<s>
UniPro	B-Application
(	O
or	O
Unified	B-Application
Protocol	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
high-speed	O
interface	O
technology	O
for	O
interconnecting	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
in	O
mobile	O
and	O
mobile-influenced	O
electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
various	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
protocol	O
are	O
created	O
within	O
the	O
MIPI	O
Alliance	O
(	O
Mobile	O
Industry	O
Processor	O
Interface	O
Alliance	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
organization	O
that	O
defines	O
specifications	O
targeting	O
mobile	O
and	O
mobile-influenced	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
technology	O
and	O
associated	O
physical	B-Application
layers	I-Application
aim	O
to	O
provide	O
high-speed	O
data	O
communication	O
(	O
gigabits/second	O
)	O
,	O
low-power	O
operation	O
(	O
low	O
swing	O
signaling	O
,	O
standby	O
modes	O
)	O
,	O
low	O
pin	O
count	O
(	O
serial	O
signaling	O
,	O
multiplexing	O
)	O
,	O
small	O
silicon	O
area	O
(	O
small	O
packet	O
sizes	O
)	O
,	O
data	O
reliability	O
(	O
differential	O
signaling	O
,	O
error	O
recovery	O
)	O
and	O
robustness	O
(	O
proven	O
networking	O
concepts	O
,	O
including	O
congestion	O
management	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
version	O
1.6	O
concentrates	O
on	O
enabling	O
high-speed	O
point	O
to	O
point	O
communication	O
between	O
chips	O
in	O
mobile	O
electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
has	O
provisions	O
for	O
supporting	O
networks	O
consisting	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
128	O
UniPro	B-Application
devices	O
(	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
,	O
modules	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
features	O
are	O
planned	O
in	O
future	O
UniPro	B-Application
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
such	O
a	O
networked	O
environment	O
,	O
pairs	O
of	O
UniPro	B-Application
devices	O
are	O
interconnected	O
via	O
so-called	O
links	O
while	O
data	O
packets	O
are	O
routed	O
toward	O
their	O
destination	O
by	O
UniPro	B-Application
switches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
unlike	O
a	O
LAN	O
,	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
technology	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
connect	O
chips	O
within	O
a	O
mobile	O
terminal	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
to	O
connect	O
computers	O
within	O
a	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initiative	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
protocol	O
came	O
forth	O
out	O
of	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
research	O
projects	O
at	O
respectively	O
Nokia	O
Research	O
Center	O
and	O
Philips	O
Research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
both	O
companies	O
jointly	O
founded	O
what	O
is	O
now	O
MIPI	O
's	O
UniPro	B-Application
Working	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
of	O
both	O
the	O
working	O
group	O
and	O
the	O
standard	O
,	O
UniPro	B-Application
,	O
reflects	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
modules	O
and	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
data	O
traffic	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
protocol	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
other	O
connectivity	O
technologies	O
(	O
SPI	B-Architecture
,	O
PCIe	B-Protocol
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
)	O
exist	O
which	O
also	O
support	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
inter-chip	O
interfaces	O
used	O
in	O
mobile	O
electronics	O
are	O
still	O
diverse	O
which	O
differs	O
significantly	O
from	O
the	O
(	O
in	O
this	O
respect	O
more	O
mature	O
)	O
computer	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2011	O
,	O
UniPro	B-Application
Version	O
1.40	O
was	O
completed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
main	O
purpose	O
is	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
Physical	B-Application
Layer	I-Application
:	O
M-PHY	O
including	O
support	O
for	O
power	O
modes	O
change	O
and	O
peer	O
device	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2012	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.40	O
has	O
been	O
upgraded	O
to	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.41	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
newer	O
higher	O
speed	O
M-PHY	O
v2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.4x	O
specifications	O
have	O
been	O
released	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
formal	O
specification	O
model	O
(	O
SDL	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
draft	O
of	O
Version	O
1.6	O
of	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
specification	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
August	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.6	O
Specification	O
is	O
an	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.41.00	O
Specification	O
,	O
and	O
consists	O
solely	O
of	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
specification	O
document	O
,	O
SDL	B-Application
is	O
no	O
longer	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.6	O
Specification	O
references	O
the	O
following	O
documents	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
date	O
,	O
several	O
vendors	O
have	O
announced	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
UniPro	B-Application
IP	O
blocks	O
and	O
various	O
chip	O
suppliers	O
have	O
created	O
implementations	O
that	O
are	O
at	O
various	O
phases	O
of	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
meantime	O
,	O
the	O
MIPI	B-Application
UniPro	I-Application
Working	O
Group	O
is	O
setting	O
up	O
a	O
conformance	O
test	O
suite	O
and	O
is	O
preparing	O
future	O
extensions	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
(	O
see	O
UniPro	B-Application
Versions	O
and	O
Roadmap	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
30	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
JEDEC	O
published	O
the	O
UFS	B-Device
3.0	I-Device
standard	O
which	O
uses	O
MIPI	O
M-PHY	O
v4.1	O
(	O
with	O
HS-Gear4	O
)	O
and	O
MIPI	B-Application
UniPro	I-Application
v1.8	O
for	O
mobile	O
memory	O
with	O
data	O
rates	O
up	O
to	O
2900	O
MB/s	O
(	O
11	O
,	O
6	O
Gbit/s	O
per	O
lane	O
,	O
2	O
lanes	O
,	O
23	O
,	O
2	O
Gbit/s	O
total	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
associated	O
with	O
its	O
underlying	O
PHY	O
layer	O
is	O
a	O
layered	O
protocol	O
stack	O
that	O
covers	O
layers	O
L1	O
to	O
L4	O
of	O
the	O
OSI	O
Reference	O
Model	O
for	O
networking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
introduces	O
an	O
extra	O
layer	O
L1.5	O
between	O
L1	O
and	O
L2	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
sub-layer	O
of	O
OSI	O
's	O
layer	O
L1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
's	O
strict	O
layering	O
enables	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
UFS	B-Device
:	O
Universal	B-Device
Flash	I-Device
Storage	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
)	O
are	O
also	O
supported	O
and	O
specifically	O
encouraged	O
because	O
they	O
tend	O
to	O
increase	O
system-level	O
modularity	O
and	O
interoperability	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
higher	O
abstraction	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
's	O
layered	O
architecture	O
also	O
allows	O
it	O
to	O
support	O
multiple	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
(	O
L1	O
,	O
PHY	O
)	O
technologies	O
even	O
within	O
a	O
single	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
analogous	O
to	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
which	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
lower-layer	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
UniPro	B-Application
,	O
two	O
PHY	O
technologies	O
are	O
supported	O
for	O
off-chip	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
PHY	O
technologies	O
are	O
covered	O
in	O
separate	O
MIPI	O
specifications	O
(	O
which	O
are	O
referenced	O
by	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
UniPort	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
actual	O
port	O
on	O
a	O
chip	O
which	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
specification	O
for	O
its	O
upper	O
layers	O
(	O
L1.5	O
to	O
4	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
MIPI	O
PHY	O
specification	O
for	O
L1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
there	O
are	O
two	O
PHY	O
technologies	O
,	O
these	O
are	O
respectively	O
known	O
as	O
UniPort-D	O
(	O
UniPro	B-Application
with	O
D-PHY	O
)	O
and	O
UniPort-M	O
(	O
UniPro	B-Application
with	O
M-PHY	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
specification	O
was	O
approved	O
by	O
the	O
MIPI	O
Board	O
of	O
Directors	O
on	O
January	O
14	O
,	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
1.1	I-Application
,	O
that	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
July	O
2009	O
,	O
aims	O
to	O
improve	O
readability	O
,	O
provides	O
a	O
reference	O
model	O
(	O
in	O
SDL	B-Application
)	O
for	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
four	O
UniPro	B-Application
protocol	O
layers	O
,	O
and	O
provides	O
features	O
to	O
facilitate	O
automated	O
conformance	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
architects	O
designing	O
UniPro	B-Application
intended	O
from	O
the	O
start	O
to	O
release	O
the	O
technology	O
as	O
a	O
step-wise	O
roadmap	O
with	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
1.1	I-Application
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
backwards	O
compatible	O
with	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
purpose	O
of	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.40	I-Application
and	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.41	O
(	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.4x	O
)	O
is	O
to	O
support	O
an	O
additional	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
,	O
the	O
M-PHY	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
UniPort-M	O
features	O
local	O
and	O
remote	O
control	O
of	O
a	O
peer	O
UniPro	B-Application
device	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
example	O
to	O
control	O
various	O
supported	O
power	O
modes	O
of	O
the	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Planned	O
roadmap	O
steps	O
beyond	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.4x	O
aim	O
to	O
provide	O
specifications	O
for	O
network-capable	O
endpoint	O
and	O
network	O
switch	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.6	O
Specification	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
ensure	O
interoperability	O
with	O
UniPro	B-Application
v1.41.00	O
when	O
using	O
the	O
M-PHY	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
and	O
its	O
underlying	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
were	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
low	O
power	O
operation	O
needed	O
for	O
battery-operated	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
protocol	O
can	O
support	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
and	O
associated	O
traffic	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
such	O
applications	O
require	O
an	O
application	O
protocol	O
layer	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
UniPro	B-Application
to	O
define	O
the	O
structure	O
and	O
semantics	O
of	O
the	O
byte	O
streams	O
transported	O
by	O
UniPro	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
UFS	B-Device
for	O
memory-like	O
transactions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
which	O
are	O
currently	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
suitable	O
for	O
UniPro	B-Application
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
low-bandwidth	O
control	O
-	O
unless	O
multiplexed	O
with	O
other	O
traffic	O
(	O
concern	O
:	O
UniPro	B-Application
complexity	O
is	O
much	O
higher	O
than	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
high-quality	O
audio	O
samples	O
(	O
concerns	O
:	O
UniPro	B-Application
does	O
not	O
distribute	O
a	O
shared	O
clock	O
to	O
all	O
devices	O
;	O
UniPro	B-Application
complexity	O
compared	O
to	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
Text	O
freeze	O
Formal	O
release	O
Description	O
UniPro	B-Application
0.80.00	I-Application
6	O
September	O
2006	O
26	O
February	O
2007	O
Technology	O
preview	O
of	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
UniPro	B-Application
1.00.00	I-Application
25	O
August	O
2007	O
14	O
January	O
2008	O
Limited	O
changes	O
compared	O
to	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.0	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
basics	O
for	O
a	O
chip-to-chip	O
link	O
via	O
the	O
D-PHY	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.10.00	I-Application
29	O
July	O
2009	O
22	O
January	O
2010	O
"	O
Hardened	O
"	O
:	O
formal	O
reference	O
models	O
for	O
2	O
protocol	O
layers	O
;	O
readability	O
and	O
testability	O
improvements	O
UniPro	O
1.40.00	O
31	O
January	O
2011	O
28	O
April	O
2011	O
"	O
M-PHY	O
"	O
:	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
1.41.00	I-Application
4	O
May	O
2012	O
30	O
July	O
2012	O
Upgrade	O
to	O
support	O
M-PHY	O
v2.0	O
with	O
HS-G2	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.60.00	I-Application
6	O
August	O
2013	O
30	O
September	O
2013	O
Upgrade	O
to	O
support	O
M-PHY	O
v3.0	O
with	O
HS-Gear3	O
,	O
Power	O
Reduction	O
during	O
M-PHY	O
Sleep	O
and	O
Stall	O
States	O
,	O
Scrambling	O
for	O
EMI	O
MitiUpgrade	O
to	O
support	O
M-PHY	O
v3.0	O
with	O
HS-Gear3gation	O
,	O
Removal	O
of	O
D-PHY	O
and	O
SDL	B-Application
Reference	O
UniPro	B-Application
1.8	I-Application
8	O
February	O
2018Upgrade	O
to	O
support	O
M-PHY	O
v4.1	O
with	O
HS-Gear4	O
future	O
releases	O
t.b.d.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
protocol	O
stack	O
follows	O
the	O
classical	O
OSI	O
reference	O
architecture	O
(	O
ref	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
practical	O
reasons	O
,	O
OSI	O
's	O
Physical	B-Application
Layer	I-Application
is	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
sub-layers	O
:	O
Layer	B-Application
1	I-Application
(	O
the	O
actual	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
)	O
and	O
Layer	O
1.5	O
(	O
the	O
PHY	O
Adapter	O
layer	O
)	O
which	O
abstracts	O
from	O
differences	O
between	O
alternative	O
Layer	B-Application
1	I-Application
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UniPro	B-Application
specification	O
itself	O
covers	O
Layers	O
1.5	O
,	O
2	O
,	O
3	O
,	O
4	O
and	O
the	O
DME	O
(	O
Device	O
Management	O
Entity	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Application	O
Layer	O
(	O
LA	O
)	O
is	O
out	O
of	O
scope	O
because	O
different	O
uses	O
of	O
UniPro	B-Application
will	O
require	O
different	O
LA	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Physical	B-Application
Layer	I-Application
(	O
L1	O
)	O
is	O
covered	O
in	O
separate	O
MIPI	O
specifications	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
PHY	O
to	O
be	O
reused	O
by	O
other	O
(	O
less	O
generic	O
)	O
protocols	O
if	O
needed(ref )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
is	O
specifically	O
targeted	O
by	O
MIPI	O
to	O
simplify	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
increasingly	O
complex	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
implies	O
a	O
relatively	O
long-term	O
vision	O
about	O
the	O
expected	O
or	O
desired	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	O
handset	O
industry	O
,	O
whereby	O
components	O
can	O
readily	O
interoperate	O
and	O
components	O
from	O
competing	O
suppliers	O
are	O
to	O
some	O
degree	O
plug	B-Device
compatible	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
automotive	O
networks	O
,	O
largely	O
standardized	O
PC	O
architectures	O
,	O
IT	O
industry	O
around	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
)	O
for	O
similar	O
reasons	O
of	O
interoperability	O
and	O
economy	O
of	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
nevertheless	O
too	O
early	O
to	O
predict	O
how	O
rapidly	O
UniPro	B-Application
will	O
be	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
speed	O
interconnects	O
like	O
UniPro	B-Application
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
or	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
typically	O
cost	O
more	O
than	O
low	O
speed	O
interconnects	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
I2C	O
,	O
SPI	B-Architecture
or	O
simple	O
CMOS	B-Device
interfaces	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
for	O
example	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
silicon	O
area	O
occupied	O
by	O
the	O
required	O
mixed-signal	O
circuitry	O
(	O
Layer	B-Application
1	I-Application
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
complexity	O
and	O
buffer	O
space	O
required	O
to	O
automatically	O
correct	O
bit	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniPro	B-Application
's	O
cost	O
and	O
complexity	O
may	O
thus	O
be	O
an	O
issue	O
for	O
certain	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
UniPro	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
UniPro	B-Application
is	O
backed	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
major	O
companies	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
UniPro	B-Application
incubation	O
time	O
is	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
comparable	O
technologies	O
(	O
USB	B-Protocol
,	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
in-vehicle	O
networks	O
)	O
,	O
adoption	O
rate	O
is	O
presumed	O
to	O
be	O
main	O
concern	O
about	O
the	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
driver	O
for	O
UniPro	B-Application
adoption	O
is	O
JEDEC	B-Device
Universal	I-Device
Flash	I-Device
Storage	I-Device
(	O
UFS	B-Device
)	O
v2.0	O
which	O
uses	O
MIPI	B-Application
UniPro	I-Application
and	O
M-PHY	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interoperability	O
requires	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
alignment	O
between	O
the	O
peer	O
UniPro	B-Application
devices	O
on	O
protocol	O
layer	O
L1	O
–	O
L4	O
:	O
it	O
also	O
means	O
aligning	O
on	O
more	O
application-specific	O
data	O
formats	O
,	O
commands	O
and	O
their	O
meaning	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
protocol	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tunnel	O
major	O
technologies	O
over	O
UniPro	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
you	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
world	I-Protocol
,	O
it	O
is	O
sensible	O
to	O
provide	O
IP-over-UniPro	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
the	O
transformation	O
can	O
be	O
simple	O
or	O
even	O
automated	O
if	O
the	O
original	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
have	O
the	O
right	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
