<s>
The	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
(	O
UX	O
)	O
is	O
how	O
a	O
user	O
interacts	O
with	O
and	O
experiences	O
a	O
product	O
,	O
system	O
or	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
perceptions	O
of	O
utility	O
,	O
ease	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
use	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improving	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
is	O
important	O
to	O
most	O
companies	O
,	O
designers	O
,	O
and	O
creators	O
when	O
creating	O
and	O
refining	O
products	O
because	O
negative	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
can	O
diminish	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
and	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
any	O
desired	O
positive	O
impacts	O
;	O
conversely	O
,	O
designing	O
toward	O
profitability	O
often	O
conflicts	O
with	O
ethical	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
objectives	O
and	O
even	O
causes	O
harm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
experience	I-Application
is	O
subjective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
attributes	O
that	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
are	O
objective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Nielsen	O
Norman	O
Group	O
,	O
'	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
 '	O
includes	O
all	O
the	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
interaction	O
between	O
the	O
end-user	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
its	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
international	O
standard	O
on	O
ergonomics	O
of	O
human-system	O
interaction	O
,	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
9241	O
,	O
defines	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
as	O
a	O
"	O
user	O
’s	O
perceptions	O
and	O
responses	O
that	O
result	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
and/or	O
anticipated	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
,	O
product	O
or	O
service	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
definition	O
,	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
includes	O
all	O
the	O
users	O
 '	O
emotions	O
,	O
beliefs	O
,	O
preferences	O
,	O
perceptions	O
,	O
physical	O
and	O
psychological	O
responses	O
,	O
behaviors	O
and	O
accomplishments	O
that	O
occur	O
before	O
,	O
during	O
,	O
and	O
after	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
also	O
lists	O
three	O
factors	O
that	O
influence	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
:	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
3	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
hints	O
that	O
usability	B-General_Concept
addresses	O
aspects	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
usability	B-General_Concept
criteria	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
assess	O
aspects	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
does	O
not	O
go	O
further	O
in	O
clarifying	O
the	O
relation	O
between	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
and	O
usability	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clearly	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
are	O
overlapping	O
concepts	O
,	O
with	O
usability	B-General_Concept
including	O
pragmatic	O
aspects	O
(	O
getting	O
a	O
task	O
done	O
)	O
and	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
focusing	O
on	O
users	O
 '	O
feelings	O
stemming	O
both	O
from	O
pragmatic	O
and	O
hedonic	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
usability	B-General_Concept
"	O
pre-dates	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Part	O
of	O
the	O
reason	O
the	O
terms	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
is	O
that	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
practical	O
matter	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
will	O
,	O
at	O
a	O
minimum	O
,	O
require	O
sufficient	O
usability	B-General_Concept
to	O
accomplish	O
a	O
task	O
while	O
the	O
feelings	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
may	O
be	O
less	O
important	O
,	O
even	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
usability	B-General_Concept
is	O
about	O
getting	O
a	O
task	O
done	O
,	O
aspects	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
like	O
information	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
and	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
can	O
help	O
or	O
hinder	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
website	O
has	O
"	O
bad	O
"	O
information	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
and	O
a	O
user	O
has	O
a	O
difficult	O
time	O
finding	O
what	O
they	O
are	O
looking	O
for	O
,	O
then	O
a	O
user	O
will	O
not	O
have	O
an	O
effective	O
,	O
efficient	O
,	O
and	O
satisfying	O
search	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
standard	O
,	O
there	O
exist	O
several	O
other	O
definitions	O
for	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
developments	O
in	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
can	O
be	O
traced	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
Machine	O
Age	O
that	O
includes	O
the	O
19th	O
and	O
early	O
20th	O
centuries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taylor	O
's	O
pioneering	O
research	O
into	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
interactions	O
between	O
workers	O
and	O
their	O
tools	O
is	O
the	O
earliest	O
example	O
that	O
resembles	O
today	O
's	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
fundamentals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
was	O
brought	O
to	O
wider	O
knowledge	O
by	O
Donald	O
Norman	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
never	O
intended	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
"	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
affective	O
aspects	O
of	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
review	O
of	O
his	O
earlier	O
work	O
suggests	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
"	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
signal	O
a	O
shift	O
to	O
include	O
affective	O
factors	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
pre-requisite	O
behavioral	O
concerns	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
traditionally	O
considered	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
usability	B-General_Concept
practitioners	O
continue	O
to	O
research	O
and	O
attend	O
to	O
affective	O
factors	O
associated	O
with	O
end-users	O
,	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
doing	O
so	O
for	O
years	O
,	O
long	O
before	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
"	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
interview	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
Norman	O
discusses	O
the	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
"	O
and	O
its	O
imprecise	O
meaning	O
as	O
a	O
consequence	O
thereof	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
developments	O
affected	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
advances	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
,	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
,	O
social	O
,	O
and	O
tangible	O
computing	O
technologies	O
have	O
moved	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
into	O
practically	O
all	O
areas	O
of	O
human	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
shift	O
away	O
from	O
usability	B-General_Concept
engineering	O
to	O
a	O
much	O
richer	O
scope	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
,	O
where	O
users	O
 '	O
feelings	O
,	O
motivations	O
,	O
and	O
values	O
are	O
given	O
as	O
much	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
more	O
,	O
attention	O
than	O
efficiency	O
,	O
effectiveness	O
and	O
basic	O
subjective	O
satisfaction	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
three	O
traditional	O
usability	B-General_Concept
metrics	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
website	O
design	B-Application
,	O
it	O
was	O
important	O
to	O
combine	O
the	O
interests	O
of	O
different	O
stakeholders	O
:	O
marketing	O
,	O
branding	O
,	O
visual	O
design	B-Application
,	O
and	O
usability	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marketing	O
and	O
branding	O
people	O
needed	O
to	O
enter	O
the	O
interactive	O
world	O
where	O
usability	B-General_Concept
was	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usability	B-General_Concept
people	O
needed	O
to	O
take	O
marketing	O
,	O
branding	O
,	O
and	O
aesthetic	O
needs	O
into	O
account	O
when	O
designing	O
websites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
experience	I-Application
provided	O
a	O
platform	O
to	O
cover	O
the	O
interests	O
of	O
all	O
stakeholders	O
:	O
making	O
web	O
sites	O
easy	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
valuable	O
,	O
and	O
effective	O
for	O
visitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
why	O
several	O
early	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
publications	O
focus	O
on	O
website	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
represents	O
an	O
expansion	O
and	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
usability	B-General_Concept
,	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
holistic	O
perspective	O
of	O
how	O
a	O
person	O
feels	O
about	O
using	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
exact	O
definition	O
,	O
framework	O
,	O
and	O
elements	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
are	O
still	O
evolving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
experience	I-Application
of	O
an	O
interactive	O
product	O
or	O
a	O
website	O
is	O
usually	O
measured	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
methods	O
,	O
including	O
questionnaires	O
,	O
focus	O
groups	O
,	O
observed	O
usability	B-General_Concept
tests	O
,	O
user	O
journey	O
mapping	O
and	O
other	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
freely	O
available	O
questionnaire	O
(	O
available	O
in	O
several	O
languages	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
User	B-Application
Experience	I-Application
Questionnaire	O
(	O
UEQ	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Higher	O
levels	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
have	O
been	O
linked	O
to	O
increased	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
digital	O
health	O
interventions	O
targeting	O
improvements	O
in	O
physical	O
activity	O
,	O
nutrition	O
,	O
mental	O
health	O
and	O
smoking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-General_Concept
Ngram	I-General_Concept
Viewer	I-General_Concept
shows	O
wide	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
starting	O
in	O
the	O
1930s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
He	O
suggested	O
that	O
more	O
follow-up	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
would	O
be	O
welcomed	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
incorporating	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
user	O
's	O
experience	O
into	O
the	O
design	B-Application
of	O
new	O
machines.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
address	O
the	O
variety	O
,	O
factors	O
influencing	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
have	O
been	O
classified	O
into	O
three	O
main	O
categories	O
:	O
user	O
's	O
state	O
and	O
previous	O
experience	O
,	O
system	O
properties	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
usage	O
context	O
(	O
situation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Understanding	O
representative	O
users	O
,	O
working	O
environments	O
,	O
interactions	O
and	O
emotional	O
reactions	O
help	O
in	O
designing	O
the	O
system	O
during	O
User	B-Application
experience	I-Application
design	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single	O
experiences	O
influence	O
the	O
overall	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
:	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
a	O
key	O
click	O
affects	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
typing	O
a	O
text	O
message	O
,	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
typing	O
a	O
message	O
affects	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
text	O
messaging	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
text	O
messaging	O
affects	O
the	O
overall	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
with	O
the	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
overall	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
is	O
not	O
simply	O
a	O
sum	O
of	O
smaller	O
interaction	O
experiences	O
,	O
because	O
some	O
experiences	O
are	O
more	O
salient	O
than	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overall	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
is	O
also	O
influenced	O
by	O
factors	O
outside	O
the	O
actual	O
interaction	O
episode	O
:	O
brand	O
,	O
pricing	O
,	O
friends	O
 '	O
opinions	O
,	O
reports	O
in	O
media	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
branch	O
in	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
research	O
focuses	O
on	O
emotions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
branch	O
is	O
interested	O
in	O
understanding	O
the	O
long-term	O
relation	O
between	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
and	O
product	O
appreciation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
industry	O
sees	O
good	O
overall	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
with	O
a	O
company	O
's	O
products	O
as	O
critical	O
for	O
securing	O
brand	O
loyalty	O
and	O
enhancing	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
customer	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
temporal	O
levels	O
of	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
(	O
momentary	O
,	O
episodic	O
,	O
and	O
long-term	O
)	O
are	O
important	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
methods	O
to	O
design	B-Application
and	O
evaluate	B-Application
these	O
levels	O
can	O
be	O
very	O
different	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developer	B-Application
experience	I-Application
(	O
DX	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
from	O
a	O
developer	O
's	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DX	O
has	O
had	O
increased	O
attention	O
paid	O
to	O
it	O
especially	O
in	O
businesses	O
who	O
primarily	O
offer	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
to	O
other	O
businesses	O
where	O
ease	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
use	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
key	O
differentiator	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
