<s>
Urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
an	O
interdisciplinary	O
field	O
which	O
pertains	O
to	O
the	O
study	O
and	O
application	O
of	O
computing	O
technology	O
in	O
urban	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
involves	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
computational	O
power	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
densely	O
populated	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
the	O
technological	O
framework	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
"	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
Eric	O
Paulos	O
at	O
the	O
2004	O
UbiComp	B-Architecture
conference	O
and	O
in	O
his	O
paper	O
The	O
Familiar	O
Stranger	O
co-authored	O
with	O
Elizabeth	O
Goodman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
closely	O
tied	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
urban	O
informatics	O
,	O
Marcus	O
Foth	O
differentiates	O
the	O
two	O
in	O
his	O
preface	O
to	O
Handbook	O
of	O
Research	O
on	O
Urban	O
Informatics	O
by	O
saying	O
that	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
urban	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
urban	O
infrastructure	O
focus	O
more	O
on	O
technological	O
dimensions	O
whereas	O
urban	O
informatics	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
social	O
and	O
human	O
implications	O
of	O
technology	O
in	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
draws	O
from	O
the	O
domains	O
of	O
wireless	O
and	O
sensor	O
networks	O
,	O
information	O
science	O
,	O
and	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
uses	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
paradigms	O
introduced	O
by	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
in	O
that	O
collections	O
of	O
devices	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
gather	O
data	O
about	O
the	O
urban	O
environment	O
to	O
help	O
improve	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
for	O
people	O
affected	O
by	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
further	O
differentiates	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
from	O
traditional	O
remote	O
sensing	O
networks	O
is	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
devices	O
,	O
inputs	O
,	O
and	O
human	O
interaction	O
involved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
interdisciplinary	O
field	O
,	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
also	O
has	O
practitioners	O
and	O
applications	O
in	O
fields	O
including	O
civil	O
engineering	O
,	O
anthropology	O
,	O
public	O
history	O
,	O
health	O
care	O
,	O
urban	O
planning	O
,	O
and	O
energy	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toward	O
this	O
end	O
,	O
researchers	O
engaged	O
in	O
ethnography	O
,	O
collective	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
history	O
have	O
leveraged	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
strategies	O
to	O
introduce	O
platforms	O
that	O
enable	O
people	O
to	O
share	O
their	O
interpretation	O
of	O
the	O
urban	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
such	O
projects	O
include	O
CLIO	O
—	O
an	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
system	O
that	O
came	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
Collective	O
City	O
Memory	O
of	O
Oulu	O
study	O
—	O
which	O
"	O
allows	O
people	O
to	O
share	O
personal	O
memories	O
,	O
context	O
annotate	O
them	O
and	O
relate	O
them	O
with	O
city	O
landmarks	O
,	O
thus	O
creating	O
the	O
collective	O
city	O
memory.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
better	O
utilize	O
and	O
update	O
current	O
infrastructures	O
,	O
researchers	O
have	O
used	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
to	O
better	O
understand	O
gas	O
emissions	O
by	O
conducting	O
field	O
studies	O
using	O
GPS	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
sample	O
of	O
vehicles	O
,	O
refueling	O
data	O
from	O
gas	O
stations	O
,	O
and	O
self-reporting	O
online	O
participants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beyond	O
simply	O
tracking	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
disease	O
,	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
can	O
even	O
help	O
predict	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
track	O
and	O
predict	O
pollution	O
in	O
certain	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
involving	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
(	O
ANN	O
)	O
and	O
conditional	B-General_Concept
random	I-General_Concept
fields	I-General_Concept
(	O
CRF	O
)	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
air	O
pollution	O
for	O
a	O
large	O
area	O
can	O
be	O
predicted	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
air	O
pollution	O
monitoring	O
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
place	O
proximity	O
beacons	O
in	O
the	O
environment	O
,	O
the	O
density	O
of	O
population	O
,	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
available	O
enables	O
digitally	O
facilitated	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
geographically	O
aware	O
applications	O
include	O
Yik	B-Application
Yak	I-Application
,	O
an	O
application	O
that	O
facilitates	O
anonymous	O
social	O
interaction	O
based	O
on	O
proximity	O
of	O
other	O
users	O
,	O
Ingress	B-Application
which	O
uses	O
an	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
game	O
to	O
encourage	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
area	O
around	O
them	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
and	O
Foursquare	B-Application
,	O
which	O
provides	O
recommendations	O
about	O
services	O
to	O
users	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
specified	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
application	O
areas	O
of	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
to	O
improve	O
private	O
and	O
public	O
transportation	O
in	O
a	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
can	O
help	O
select	O
better	O
driving	O
routes	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
important	O
for	O
applications	O
like	O
Waze	O
,	O
Google	O
Maps	O
,	O
and	O
trip	O
planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
can	O
also	O
improve	O
public	O
transportation	O
cheaply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Making	O
decisions	O
on	O
transportation	O
policy	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
aided	O
with	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
has	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
potential	O
to	O
improve	O
urban	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
by	O
improving	O
the	O
environment	O
people	O
live	O
in	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
by	O
raising	O
air	O
quality	O
and	O
reducing	O
noise	O
pollution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
historical	O
and	O
real-time	O
air	O
data	O
,	O
meteorology	O
,	O
traffic	O
flow	O
,	O
human	O
mobility	O
,	O
road	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
points	O
of	O
interest	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
fed	O
to	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
and	O
conditional	B-General_Concept
random	I-General_Concept
fields	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
processed	O
.	O
</s>
