<s>
In	O
the	O
industrial	O
design	O
field	O
of	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
UI	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
space	O
where	O
interactions	O
between	O
humans	O
and	O
machines	O
occur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
this	O
broad	O
concept	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
include	O
the	O
interactive	O
aspects	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
hand	O
tools	O
,	O
heavy	O
machinery	O
operator	O
controls	O
and	O
process	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
considerations	O
applicable	O
when	O
creating	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
related	O
to	O
,	O
or	O
involve	O
such	O
disciplines	O
as	O
,	O
ergonomics	O
and	O
psychology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
is	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
makes	O
it	O
easy	O
,	O
efficient	O
,	O
and	O
enjoyable	O
(	O
user-friendly	B-General_Concept
)	O
to	O
operate	O
a	O
machine	O
in	O
the	O
way	O
which	O
produces	O
the	O
desired	O
result	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
maximum	O
usability	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
composed	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
layers	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
human-machine	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
HMI	O
)	O
that	O
interfaces	O
machines	O
with	O
physical	O
input	B-Device
hardware	I-Device
such	O
as	O
keyboards	O
,	O
mice	O
,	O
or	O
game	O
pads	O
,	O
and	O
output	O
hardware	O
such	O
as	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
speakers	O
,	O
and	O
printers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
device	O
that	O
implements	O
an	O
HMI	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
human	B-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
device	I-General_Concept
(	O
HID	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
terms	O
for	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
man	O
–	O
machine	O
interface	O
(	O
MMI	O
)	O
and	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
machine	O
in	O
question	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Composite	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
CUIs	O
)	O
are	O
UIs	O
that	O
interact	O
with	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
senses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
CUI	O
is	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
a	O
tactile	O
UI	O
and	O
a	O
visual	O
UI	O
capable	O
of	O
displaying	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
sound	O
is	O
added	O
to	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
it	O
becomes	O
a	O
multimedia	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
MUI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
CUI	O
use	O
standard	O
human	B-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
devices	I-General_Concept
like	O
keyboards	O
,	O
mice	O
,	O
and	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
CUI	O
blocks	O
out	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
the	O
CUI	O
is	O
virtual	O
and	O
uses	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
CUI	O
does	O
not	O
block	O
out	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
and	O
creates	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
CUI	O
is	O
augmented	O
and	O
uses	O
an	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CUI	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
classified	O
by	O
how	O
many	O
senses	O
they	O
interact	O
with	O
as	O
either	O
an	O
X-sense	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
interface	O
or	O
X-sense	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
interface	O
,	O
where	O
X	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
senses	O
interfaced	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
Smell-O-Vision	O
is	O
a	O
3-sense	O
(	O
3S	O
)	O
Standard	O
CUI	O
with	O
visual	O
display	O
,	O
sound	O
and	O
smells	O
;	O
when	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
interfaces	O
interface	O
with	O
smells	O
and	O
touch	O
it	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
4-sense	O
(	O
4S	O
)	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
interface	O
;	O
and	O
when	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
interfaces	O
interface	O
with	O
smells	O
and	O
touch	O
it	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
4-sense	O
(	O
4S	O
)	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
or	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interface	I-Application
is	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
that	O
handles	O
the	O
human	O
–	O
machine	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Membrane	O
switches	O
,	O
rubber	O
keypads	O
and	O
touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
examples	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Human	B-Application
Machine	I-Application
Interface	I-Application
which	O
we	O
can	O
see	O
and	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
complex	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interface	I-Application
is	O
typically	O
computerized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
engineering	O
of	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
is	O
enhanced	O
by	O
considering	O
ergonomics	O
(	O
human	O
factors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
corresponding	O
disciplines	O
are	O
human	O
factors	O
engineering	O
(	O
HFE	O
)	O
and	O
usability	B-General_Concept
engineering	O
(	O
UE	O
)	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
systems	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
used	O
for	O
incorporating	O
human	O
factors	O
in	O
the	O
interface	O
design	O
are	O
developed	O
based	O
on	O
knowledge	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nowadays	O
,	O
we	O
use	O
the	O
expression	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
for	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interface	I-Application
on	O
computers	O
,	O
as	O
nearly	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
now	O
using	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multimodal	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
allow	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
using	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
modality	B-General_Concept
of	O
user	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
difference	O
between	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
an	O
operator	O
interface	O
or	O
a	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
HMI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
"	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
(	O
personal	O
)	O
computer	O
systems	O
and	O
electronic	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
HMI	O
)	O
is	O
typically	O
local	O
to	O
one	O
machine	O
or	O
piece	O
of	O
equipment	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
interface	O
method	O
between	O
the	O
human	O
and	O
the	O
equipment/machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
may	O
expose	O
several	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
to	O
serve	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
computerized	O
library	O
database	O
might	O
provide	O
two	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
one	O
for	O
library	O
patrons	O
(	O
limited	O
set	O
of	O
functions	O
,	O
optimized	O
for	O
ease	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
use	I-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
for	O
library	O
personnel	O
(	O
wide	O
set	O
of	O
functions	O
,	O
optimized	O
for	O
efficiency	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
of	O
a	O
mechanical	O
system	O
,	O
a	O
vehicle	O
or	O
an	O
industrial	O
installation	O
is	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
HMI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
a	O
clean	O
and	O
usable	B-General_Concept
interface	O
,	O
humans	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
information	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
science	O
fiction	O
,	O
HMI	O
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
what	O
is	O
better	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
direct	B-Application
neural	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
latter	O
usage	O
is	O
seeing	O
increasing	O
application	B-Application
in	O
the	O
real-life	O
use	O
of	O
(	O
medical	O
)	O
prostheses	O
—	O
the	O
artificial	O
extension	O
that	O
replaces	O
a	O
missing	O
body	O
part	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
cochlear	O
implants	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
means	O
of	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
parts	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
the	I-Operating_System
body	I-Operating_System
is	O
required	O
,	O
and	O
sensors	O
noting	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
head	O
,	O
direction	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
gaze	I-General_Concept
and	O
so	O
on	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
experimentally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
the	O
following	O
phases	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
dominant	O
type	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
were	O
rudimentary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
had	O
to	O
accommodate	O
computers	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
other	O
way	O
around	O
;	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
were	O
considered	O
overhead	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
processor	O
at	O
maximum	O
utilization	O
with	O
as	O
little	O
overhead	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
input	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
for	O
batch	O
machines	O
was	O
mainly	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
or	O
equivalent	O
media	O
like	O
paper	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
limited	O
exception	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
operator	B-Device
's	I-Device
console	I-Device
,	O
human	O
beings	O
did	O
not	O
interact	O
with	O
batch	O
machines	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Submitting	O
a	O
job	O
to	O
a	O
batch	O
machine	O
involved	O
,	O
first	O
,	O
preparing	O
a	O
deck	O
of	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
describing	O
a	O
program	O
and	O
a	O
dataset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punching	O
the	O
program	O
cards	O
was	O
n't	O
done	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
itself	O
,	O
but	O
on	O
keypunches	B-Device
,	O
specialized	O
typewriter-like	O
machines	O
that	O
were	O
notoriously	O
bulky	O
,	O
unforgiving	O
,	O
and	O
prone	O
to	O
mechanical	O
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
operators	O
would	O
feed	O
the	O
deck	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
perhaps	O
mounting	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
tapes	I-Architecture
to	O
supply	O
another	O
dataset	O
or	O
helper	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
turnaround	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
for	O
a	O
single	O
job	O
often	O
spanned	O
entire	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
batch	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
gave	O
the	O
currently	O
running	O
job	O
the	O
entire	O
computer	O
;	O
program	O
decks	O
and	O
tapes	O
had	O
to	O
include	O
what	O
we	O
would	O
now	O
think	O
of	O
as	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
code	O
to	O
talk	O
to	O
I/O	O
devices	O
and	O
do	O
whatever	O
other	O
housekeeping	O
was	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
used	O
a	O
monitor	B-Application
program	I-Application
which	O
was	O
always	O
resident	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
monitors	O
represented	O
the	O
first	O
step	O
towards	O
both	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
explicitly	O
designed	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Command-line	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
CLIs	O
)	O
evolved	O
from	O
batch	O
monitors	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
system	B-Device
console	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Latency	O
was	O
far	O
lower	O
than	O
for	O
batch	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
dropping	O
from	O
days	O
or	O
hours	O
to	O
seconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
command-line	B-Application
systems	O
allowed	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
change	O
his	O
or	O
her	O
mind	O
about	O
later	O
stages	O
of	O
the	O
transaction	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
real-time	O
or	O
near-real-time	O
feedback	O
on	O
earlier	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
command-line	B-Application
systems	O
combined	O
teleprinters	O
with	O
computers	O
,	O
adapting	O
a	O
mature	O
technology	O
that	O
had	O
proven	O
effective	O
for	O
mediating	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
information	O
over	O
wires	O
between	O
human	O
beings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
video-display	O
terminals	O
(	O
VDTs	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
ushered	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
phase	O
of	O
command-line	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pioneering	O
applications	O
of	O
this	O
kind	O
were	O
computer	O
games	O
and	O
text	O
editors	O
;	O
close	O
descendants	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
specimens	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
rogue(6 )	O
,	O
and	O
vi(1 )	O
,	O
are	O
still	O
a	O
live	O
part	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
tradition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
other	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
IBM	O
created	O
what	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
Systems	B-Device
Application	I-Device
Architecture	I-Device
(	O
SAA	O
)	O
standard	O
which	O
include	O
the	O
Common	B-General_Concept
User	I-General_Concept
Access	I-General_Concept
(	O
CUA	B-General_Concept
)	O
derivative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CUA	B-General_Concept
successfully	O
created	O
what	O
we	O
know	O
and	O
use	O
today	O
in	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
recent	O
DOS	B-Device
or	O
Windows	O
Console	O
Applications	O
will	O
use	O
that	O
standard	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
greatly	O
helped	O
the	O
speed	O
at	O
which	O
users	O
could	O
learn	O
an	O
application	B-Application
so	O
it	O
caught	O
on	O
quick	O
and	O
became	O
an	O
industry	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1968	O
–	O
Douglas	O
Engelbart	O
demonstrated	O
NLS	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
pointers	B-Device
,	O
hypertext	O
,	O
and	O
multiple	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
Pirates	O
of	O
Silicon	O
Valley	O
dramatizes	O
the	O
events	O
,	O
Apple	O
had	O
already	O
been	O
working	O
on	O
developing	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
Lisa	O
projects	O
,	O
before	O
the	O
visit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1981	O
–	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
:	O
focus	O
on	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
1982	O
–	O
Rob	O
Pike	O
and	O
others	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
designed	O
Blit	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1984	O
by	O
AT&T	O
and	O
Teletype	O
as	O
DMD	O
5620	O
terminal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1984	O
–	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
popularizes	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
1985	O
–	O
Windows	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
–	O
provided	O
GUI	B-Application
interface	O
to	O
MS-DOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1986	O
–	O
Apple	O
threatens	O
to	O
sue	O
Digital	O
Research	O
because	O
their	O
GUI	B-Application
desktop	O
looked	O
too	O
much	O
like	O
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
consists	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
stages	O
:	O
interaction	O
specification	O
,	O
interface	O
software	O
specification	O
and	O
prototyping	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
practices	O
for	O
interaction	O
specification	O
include	O
user-centered	O
design	O
,	O
persona	B-Application
,	O
activity-oriented	O
design	O
,	O
scenario-based	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
resiliency	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
practices	O
for	O
interface	O
software	O
specification	O
include	O
use	B-Architecture
cases	I-Architecture
and	O
constrain	O
enforcement	O
by	O
interaction	B-Language
protocols	I-Language
(	O
intended	O
to	O
avoid	O
use	O
errors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
broad	O
terms	O
,	O
interfaces	O
generally	O
regarded	O
as	O
user	B-General_Concept
friendly	I-General_Concept
,	O
efficient	O
,	O
intuitive	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Responsiveness	B-Application
:	O
A	O
good	O
interface	O
should	O
not	O
feel	O
sluggish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consistency	O
:	O
Keeping	O
your	O
interface	O
consistent	O
across	O
your	O
application	B-Application
is	O
important	O
because	O
it	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
recognize	O
usage	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aesthetics	O
:	O
While	O
you	O
do	O
n't	O
need	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
interface	O
attractive	O
for	O
it	O
to	O
do	O
its	O
job	O
,	O
making	O
something	O
look	O
good	O
will	O
make	O
the	O
time	O
your	O
users	O
spend	O
using	O
your	O
application	B-Application
more	O
enjoyable	O
;	O
and	O
happier	O
users	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
a	O
good	O
thing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peter	O
Morville	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
designed	O
the	O
User	B-Application
Experience	I-Application
Honeycomb	O
framework	O
in	O
2004	O
when	O
leading	O
operations	O
in	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
framework	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
guide	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usable	B-General_Concept
:	O
Is	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
easy	O
and	O
simple	O
to	O
use	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	B-Application
should	O
feel	O
familiar	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
should	O
be	O
easy	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Useful	O
:	O
Does	O
the	O
application	B-Application
fulfill	O
a	O
need	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Desirable	O
:	O
Is	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
application	B-Application
sleek	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Accessible	O
:	O
Does	O
the	O
application	B-Application
support	O
enlarged	O
text	O
without	O
breaking	O
the	O
framework	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
application	B-Application
should	O
be	O
accessible	O
to	O
those	O
with	O
disabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Credible	O
:	O
Does	O
the	O
application	B-Application
exhibit	O
trustworthy	O
security	O
and	O
company	O
details	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
application	B-Application
should	O
be	O
transparent	O
,	O
secure	O
,	O
and	O
honest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
all	O
6	O
criteria	O
are	O
met	O
,	O
the	O
end-user	O
will	O
find	O
value	O
and	O
trust	O
in	O
the	O
application	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attentive	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
manage	O
the	O
user	O
attention	O
deciding	O
when	O
to	O
interrupt	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
the	O
kind	O
of	O
warnings	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
detail	O
of	O
the	O
messages	O
presented	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Batch	O
interfaces	O
are	O
non-interactive	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
specifies	O
all	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
batch	B-General_Concept
job	I-General_Concept
in	O
advance	O
to	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
receives	O
the	O
output	O
when	O
all	O
the	O
processing	O
is	O
done	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Command	B-Application
line	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
CLIs	O
)	O
prompt	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
provide	O
input	O
by	O
typing	O
a	O
command	B-Application
string	I-Application
with	O
the	O
computer	O
keyboard	O
and	O
respond	O
by	O
outputting	O
text	O
to	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversational	B-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
enable	O
users	O
to	O
command	O
the	O
computer	O
with	O
plain	O
text	O
English	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
via	O
text	O
messages	O
,	O
or	O
chatbots	O
)	O
or	O
voice	O
commands	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
graphic	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversational	B-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
agents	O
attempt	O
to	O
personify	O
the	O
computer	O
interface	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
an	O
animated	O
person	O
,	O
robot	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
character	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Clippy	O
the	O
paperclip	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
present	O
interactions	O
in	O
a	O
conversational	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crossing-based	O
interfaces	O
are	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
in	O
which	O
the	O
primary	O
task	O
consists	O
in	O
crossing	O
boundaries	O
instead	O
of	O
pointing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Direct	O
manipulation	O
interface	O
is	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
a	O
general	O
class	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
that	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
manipulate	O
objects	O
presented	O
to	O
them	O
,	O
using	O
actions	O
that	O
correspond	O
at	O
least	O
loosely	O
to	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gesture	B-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
are	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
which	O
accept	O
input	O
in	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
hand	O
gestures	O
,	O
or	O
mouse	B-Device
gestures	O
sketched	O
with	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
or	O
a	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
accept	O
input	O
via	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
computer	O
keyboard	O
and	O
mouse	B-Device
and	O
provide	O
articulated	O
graphical	O
output	O
on	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
different	O
principles	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
GUI	B-Application
design	O
:	O
Object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
OOUIs	B-Application
)	O
and	O
application-oriented	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
generally	O
a	O
mixture	O
of	O
knobs	O
,	O
buttons	O
,	O
sliders	O
,	O
switches	O
,	O
and	O
touchscreens	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intelligent	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
human	B-Application
–	I-Application
machine	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
that	O
aim	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
efficiency	O
,	O
effectiveness	O
,	O
and	O
naturalness	O
of	O
human	O
–	O
machine	O
interaction	O
by	O
representing	O
,	O
reasoning	O
,	O
and	O
acting	O
on	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
domain	O
,	O
task	O
,	O
discourse	O
,	O
and	O
media	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
graphics	O
,	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
gesture	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
interfaces	O
monitor	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
body	O
motions	O
and	O
translate	O
them	O
into	O
commands	O
,	O
currently	O
being	O
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
often	O
employed	O
in	O
computer	O
game	O
interaction	O
in	O
both	O
the	O
commercial	O
arcades	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
the	O
handheld	B-Application
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Natural-language	B-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
for	O
search	O
engines	O
and	O
on	O
webpages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-command	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
which	O
observe	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
infer	O
their	O
needs	O
and	O
intentions	O
,	O
without	O
requiring	O
that	O
they	O
formulate	O
explicit	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-oriented	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
OOUI	B-Application
)	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
metaphors	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
manipulate	O
simulated	O
objects	O
and	O
their	O
properties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Permission-driven	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
show	O
or	O
conceal	O
menu	O
options	O
or	O
functions	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
level	O
of	O
permissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
by	O
removing	O
items	O
that	O
are	O
unavailable	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reflexive	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
where	O
the	O
users	O
control	O
and	O
redefine	O
the	O
entire	O
system	O
via	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
alone	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
to	O
change	O
its	O
command	B-Application
verbs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
only	O
possible	O
with	O
very	O
rich	O
graphic	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tangible	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
which	O
place	O
a	O
greater	O
emphasis	O
on	O
touch	O
and	O
physical	O
environment	O
or	O
its	O
element	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Task-focused	O
interfaces	O
are	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
which	O
address	O
the	O
information	O
overload	O
problem	O
of	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
by	O
making	O
tasks	O
,	O
not	O
files	O
,	O
the	O
primary	O
unit	O
of	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text-based	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
TUIs	O
)	O
are	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
which	O
interact	O
via	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TUIs	O
include	O
command-line	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
and	O
text-based	B-Application
WIMP	B-Application
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
displays	O
that	O
accept	O
input	O
by	O
touch	O
of	O
fingers	O
or	O
a	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
in	O
a	O
growing	O
amount	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
and	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
point	O
of	O
sale	O
,	O
industrial	O
processes	O
and	O
machines	O
,	O
self-service	O
machines	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touch	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
are	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
using	O
a	O
touchpad	B-Application
or	O
touchscreen	B-Device
display	O
as	O
a	O
combined	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voice	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
which	O
accept	O
input	O
and	O
provide	O
output	O
by	O
generating	O
voice	O
prompts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web-based	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
or	O
web	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
WUI	O
)	O
that	O
accept	O
input	O
and	O
provide	O
output	O
by	O
generating	O
web	O
pages	O
viewed	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
using	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zooming	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
in	O
which	O
information	O
objects	O
are	O
represented	O
at	O
different	O
levels	O
of	O
scale	O
and	O
detail	O
,	O
and	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
change	O
the	O
scale	O
of	O
the	O
viewed	O
area	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
show	O
more	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
