<s>
User	B-Application
interface	I-Application
modeling	I-Application
is	O
a	O
development	O
technique	O
used	O
by	O
computer	B-Application
application	I-Application
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
's	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
UIs	O
)	O
are	O
complex	O
software	O
components	O
,	O
which	O
play	O
an	O
essential	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
usability	O
of	O
an	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
modeling	I-Application
is	O
mostly	O
used	O
in	O
an	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
model	O
is	O
a	O
representation	O
of	O
how	O
the	O
end	O
user(s )	O
interact	O
with	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
or	O
another	O
device	O
and	O
also	O
how	O
the	O
system	O
responds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modeling	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
is	O
a	O
well-established	O
discipline	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
right	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
modeling	O
techniques	O
can	O
describe	O
interaction	O
objects	O
,	O
tasks	O
,	O
and	O
lower-level	O
dialogs	O
in	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
models	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
development	O
can	O
help	O
capture	O
user	O
requirements	O
,	O
avoid	O
premature	O
commitment	O
to	O
specific	O
layouts	O
and	O
widgets	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
the	O
relationships	O
between	O
an	O
interface	O
's	O
different	O
parts	O
and	O
their	O
roles	O
explicit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MARIA	O
XML	O
(	O
Model-based	O
lAnguage	O
foR	O
Interactive	O
Applications	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
universal	O
,	O
declarative	O
,	O
multiple	O
abstraction	O
level	O
,	O
XML-based	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
markup	O
language	O
for	O
modelling	O
interactive	O
applications	O
in	O
ubiquitous	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
aspects	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
modeling	I-Application
can	O
be	O
realized	O
using	O
UML	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMLi	B-Language
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
,	O
and	O
adds	O
support	O
for	O
representation	O
commonly	O
occurring	O
in	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
application	B-Application
models	I-Application
in	O
UML	B-Language
describe	O
few	O
aspects	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
</s>
<s>
lack	O
ability	O
for	O
modeling	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Manchester	O
started	O
the	O
research	O
project	O
UMLi	B-Language
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMLi	B-Language
aims	O
to	O
address	O
this	O
problem	O
of	O
designing	O
and	O
implementing	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
using	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
and	O
MB-UIDE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UsiXML	O
(	O
USer	B-Application
Interface	I-Application
eXtensible	O
Markup	O
Language	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
XML-based	O
specification	O
language	O
for	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
Interfaces	I-Application
(	O
GUIs	O
)	O
,	O
Auditory	O
User	B-Application
Interfaces	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Multimodal	B-Application
User	I-Application
Interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DiaMODL	O
combines	O
a	O
dataflow-oriented	O
language	O
(	O
Pisa	O
interactor	O
abstraction	O
)	O
with	O
UML	B-Language
Statecharts	O
which	O
has	O
focus	O
on	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
documenting	O
the	O
function	O
and	O
structure	O
of	O
concrete	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
full	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
language	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
specifying	O
but	O
also	O
for	O
running	O
it	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
this	O
the	O
designer	O
tool	O
can	O
categorized	O
as	O
a	O
guilder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
different	O
aspects	O
of	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
requires	O
different	O
model	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UML	B-Language
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
several	O
of	O
the	O
models	O
mentioned	O
above	O
with	O
varying	O
degree	O
of	O
success	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
lacks	O
support	O
for	O
user	O
modeling	O
,	O
platform	O
modeling	O
and	O
presentation	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
exist	O
several	O
approaches	O
to	O
modeling	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Models	O
of	O
this	O
kind	O
show	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
its	O
different	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
