<s>
Unbundled	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
elements	I-Architecture
(	O
UNEs	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
requirement	O
mandated	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Telecommunications	O
Act	O
of	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
,	O
these	O
parts	O
make	O
up	O
a	O
local	B-Architecture
loop	I-Architecture
that	O
connects	O
to	O
a	O
digital	B-Protocol
subscriber	I-Protocol
line	I-Protocol
access	I-Protocol
multiplexer	I-Protocol
(	O
DSLAM	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
a	O
voice	O
switch	O
or	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
loop	O
allows	O
non-facilities-based	O
telecommunications	O
providers	O
to	O
deliver	O
service	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
lay	O
network	O
infrastructure	O
such	O
as	O
copper	O
wire	O
,	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
UNE-Platform	O
(	O
or	O
UNE-P	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
UNEs	O
that	O
allow	O
end-to-end	B-Application
service	O
delivery	O
without	O
any	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
not	O
involving	O
any	O
CLEC	O
facilities	O
,	O
a	O
UNE-P	B-Architecture
still	O
requires	O
facilities-based	O
certification	O
from	O
the	O
Public	O
Utilities	O
Commission	O
to	O
deliver	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
