<s>
VR	B-Application
photography	I-Application
(	O
after	O
virtual-reality	B-Application
photography	I-Application
)	O
is	O
the	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
viewing	O
of	O
panoramic	O
photographs	O
,	O
generally	O
encompassing	O
a	O
360-degree	O
circle	O
or	O
a	O
spherical	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
VR	B-Application
photograph	I-Application
(	O
or	O
VR	B-Application
photo	I-Application
)	O
,	O
360-degree	O
photo	O
,	O
photo	O
sphere	O
,	O
or	O
spherical	B-Application
photo	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
interactive	B-Application
panorama	I-Application
or	O
immersive	B-Application
panorama	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
VR	B-Application
photography	I-Application
is	O
the	O
art	O
of	O
capturing	O
or	O
creating	O
a	O
complete	O
scene	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
image	O
,	O
as	O
viewed	O
when	O
rotating	O
about	O
a	O
single	O
central	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normally	O
created	O
by	O
stitching	O
together	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
photographs	O
taken	O
in	O
a	O
multi-row	O
360-degree	O
rotation	O
or	O
using	O
an	O
omnidirectional	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
complete	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
image	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
a	O
totally	O
computer-generated	O
effect	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
composite	O
of	O
photography	O
and	O
computer	O
generated	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
VR	B-Application
photography	I-Application
is	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
real	O
or	O
imaginary	O
environment	O
is	O
simulated	O
and	O
users	O
interact	O
with	O
and	O
manipulate	O
that	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
ways	O
of	O
capturing	O
VR	B-Application
photography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
specialized	O
"	O
photo	B-Algorithm
stitching	I-Algorithm
"	O
software	O
,	O
the	O
operator	O
then	O
assembles	O
the	O
"	O
slices	O
"	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
rectangular	O
image	O
,	O
typically	O
4,500	O
pixels	O
to	O
6,000	O
pixels	O
wide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2-shot	O
fish	O
eye	O
camera	O
system	O
was	O
made	O
popular	O
by	O
IPiX	B-Application
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
and	O
a	O
two-shot	O
rotator	O
head	O
that	O
rotated	O
and	O
locked	O
into	O
0°	O
and	O
180°	O
positions	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
was	O
an	O
Olympus	O
or	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
CoolPix	O
camera	O
and	O
the	O
lenses	O
used	O
were	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
FC-E8	O
or	O
FC-E9	O
fish-eye	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IPiX	B-Application
360	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
system	O
enabled	O
photographers	O
to	O
capture	O
a	O
full	O
360	O
X	O
360	O
floor	O
to	O
ceiling	O
view	O
of	O
any	O
scene	O
with	O
just	O
4	O
shots	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
time-consuming	O
8	O
,	O
10	O
,	O
or	O
12-shot	O
rectilinear	O
produced	O
panoramas	O
described	O
above	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
Computer	O
pioneered	O
this	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
's	I-Application
QuickTime	I-Application
VR	I-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
one-shot	O
panoramic	O
optics	O
one	O
can	O
create	O
quick	O
and	O
easy	O
panoramic	O
videos	O
and	O
images	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
type	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
have	O
new	O
features	O
that	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
stitch	O
images	O
together	O
,	O
they	O
only	O
support	O
"	O
rectilinear	O
"	O
types	O
of	O
stitching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photoshop	B-Operating_System
cannot	O
produce	O
them	O
as	O
quickly	O
or	O
accurately	O
as	O
stitching	O
software	O
programs	O
can	O
such	O
as	O
Autodesk	O
Stitcher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3	O
or	O
D700	O
have	O
a	O
full	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
digital	I-Algorithm
SLR	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D90	O
or	O
Canon	O
T2i	O
(	O
Rebel	O
line	O
of	O
Digital	O
EOS	O
cameras	O
)	O
have	O
a	O
smaller	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
full	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
digital	I-Algorithm
SLR	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
fish	O
eye	O
lens	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
Sigma	O
8mm	O
F/3.5	O
,	O
a	O
full	O
circular	O
image	O
is	O
captured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
non	O
full	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
digital	I-Algorithm
SLR	I-Algorithm
camera	O
like	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D90	O
or	O
Canon	O
digital	O
Rebel	O
and	O
similar	O
cameras	O
,	O
4-shots	O
are	O
required	O
with	O
the	O
camera	O
in	O
the	O
portrait	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
360-degree	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
with	O
two	O
lenses	O
are	O
probably	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
type	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
can	O
accommodate	O
a	O
full	O
360-degree	O
angle	O
with	O
two	O
lenses	O
facing	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
individual	O
images	O
are	O
then	O
joined	O
like	O
mosaic	O
stones	O
to	O
form	O
an	O
omnidirectional	B-Algorithm
overall	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QuickTime	B-Application
VR	I-Application
(	O
QTVR	B-Application
)	O
was	O
the	O
original	O
interactive	B-Application
panorama	I-Application
format	O
,	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
QuickTime	B-Application
software	O
acting	O
as	O
the	O
viewer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Photos	I-Application
also	O
provide	O
built-in	O
support	O
via	O
the	O
.pano	O
file	O
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
have	O
been	O
based	O
on	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
,	O
Java	B-Device
,	O
SilverLight	B-Application
,	O
and	O
custom	O
programming	O
using	O
OpenGL	B-Application
and	O
WebGL	B-Library
,	O
but	O
360	O
player	O
development	O
is	O
now	O
largely	O
based	O
in	O
HTML5	B-Application
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
VR	B-Application
photography	I-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
displaying	O
objects	O
in	O
360	O
(	O
360	O
product	O
photography	O
)	O
,	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
360	O
Object	O
VR	O
,	O
360	O
product	O
photography	O
,	O
360	O
product	O
images	O
and	O
360	O
product	O
views	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
output	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
individual	O
images	O
(	O
typically	O
JPG	O
format	O
)	O
that	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
composed	O
into	O
an	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
360	O
view	O
,	O
typically	O
using	O
HTML5	B-Application
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
