O
making	O
,	O
closely	O
linked	O
to	O
ITS-G5	O
and	O
V2V	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
V2V	B-Device
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
VANET	B-Device
(	O
vehicular	B-Device
ad	I-Device
hoc	I-Device
network	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
variation	O
of	O
MANET	B-General_Concept
(	O
Mobile	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
emphasis	O
being	O
now	O
the	O
node	O
is	O
the	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
V2V	B-Device
is	O
under	O
threat	O
from	O
cable	O
television	O
and	O
other	O
tech	O
firms	O
that	O
want	O
to	O
take	O
away	O
a	O
big	O
chunk	O
of	O
the	O
radio	O
spectrum	O
currently	O
reserved	O
for	O
it	O
and	O
use	O
those	O
frequencies	O
for	O
high-speed	O
internet	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
V2V	B-Device
's	O
current	O
share	O
of	O
spectrum	O
was	O
set	O
aside	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
auto	O
industry	O
is	O
trying	O
to	O
retain	O
all	O
it	O
can	O
saying	O
that	O
it	O
desperately	O
needs	O
the	O
spectrum	O
for	O
V2V	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
service	O
providers	O
who	O
want	O
the	O
spectrum	O
claim	O
that	O
self-driving	O
cars	O
will	O
make	O
extensive	O
use	O
of	O
V2V	B-Device
unnecessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
auto	O
industry	O
said	O
it	O
is	O
willing	O
to	O
share	O
the	O
spectrum	O
if	O
V2V	B-Device
service	O
is	O
not	O
slowed	O
or	O
disrupted	O
;	O
the	O
FCC	O
plans	O
to	O
test	O
several	O
sharing	O
schemes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
in	O
VANETs	B-Device
started	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
2000	O
,	O
in	O
universities	O
and	O
research	O
labs	O
,	O
having	O
evolved	O
from	O
researchers	O
working	O
on	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
have	O
worked	O
on	O
media	O
access	O
protocols	O
,	O
routing	O
,	O
warning	O
message	O
dissemination	O
,	O
and	O
VANET	B-Device
application	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
V2V	B-Device
is	O
currently	O
in	O
active	O
development	O
by	O
General	O
Motors	O
,	O
which	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
system	O
in	O
2006	O
using	O
Cadillac	O
vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
automakers	O
working	O
on	O
V2V	B-Device
include	O
Toyota	O
,	O
BMW	O
,	O
Daimler	O
,	O
Honda	O
,	O
Audi	O
,	O
Volvo	O
and	O
the	O
Car-to-Car	O
communication	O
consortium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2014	O
,	O
NHTSA	O
published	O
a	O
report	O
arguing	O
vehicle-to-vehicle	B-Device
technology	O
was	O
technically	O
proven	O
as	O
ready	O
for	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2014	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
U.S.	O
regulators	O
were	O
close	O
to	O
approving	O
V2V	B-Device
standards	O
for	O
the	O
U.S.	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
using	O
VANET	B-Device
in	O
urban	O
scenarios	O
there	O
are	O
some	O
aspects	O
that	O
are	O
important	O
to	O
take	O
in	O
count	O
.	O
</s>
