<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
open	O
and	O
royalty-free	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
and	O
competes	O
mainly	O
with	O
MPEG	O
's	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC/H.265	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
was	O
mainly	O
used	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
video	O
platform	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
The	O
emergence	O
of	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
ongoing	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
successor	O
AV1	B-Application
,	O
of	O
which	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
a	O
part	O
,	O
led	O
to	O
growing	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
support	O
is	O
common	O
among	O
modern	O
web	O
browsers	O
(	O
see	O
HTML5	B-Application
video	O
§	O
Browser	O
support	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
has	O
supported	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
since	O
version	O
4.4	B-Application
KitKat	I-Application
,	O
while	O
iOS/iPadOS	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
in	O
iOS/iPadOS	O
14	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parts	O
of	O
the	O
format	O
are	O
covered	O
by	O
patents	O
held	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
last	O
official	O
iteration	O
of	O
the	O
TrueMotion	B-Application
series	O
of	O
video	O
formats	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
bought	O
in	O
2010	O
for	O
$134	O
million	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
On2	B-Application
Technologies	I-Application
that	O
created	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
started	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
2011	O
under	O
the	O
development	O
names	O
of	O
Next	O
Gen	O
Open	O
Video	O
(	O
NGOV	O
)	O
and	O
VP-Next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
goals	O
for	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
included	O
reducing	O
the	O
bit	O
rate	O
by	O
50%	O
compared	O
to	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
while	O
maintaining	O
the	O
same	O
video	O
quality	O
,	O
and	O
aiming	O
for	O
better	O
compression	O
efficiency	O
than	O
the	O
MPEG	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
)	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2013	O
the	O
"	O
profile	O
0	O
"	O
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
was	O
finalized	O
,	O
and	O
two	O
months	O
later	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
was	O
released	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
video	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
a	O
native	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
decoder	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
,	O
and	O
to	O
Libav	B-Language
six	O
weeks	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
added	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
support	O
to	O
Firefox	B-Application
in	O
March	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
Google	B-Application
added	O
two	O
high	O
bit	O
depth	O
profiles	O
:	O
profile	O
2	O
and	O
profile	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
WebM	B-Application
format	O
was	O
published	O
,	O
featuring	O
support	O
for	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
together	O
with	O
Opus	B-Algorithm
audio	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
MPEG	O
Licensing	O
Administration	O
dropped	O
an	O
announced	O
assertion	O
of	O
disputed	O
patent	O
claims	O
against	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
and	O
its	O
successors	O
after	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Justice	O
started	O
to	O
investigate	O
whether	O
it	O
was	O
acting	O
to	O
unfairly	O
stifle	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
worked	O
with	O
hardware	O
vendors	O
to	O
get	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
support	O
into	O
silicon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2014	O
,	O
Ittiam	O
,	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
ARM	B-Architecture
and	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
demonstrated	O
its	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
decoder	O
for	O
ARM	B-Architecture
Cortex	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
GPGPU	B-Architecture
techniques	O
,	O
the	O
decoder	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
1080p	O
at	O
30fps	O
on	O
an	O
Arndale	B-Device
Board	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2015	O
Nvidia	O
announced	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
support	O
in	O
its	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
X1	O
SoC	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
VeriSilicon	O
announced	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
Profile	O
2	O
support	O
in	O
its	O
Hantro	O
G2v2	O
decoder	O
IP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2015	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
a	O
significant	O
update	O
to	O
its	O
libvpx	B-Language
library	O
,	O
with	O
version	O
1.4.0	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
10-bit	O
and	O
12-bit	O
bit	O
depth	O
,	O
4:2:2	O
and	O
4:4:4	O
chroma	O
subsampling	O
,	O
and	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
multithreaded	O
decoding/encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2015	O
,	O
Netflix	O
published	O
a	O
draft	O
proposal	O
for	O
including	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
video	O
in	O
an	O
MP4	O
container	O
with	O
MPEG	O
Common	O
Encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
Ittiam	O
demonstrated	O
an	O
OpenCL	B-Application
based	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
encoder	O
is	O
targeting	O
ARM	B-General_Concept
Mali	I-General_Concept
mobile	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
and	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
on	O
a	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S6	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
support	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
web	O
browser	O
Edge	B-Application
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2017	O
,	O
Ittiam	O
announced	O
the	O
completion	O
of	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
encoding	O
speed	O
of	O
libvpx	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
speed	O
improvement	O
was	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
50-70	O
%	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
code	O
"	O
publicly	O
available	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
libvpx	B-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
customized	O
for	O
video	O
resolutions	O
greater	O
than	O
1080p	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
UHD	B-Device
)	O
and	O
also	O
enables	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
supports	O
12K	O
(	O
11520×6480	O
or	O
12228×6480	O
)	O
videos	O
instead	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
that	O
is	O
only	O
capable	O
to	O
manage	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
8192×4320	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
format	O
supports	O
the	O
following	O
color	B-Algorithm
spaces	I-Algorithm
:	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
supports	O
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
using	O
hybrid	O
log	O
–	O
gamma	O
(	O
HLG	O
)	O
and	O
perceptual	B-Algorithm
quantizer	I-Algorithm
(	O
PQ	B-Algorithm
)	O
transfer	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
comparison	O
that	O
took	O
varying	O
encoding	O
speed	O
into	O
account	O
showed	O
x265	O
to	O
narrowly	O
beat	O
libvpx	B-Language
at	O
the	O
very	O
highest	O
quality	O
(	O
slowest	O
encoding	O
)	O
whereas	O
libvpx	B-Language
was	O
superior	O
at	O
any	O
other	O
encoding	O
speed	O
,	O
by	O
SSIM	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
subjective	O
quality	O
comparison	O
conducted	O
in	O
2014	O
featuring	O
the	O
reference	O
encoders	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
(	O
HM	O
15.0	O
)	O
,	O
MPEG-4	O
AVC/H.264	O
(	O
JM	O
18.6	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
(	O
libvpx	B-Language
1.2.0	O
with	O
preliminary	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
support	O
)	O
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
like	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
required	O
about	O
two	O
times	O
the	O
bitrate	O
to	O
reach	O
video	O
quality	O
comparable	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
with	O
synthetic	O
imagery	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
was	O
close	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
contrast	O
,	O
another	O
subjective	O
comparison	O
from	O
2014	O
concluded	O
that	O
at	O
higher	O
quality	O
settings	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
and	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
were	O
tied	O
at	O
a	O
40	O
to	O
45%	O
bitrate	O
advantage	O
over	O
H.264	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netflix	O
,	O
after	O
a	O
large	O
test	O
in	O
August	O
2016	O
,	O
concluded	O
that	O
libvpx	B-Language
was	O
20%	O
less	O
efficient	O
than	O
x265	O
,	O
but	O
by	O
October	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
also	O
found	O
that	O
tweaking	O
encoding	O
parameters	O
could	O
"	O
reduce	O
or	O
even	O
reverse	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
NAB	O
2017	O
,	O
Netflix	O
shared	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
switched	O
to	O
the	O
EVE	O
encoder	O
,	O
which	O
according	O
to	O
their	O
studies	O
offered	O
better	O
two-pass	O
rate	O
control	O
and	O
was	O
8%	O
more	O
efficient	O
than	O
libvpx	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
offline	O
encoder	O
comparison	O
between	O
libvpx	B-Language
,	O
two	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoders	O
and	O
x264	O
in	O
May	O
2017	O
by	O
Jan	O
Ozer	O
of	O
Streaming	O
Media	O
Magazine	O
,	O
with	O
encoding	O
parameters	O
supplied	O
or	O
reviewed	O
by	O
each	O
encoder	O
vendor	O
(	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
MulticoreWare	O
and	O
MainConcept	O
respectively	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
Netflix	O
's	O
VMAF	B-Algorithm
objective	O
metric	O
,	O
concluded	O
that	O
"	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
and	O
both	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
codecs	O
produce	O
very	O
similar	O
performance	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Particularly	O
at	O
lower	O
bitrates	O
,	O
both	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
codecs	O
and	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
deliver	O
substantially	O
better	O
performance	O
than	O
H.264	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
encoding	O
speed	O
versus	O
efficiency	O
comparison	O
of	O
the	O
reference	O
implementation	O
in	O
libvpx	B-Language
,	O
x264	O
and	O
x265	O
was	O
made	O
by	O
an	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
developer	O
in	O
September	O
2015	O
:	O
By	O
SSIM	B-Algorithm
index	I-Algorithm
,	O
libvpx	B-Language
was	O
mostly	O
superior	O
to	O
x264	O
across	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
comparable	O
encoding	O
speeds	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
main	O
benefit	O
was	O
at	O
the	O
slower	O
end	O
of	O
x264	O
@veryslow	O
(	O
reaching	O
a	O
sweet	O
spot	O
of	O
30	O
–	O
40%	O
bitrate	O
improvement	O
within	O
twice	O
as	O
slow	O
as	O
this	O
)	O
,	O
whereas	O
x265	O
only	O
became	O
competitive	O
with	O
libvpx	B-Language
around	O
10	O
times	O
as	O
slow	O
as	O
x264	O
@veryslow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
concluded	O
that	O
libvpx	B-Language
and	O
x265	O
were	O
both	O
capable	O
of	O
the	O
claimed	O
50%	O
bitrate	O
improvement	O
over	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
but	O
only	O
at	O
10	O
–	O
20	O
times	O
the	O
encoding	O
time	O
of	O
x264	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Judged	O
by	O
the	O
objective	O
quality	O
metric	O
VQM	O
in	O
early	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
reference	O
encoder	O
delivered	O
video	O
quality	O
on	O
par	O
with	O
the	O
best	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
implementation	O
can	O
make	O
a	O
difference	O
,	O
concluding	O
that	O
"	O
ffvp9	O
beats	O
libvpx	B-Language
consistently	O
by	O
25	O
–	O
50%	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
decoder	O
comparison	O
indicated	O
10	O
–	O
40	O
percent	O
higher	O
CPU	O
load	O
than	O
H.264	B-Application
(	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
say	O
whether	O
this	O
was	O
with	O
ffvp9	O
or	O
libvpx	B-Language
)	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
on	O
mobile	O
,	O
the	O
Ittiam	O
demo	O
player	O
was	O
about	O
40	O
percent	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
at	O
playing	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
variants	O
of	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
format	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
coding	O
profiles	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
successively	O
allow	O
more	O
features	O
;	O
profile	O
0	O
is	O
the	O
basic	O
variant	O
,	O
requiring	O
the	O
least	O
from	O
a	O
hardware	O
implementation	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
offers	O
the	O
following	O
14	O
levels	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
traditional	O
block-based	O
transform	B-Algorithm
coding	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bitstream	O
format	O
is	O
relatively	O
simple	O
compared	O
to	O
formats	O
that	O
offer	O
similar	O
bitrate	O
efficiency	O
like	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
has	O
many	O
design	O
improvements	O
compared	O
to	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
's	O
four	O
modes	O
(	O
average/	O
"	O
DC	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
true	O
motion	O
"	O
,	O
horizontal	O
,	O
vertical	O
)	O
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
supports	O
six	O
oblique	O
directions	O
for	O
linear	O
extrapolation	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
intra-frame	B-General_Concept
prediction	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
eighth-pixel	O
precision	O
for	O
motion	O
vectors	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
improved	O
entropy	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
,	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
asymmetric	O
discrete	O
sine	O
transform	B-Algorithm
(	O
ADST	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
enable	O
some	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
of	O
frames	O
,	O
video	O
frames	O
can	O
be	O
split	O
along	O
coding	O
unit	O
boundaries	O
into	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
rows	O
of	O
256	O
to	O
4096	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
wide	O
evenly	O
spaced	O
tiles	O
with	O
each	O
tile	O
column	O
coded	O
independently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
mandatory	O
for	O
video	O
resolutions	O
in	O
excess	O
of	O
4096	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tile	O
header	O
contains	O
the	O
tile	O
size	O
in	O
bytes	O
so	O
decoders	O
can	O
skip	O
ahead	O
and	O
decode	O
each	O
tile	O
row	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
thread	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	O
is	O
then	O
divided	O
into	O
coding	O
units	O
called	O
superblocks	O
of	O
64×64	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
which	O
are	O
adaptively	O
subpartitioned	O
in	O
a	O
quadtree	B-Data_Structure
coding	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
be	O
subdivided	O
either	O
horizontally	O
or	O
vertically	O
or	O
both	O
;	O
square	O
(	O
sub	O
)	O
units	O
can	O
be	O
subdivided	O
recursively	O
down	O
to	O
4×4	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
blocks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
can	O
reference	O
up	O
to	O
three	O
of	O
the	O
buffered	O
frames	O
for	O
temporal	O
prediction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
two	O
of	O
those	O
reference	O
frames	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
each	O
coding	O
block	O
to	O
calculate	O
a	O
sample	O
data	O
prediction	O
,	O
using	O
spatially	O
displaced	O
(	O
motion	B-Algorithm
compensation	I-Algorithm
)	O
content	O
from	O
a	O
reference	O
frame	O
or	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
content	O
from	O
two	O
reference	O
frames	O
(	O
"	O
compound	O
prediction	O
mode	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
(	O
ideally	O
small	O
)	O
remaining	O
difference	O
(	O
delta	B-Algorithm
encoding	I-Algorithm
)	O
from	O
the	O
computed	O
prediction	O
to	O
the	O
actual	O
image	O
content	O
is	O
transformed	O
using	O
a	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
or	O
ADST	O
(	O
for	O
edge	B-Application
blocks	O
)	O
and	O
quantized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hidden	O
alternate	O
reference	O
frames	O
can	O
be	O
packed	O
together	O
with	O
an	O
ordinary	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
skip	O
frame	O
that	O
triggers	O
display	O
of	O
previous	O
hidden	O
altref	O
content	O
from	O
its	O
reference	O
frame	O
buffer	O
right	O
after	O
the	O
accompanying	O
p-frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
enables	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
encoding	I-Algorithm
by	O
transmitting	O
at	O
the	O
lowest	O
quantization	O
level	O
(	O
q	O
index	O
0	O
)	O
an	O
additional	O
4×	O
4-block	O
encoded	O
Walsh	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
Hadamard	I-Algorithm
transformed	I-Algorithm
(	O
WHT	O
)	O
residue	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
seekable	O
,	O
raw	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
bitstreams	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
encapsulated	O
in	O
a	O
container	O
format	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
Matroska	O
(	O
.mkv	O
)	O
,	O
its	O
derived	O
WebM	B-Application
format	O
(	O
.webm	B-Application
)	O
or	O
the	O
older	O
minimalistic	O
Indeo	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
file	O
(	O
IVF	O
)	O
format	O
which	O
is	O
traditionally	O
supported	O
by	O
libvpx	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
identified	O
as	O
V_VP9	O
in	O
WebM	B-Application
and	O
VP09	O
in	O
MP4	O
,	O
adhering	O
to	O
respective	O
naming	O
conventions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
traditionally	O
used	O
VPx	O
formats	O
up	O
to	O
VP7	O
,	O
was	O
never	O
upgraded	O
to	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
or	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
instead	O
to	O
H.264	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
often	O
penetrated	O
corresponding	O
web	O
applications	O
only	O
with	O
the	O
gradual	O
shift	O
from	O
Flash	O
to	O
HTML5	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
still	O
somewhat	O
immature	O
when	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
was	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trends	O
towards	O
UHD	B-Device
resolutions	O
,	O
higher	O
color	O
depth	O
and	O
wider	O
gamuts	O
are	O
driving	O
a	O
shift	O
towards	O
new	O
,	O
specialized	O
video	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
clear	O
development	O
perspective	O
and	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
industry	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
the	O
founding	O
of	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
pricey	O
and	O
complex	O
licensing	O
situation	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
it	O
is	O
expected	O
that	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
hitherto	O
leading	O
MPEG	O
formats	O
will	O
often	O
switch	O
to	O
the	O
royalty-free	O
alternative	O
formats	O
of	O
the	O
VPx/AVx	O
series	O
instead	O
of	O
upgrading	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
main	O
user	O
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
popular	O
video	O
platform	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
offers	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
video	O
at	O
all	O
resolutions	O
along	O
with	O
Opus	B-Algorithm
audio	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
WebM	B-Application
file	O
format	O
,	O
through	O
DASH	B-Protocol
streaming	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
three	O
accepted	O
video	O
formats	O
are	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
and	O
Theora	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
December	O
2016	O
,	O
Netflix	O
has	O
used	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
for	O
their	O
catalog	O
,	O
alongside	O
H.264	B-Application
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
February	O
2020	O
,	O
AV1	B-Application
has	O
been	O
started	O
to	O
be	O
adopted	O
for	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
not	O
unlike	O
how	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
has	O
started	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Movies	I-Application
&	I-Application
TV	I-Application
uses	O
(	O
at	O
least	O
in	O
part	O
)	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
profile	O
2	O
with	O
Widevine	O
DRM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stadia	B-Application
used	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
for	O
video	O
game	O
streaming	O
up	O
to	O
4k	B-Device
on	O
supported	O
hardware	O
like	O
the	O
Chromecast	O
Ultra	O
,	O
supported	O
mobile	O
phones	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
series	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
encoding	O
services	O
offer	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
,	O
including	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Bitmovin	O
,	O
Brightcove	O
,	O
castLabs	O
,	O
JW	O
Player	O
,	O
Telestream	O
,	O
and	O
Wowza	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Encoding.com	O
has	O
offered	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
since	O
Q4	O
2016	O
,	O
which	O
amounted	O
to	O
a	O
yearly	O
average	O
of	O
11%	O
popularity	O
for	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
among	O
its	O
customers	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JW	O
Player	O
supports	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
in	O
its	O
widely	O
used	O
software-as-a-service	B-Architecture
HTML5	B-Application
video	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
these	O
web	O
browsers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
is	O
missing	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
support	O
completely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2016	O
an	O
estimated	O
65	O
to	O
75%	O
of	O
browsers	O
in	O
use	O
on	O
desktop	O
and	O
notebook	O
systems	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
play	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
videos	O
in	O
HTML5	B-Application
webpages	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
data	O
from	O
StatCounter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
October	O
2018	O
Update	O
(	O
1809	O
)	O
:	O
WebM	B-Application
(	O
.webm	B-Application
is	O
recognized	O
officially	O
)	O
WebM	B-Application
(	O
.webm	B-Application
)	O
-	O
Introduced	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
11.3	O
beta	O
2	O
for	O
Safari	B-Application
WebM	B-Application
(	O
.webm	B-Application
)	O
Matroska	O
(	O
.mkv	O
)	O
WebM	B-Application
(	O
.webm	B-Application
)	O
Matroska	O
(	O
.mkv	O
)	O
Notes	O
On	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
-	O
On	O
Anniversary	O
Update	O
(	O
1607	O
)	O
,	O
limited	O
support	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
(	O
via	O
MSE	B-Language
only	O
)	O
and	O
Universal	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
-	O
On	O
April	O
2018	O
Update	O
(	O
1803	O
)	O
with	O
Web	O
Media	O
Extensions	O
preinstalled	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
(	O
EdgeHTML	O
17	O
)	O
supports	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
videos	O
embedded	O
in	O
<video>	O
tags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
-	O
On	O
October	O
2018	O
Update	O
(	O
1809	O
)	O
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
Video	O
Extensions	O
is	O
preinstalled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
enables	O
encoding	O
of	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
and	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
content	O
on	O
devices	O
that	O
do	O
n't	O
have	O
a	O
hardware-based	O
video	O
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VP9	B-Algorithm
is	O
supported	O
in	O
all	O
major	O
open	O
source	O
media	O
player	O
software	O
,	O
including	O
VLC	B-Application
,	O
MPlayer/MPlayer2/MPV	O
,	O
Kodi	B-Application
,	O
MythTV	B-Application
,	O
and	O
FFplay	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
has	O
had	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
software	O
decoding	O
since	O
version	O
4.4	B-Application
"	I-Application
KitKat	I-Application
"	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
chips	O
,	O
architectures	O
,	O
CPUs	B-General_Concept
,	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
and	O
SoCs	B-Architecture
provide	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
acceleration	I-General_Concept
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
are	O
known	O
to	O
have	O
fixed	O
function	O
hardware	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
list	O
also	O
incorporates	O
GPU	B-Architecture
or	O
DSP	O
based	O
implementations	O
–	O
software	O
implementations	O
on	O
non-CPU	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
category	O
also	O
serve	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
offloading	O
the	O
CPU	O
,	O
but	O
power	O
efficiency	O
is	O
not	O
as	O
good	O
as	O
the	O
fixed	O
function	O
hardware	O
(	O
more	O
comparable	O
to	O
well	O
optimized	O
SIMD	B-Device
aware	O
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+Notable	O
hardware	O
supporting	O
accelerated	O
decoding	O
Company	O
Chip/Architecture	O
Notable	O
uses	O
Encoding	O
AllWinner	O
A80	O
AMD	O
Raven	O
Ridge	O
Ryzen	O
5	O
2400G	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
7	O
2800H	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
3	O
2300U	O
Picasso	O
Ryzen	O
5	O
3400G	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
7	O
3750H	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
3	O
3300U	O
Navi	O
Radeon	B-Device
RX	I-Device
5000	I-Device
GPU	B-Architecture
series	O
Renoir	O
Ryzen	O
5	O
4600G	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
7	O
4800H	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
3	O
4300U	O
Navi	O
2	O
Radeon	B-Device
RX	I-Device
6000	I-Device
GPU	B-Architecture
series	O
Lucienne	O
Ryzen	O
7	O
5700U	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
5	O
5500U	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
3	O
5300U	O
Cezanne	O
Ryzen	O
5	O
5600G	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
7	O
5800H	O
,	O
Ryzen	O
3	O
5400U	O
Amlogic	O
S9	O
family	O
Apple	O
Inc.Media	O
Engineall	O
M1	O
Apple	O
Silicon	O
chips	O
and	O
newer	O
ARM	O
Mali-V61	O
(	O
"	O
Egil	O
"	O
)	O
VPU	O
HiSilicon	O
HI3798C	O
Kirin	O
980	O
Huawei	O
Mate	O
20/P30	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Imagination	O
PowerVR	O
Series6	O
Apple	O
iPhone	O
6/6s	O
Intel	O
Bay	O
Trail	O
Celeron	O
J1750	O
Merrifield	O
Atom	O
Z3460	O
Moorefield	O
Atom	O
Z3530	O
Skylake	B-Architecture
Core	O
i7-6700	O
Kaby	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Core	O
i7-7700	O
Coffee	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Core	O
i7-8700	O
,	O
Core	O
i9-9900	O
Whiskey	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Comet	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Ice	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Tiger	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Rocket	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Alder	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
Raptor	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
MediaTek	B-Architecture
MT6595	O
MT8135	O
Helio	O
X20/X25	O
Helio	O
X30	O
Helio	O
P30	B-Application
Nvidia	O
Maxwell	O
GM206	O
GTX	O
950	O
-	O
960/750/965M	O
Pascal	B-General_Concept
GTX	O
1080/1080	O
Ti/1080M/1070/1070	O
Ti/1070M/1060/1050/1050	O
Ti/Titan	O
X/Titan	O
Xp	O
,	O
GT	O
1030	O
Volta	B-General_Concept
Nvidia	O
Titan	O
V	O
Turing	O
GeForce	O
RTX	O
2060	O
-	O
2080/2080	O
Ti	O
,	O
GTX	O
1660/1650	O
,	O
Titan	O
RTX	O
Ampere	B-General_Concept
GeForce	O
RTX	O
3090	O
,	O
RTX	O
3080	O
,	O
RTX	O
3070	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
X1	O
Nvidia	B-Application
Shield	I-Application
Android	I-Application
TV	I-Application
,	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
Qualcomm	O
Snapdragon	O
660/665/670	O
Motorola	O
Moto	O
G8/G8	O
Power/G8	O
Plus	O
,	O
Pixel	O
3a/3a	O
XL	O
?	O
Snapdragon	O
680/695Xiaomi	O
Redmi	O
Note	O
11/Note	O
11	O
Pro	O
5G	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Snapdragon	O
820/821	O
OnePlus	B-Application
3	I-Application
,	O
LG	O
G5/G6	O
,	O
Pixel	B-Algorithm
?	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
SoCs	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
hardware	B-Architecture
IP	I-Architecture
vendors	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
at	O
webmproject.org	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sony	B-Device
PlayStation	I-Device
5	I-Device
supports	O
capturing	O
1080p	O
and	O
2160p	O
footage	O
using	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
in	O
a	O
WebM	B-Application
container	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reference	O
implementation	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
programming	B-Library
library	I-Library
libvpx	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
FFmpeg	B-Library
's	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
decoder	O
takes	O
advantage	O
of	O
a	O
corpus	O
of	O
SIMD	B-Device
optimizations	O
shared	O
with	O
other	O
codecs	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
fast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comparison	O
made	O
by	O
an	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
developer	O
indicated	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
faster	O
than	O
libvpx	B-Language
,	O
and	O
compared	O
to	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
's	O
h.264	B-Application
decoder	O
,	O
"	O
identical	O
"	O
performance	O
for	O
same-bitrate	O
video	O
,	O
or	O
about	O
10%	O
faster	O
for	O
same-quality	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2019	O
,	O
Luxembourg-based	O
Sisvel	O
announced	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
patent	O
pools	O
for	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
and	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Members	O
of	O
the	O
pools	O
included	O
JVCKenwood	O
,	O
NTT	O
,	O
Orange	O
S.A.	O
,	O
Philips	O
,	O
and	O
Toshiba	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
whom	O
were	O
also	O
licensing	O
patents	O
to	O
the	O
MPEG-LA	O
for	O
either	O
the	O
AVC	O
,	O
DASH	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
patent	O
pools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sisvel	O
's	O
prices	O
are	O
.24	O
Euros	O
for	O
display	O
devices	O
and	O
.08	O
Euros	O
for	O
non-display	O
devices	O
using	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
would	O
not	O
seek	O
royalties	O
for	O
encoded	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
The	O
WebM	B-Application
Project	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
does	O
not	O
plan	O
to	O
alter	O
their	O
current	O
or	O
upcoming	O
usage	O
plans	O
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
or	O
AV1	B-Application
even	O
though	O
they	O
are	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
patent	O
pools	O
,	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
licensors	O
of	O
the	O
patent	O
pools	O
were	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
or	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
third	O
parties	O
cannot	O
be	O
stopped	O
from	O
demanding	O
licensing	O
fees	O
from	O
any	O
technology	O
that	O
is	O
open-source	O
,	O
royalty-free	O
,	O
and/or	O
free-of-charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
12	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
development	O
on	O
VP10	O
had	O
begun	O
and	O
that	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
VP10	O
they	O
planned	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
18-month	O
gap	O
between	O
releases	O
of	O
video	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
began	O
to	O
publish	O
code	O
for	O
VP10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
decided	O
to	O
incorporate	O
VP10	O
into	O
AOMedia	B-Application
Video	I-Application
1	I-Application
(	O
AV1	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AV1	B-Application
codec	O
was	O
developed	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
technologies	O
from	O
VP10	O
,	O
Daala	B-Application
(	O
Xiph/Mozilla	O
)	O
and	O
Thor	B-Algorithm
(	O
Cisco	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
stated	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
not	O
deploy	O
VP10	O
internally	O
nor	O
officially	O
release	O
it	O
,	O
making	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
the	O
last	O
of	O
the	O
VPx-based	O
codecs	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
