<s>
Uploading	B-Application
refers	O
to	O
transmitting	O
data	B-General_Concept
from	O
one	O
computer	O
system	O
to	O
another	O
through	O
means	O
of	O
a	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
methods	O
of	O
uploading	B-Application
include	O
:	O
uploading	B-Application
via	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
FTP	O
clients ]	O
,	O
and	O
terminals	B-General_Concept
(	O
SCP/SFTP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uploading	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
(	O
potentially	O
many	O
)	O
clients	B-Operating_System
that	O
send	O
files	B-Operating_System
to	O
a	O
central	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
uploading	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
sending	O
files	B-Operating_System
between	O
distributed	B-Architecture
clients	B-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
with	O
a	O
peer-to-peer	O
(	O
P2P	O
)	O
file-sharing	O
protocol	O
like	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
term	O
file	O
sharing	O
is	O
more	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moving	O
files	B-Operating_System
within	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
over	O
a	O
network	B-Architecture
,	O
is	O
called	O
file	B-Application
copying	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uploading	B-Application
directly	O
contrasts	O
with	O
downloading	B-Application
,	O
where	O
data	B-General_Concept
is	O
received	O
over	O
a	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
users	O
uploading	B-Application
files	B-Operating_System
over	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
uploading	B-Application
is	O
often	O
slower	O
than	O
downloading	B-Application
as	O
many	O
internet	O
service	O
providers	O
(	O
ISPs	O
)	O
offer	O
asymmetric	O
connections	O
,	O
which	O
offer	O
more	O
network	B-Architecture
bandwidth	O
for	O
downloading	B-Application
than	O
uploading	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
transfer	O
something	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
data	B-General_Concept
or	O
files	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
from	O
a	O
computer	O
or	O
other	O
digital	O
device	O
to	O
the	O
memory	B-General_Concept
of	O
another	O
device	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
larger	O
or	O
remote	O
computer	O
)	O
especially	O
via	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	O
file	O
sharing	O
first	O
came	O
into	O
fruition	O
in	O
January	O
1978	O
,	O
when	O
Ward	O
Christensen	O
and	O
Randy	O
Suess	O
,	O
who	O
were	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Chicago	O
Area	O
Computer	O
Hobbyists	O
 '	O
Exchange	O
(	O
CACHE	O
)	O
,	O
created	O
the	O
Computerized	B-Protocol
Bulletin	I-Protocol
Board	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
CBBS	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
used	O
an	O
early	O
file	B-Protocol
transfer	I-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
MODEM	B-Application
,	O
later	O
XMODEM	B-Protocol
)	O
to	O
send	O
binary	O
files	B-Operating_System
via	O
a	O
hardware	O
modem	B-Application
,	O
accessible	O
by	O
another	O
modem	B-Application
via	O
a	O
telephone	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
,	O
new	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
Kermit	O
were	O
released	O
,	O
until	O
the	O
File	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
FTP	B-Protocol
)	O
was	O
standardized	O
1985	O
(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTP	B-Protocol
is	O
based	O
on	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
and	O
gave	O
rise	O
to	O
many	O
FTP	B-Protocol
clients	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
gave	O
users	O
all	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
standard	O
network	B-Architecture
protocol	O
to	O
transfer	O
data	B-General_Concept
between	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transfer	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
saw	O
a	O
significant	O
increase	O
in	O
popularity	O
after	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
which	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
allowed	O
users	O
who	O
were	O
not	O
computer	O
hobbyists	O
to	O
easily	O
share	O
files	B-Operating_System
,	O
directly	O
from	O
their	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
over	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
Transfers	O
became	O
more	O
reliable	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
HTTP/1.1	B-Protocol
in	O
1997	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
gave	O
users	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
resume	O
downloads	B-Application
that	O
were	O
interrupted	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
due	O
to	O
unreliable	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
widely	O
rolled	O
out	O
support	O
,	O
software	O
programs	O
like	O
GetRight	B-Protocol
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
resume	O
downloads	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resuming	O
uploads	B-Application
is	O
not	O
currently	O
supported	O
by	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
with	O
the	O
Tus	O
open	O
protocol	O
for	O
resumable	O
file	B-Application
uploads	I-Application
,	O
which	O
layers	O
resumability	O
of	O
uploads	B-Application
on	O
top	O
of	O
existing	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transmitting	O
a	O
local	O
file	O
to	O
a	O
remote	B-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
following	O
the	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
model	I-Operating_System
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
transferring	O
a	O
video	O
to	O
a	O
website	O
,	O
is	O
called	O
client-to-server	O
uploading	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transferring	O
data	B-General_Concept
from	O
one	O
remote	B-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
to	O
another	O
remote	B-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
under	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
a	O
local	O
system	O
is	O
called	O
remote	O
uploading	B-Application
or	O
site-to-site	O
transferring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
used	O
when	O
a	O
local	O
computer	O
has	O
a	O
slow	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
remote	B-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
,	O
but	O
these	O
systems	O
have	O
a	O
fast	O
connection	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
remote	O
uploading	B-Application
functionality	O
,	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
would	O
have	O
to	O
first	O
be	O
downloaded	B-Application
to	O
the	O
local	O
system	O
and	O
then	O
uploaded	B-Application
to	O
the	O
remote	O
server	O
,	O
both	O
times	O
over	O
a	O
slower	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remote	O
uploading	B-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
some	O
online	O
file	O
hosting	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
FTP	B-Protocol
clients	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
often	O
support	O
the	O
File	B-Protocol
eXchange	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
FXP	O
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
instruct	O
two	O
FTP	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
with	O
high-speed	O
connections	O
to	O
exchange	O
files	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
web-based	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
Uppy	O
file	O
uploader	B-Application
that	O
can	O
transfer	O
files	B-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
cloud	O
storage	O
such	O
as	O
Dropbox	B-Application
,	O
directly	O
to	O
a	O
website	O
without	O
first	O
going	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peer-to-peer	O
(	O
P2P	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
decentralized	B-Architecture
communications	O
model	O
in	O
which	O
each	O
party	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
either	O
party	O
can	O
initiate	O
a	O
communication	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
model	I-Operating_System
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
client	O
makes	O
a	O
service	O
request	O
and	O
the	O
server	O
fulfils	O
the	O
request	O
(	O
by	O
sending	O
or	O
accepting	O
a	O
file	O
transfer	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
P2P	O
network	B-Architecture
model	O
allows	O
each	O
node	B-Protocol
to	O
function	O
as	O
both	O
client	O
and	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
as	O
is	O
the	O
InterPlanetary	B-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peer-to-peer	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
both	O
receive	O
(	O
download	B-Application
)	O
and	O
host	O
(	O
upload	B-Application
)	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Files	B-Operating_System
are	O
transferred	O
directly	O
between	O
the	O
users	O
 '	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
file	O
transfer	O
constitutes	O
an	O
upload	B-Application
for	O
one	O
party	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
download	B-Application
for	O
the	O
other	O
party	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rising	O
popularity	O
of	O
file	O
sharing	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
culminated	O
in	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
Napster	B-Application
,	O
a	O
music-sharing	O
platform	B-Device
specialized	O
in	O
MP3	B-Application
files	I-Application
that	O
used	O
peer-to-peer	O
(	O
P2P	O
)	O
file-sharing	O
technology	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
exchange	O
files	B-Operating_System
freely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
P2P	O
nature	O
meant	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
central	O
gatekeeper	O
for	O
the	O
content	O
,	O
which	O
eventually	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
widespread	O
availability	O
of	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
through	O
Napster	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Recording	O
Industry	O
Association	O
of	O
America	O
(	O
RIAA	O
)	O
took	O
notice	O
of	O
Napster	B-Application
's	O
ability	O
to	O
distribute	O
copyrighted	O
music	O
among	O
its	O
user	O
base	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
on	O
December	O
6	O
,	O
1999	O
,	O
filed	O
a	O
motion	O
for	O
a	O
preliminary	O
injunction	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
stop	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
copyrighted	O
songs	O
on	O
the	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
failed	O
appeal	O
by	O
Napster	B-Application
,	O
the	O
injunction	O
was	O
granted	O
on	O
March	O
5	O
,	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
24	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
Napster	B-Application
,	O
which	O
had	O
already	O
shut	O
down	O
its	O
entire	O
network	B-Architecture
two	O
months	O
earlier	O
,	O
agreed	O
to	O
pay	O
a	O
$26	O
million	O
dollar	O
settlement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Napster	B-Application
had	O
ceased	O
operations	O
,	O
many	O
other	O
P2P	O
file-sharing	O
services	O
also	O
shut	O
down	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Limewire	B-Application
,	O
Kazaa	B-Protocol
and	O
Popcorn	B-Protocol
Time	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
software	O
programs	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
many	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
websites	O
that	O
allowed	O
files	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
indexed	O
and	O
searched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
files	B-Operating_System
could	O
then	O
be	O
downloaded	B-Application
via	O
a	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
itself	O
is	O
legal	O
and	O
agnostic	O
of	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
content	O
shared	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
services	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
enforce	O
a	O
strict	O
policy	O
to	O
take	O
down	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
would	O
eventually	O
also	O
run	O
into	O
legal	O
difficulties	O
.	O
</s>
