<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
or	O
"	O
ubicomp	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
concept	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
hardware	O
engineering	O
and	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
where	O
computing	O
is	O
made	O
to	O
appear	O
anytime	O
and	O
everywhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
desktop	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
can	O
occur	O
using	O
any	O
device	O
,	O
in	O
any	O
location	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
any	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
interacts	O
with	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
exist	O
in	O
many	O
different	O
forms	O
,	O
including	O
laptop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
smart	B-Application
phones	I-Application
and	O
terminals	B-General_Concept
in	O
everyday	O
objects	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
refrigerator	O
or	O
a	B-General_Concept
pair	I-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
glasses	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
underlying	O
technologies	O
to	O
support	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
include	O
Internet	O
,	O
advanced	O
middleware	B-General_Concept
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
code	I-Operating_System
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
,	O
new	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
and	O
user	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
mobile	O
protocols	O
,	O
location	O
and	O
positioning	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
paradigm	O
is	O
also	O
described	O
as	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
"	O
everyware	B-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
primarily	O
concerning	O
the	O
objects	O
involved	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
physical	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
,	O
haptic	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
and	O
"	O
things	O
that	O
think	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
propose	O
a	O
single	O
definition	O
for	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
for	O
these	O
related	O
terms	O
,	O
a	O
taxonomy	O
of	O
properties	O
for	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
has	O
been	O
proposed	O
,	O
from	O
which	O
different	O
kinds	O
or	O
flavors	O
of	O
ubiquitous	O
systems	O
and	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
described	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
themes	O
include	O
:	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
mobile	O
computing	O
,	O
location	O
computing	O
,	O
mobile	O
networking	O
,	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
context-aware	O
smart	O
home	O
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
using	O
small	O
internet	O
connected	O
and	O
inexpensive	O
computers	O
to	O
help	O
with	O
everyday	O
functions	O
in	O
an	O
automated	O
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
domestic	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
environment	O
might	O
interconnect	O
lighting	O
and	O
environmental	O
controls	O
with	O
personal	O
biometric	O
monitors	O
woven	O
into	O
clothing	O
so	O
that	O
illumination	O
and	O
heating	O
conditions	O
in	O
a	O
room	O
might	O
be	O
modulated	O
,	O
continuously	O
and	O
imperceptibly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
presents	O
challenges	O
across	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
:	O
in	O
systems	O
design	O
and	O
engineering	O
,	O
in	O
systems	O
modelling	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contemporary	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
models	O
,	O
whether	O
command-line	B-Application
,	O
menu-driven	O
,	O
or	O
GUI-based	O
,	O
are	O
inappropriate	O
and	O
inadequate	O
to	O
the	O
ubiquitous	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
suggests	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
natural	O
"	O
interaction	O
paradigm	O
appropriate	O
to	O
a	O
fully	O
robust	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
has	O
yet	O
to	O
emerge	O
–	O
although	O
there	O
is	O
also	O
recognition	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
that	O
in	O
many	O
ways	O
we	O
are	O
already	O
living	O
in	O
a	O
ubicomp	B-Architecture
world	O
(	O
see	O
also	O
the	O
main	O
article	O
on	O
natural	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contemporary	O
devices	O
that	O
lend	O
some	O
support	O
to	O
this	O
latter	O
idea	O
include	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
digital	O
audio	O
players	O
,	O
radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
tags	O
,	O
GPS	O
,	O
and	O
interactive	B-Application
whiteboards	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	O
Weiser	O
proposed	O
three	O
basic	O
forms	O
for	O
ubiquitous	B-Device
computing	I-Device
devices	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Device
computing	I-Device
devices	I-Device
proposed	O
by	O
Mark	O
Weiser	O
are	O
all	O
based	O
around	O
flat	O
devices	O
of	O
different	O
sizes	O
with	O
a	O
visual	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expanding	O
beyond	O
those	O
concepts	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
large	O
array	O
of	O
other	O
ubiquitous	B-Device
computing	I-Device
devices	I-Device
that	O
could	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
micro	B-Architecture
electro-mechanical	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
(	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
nanometres	O
through	O
micrometers	O
to	O
millimetres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
also	O
Smart	B-Device
dust	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Skin	O
:	O
fabrics	O
based	O
upon	O
light	O
emitting	O
and	O
conductive	O
polymers	O
,	O
organic	O
computer	O
devices	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
formed	O
into	O
more	O
flexible	O
non-planar	O
display	O
surfaces	O
and	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
clothes	O
and	O
curtains	O
,	O
see	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
MEMS	B-Architecture
device	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
painted	O
onto	O
various	O
surfaces	O
so	O
that	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
physical	O
world	O
structures	O
can	O
act	O
as	O
networked	O
surfaces	O
of	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clay	O
:	O
ensembles	O
of	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
can	O
be	O
formed	O
into	O
arbitrary	O
three	O
dimensional	O
shapes	O
as	O
artefacts	O
resembling	O
many	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
physical	O
object	O
(	O
see	O
also	O
tangible	O
interface	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
states	O
we	O
will	O
progress	O
from	O
stand-alone	O
microcomputers	O
and	O
decentralized	O
mainframes	O
towards	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Castells	O
 '	O
model	O
of	O
a	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
system	O
,	O
uses	O
the	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
as	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
a	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
may	O
be	O
seen	O
to	O
consist	O
of	O
many	O
layers	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
roles	O
,	O
which	O
together	O
form	O
a	O
single	O
system	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	O
Weiser	O
coined	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
"	O
around	O
1988	O
,	O
during	O
his	O
tenure	O
as	O
Chief	O
Technologist	O
of	O
the	O
Xerox	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Research	O
Center	O
(	O
PARC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recognizing	O
that	O
the	O
extension	O
of	O
processing	O
power	O
into	O
everyday	O
scenarios	O
would	O
necessitate	O
understandings	O
of	O
social	O
,	O
cultural	O
and	O
psychological	O
phenomena	O
beyond	O
its	O
proper	O
ambit	O
,	O
Weiser	O
was	O
influenced	O
by	O
many	O
fields	O
outside	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
"	O
philosophy	O
,	O
phenomenology	O
,	O
anthropology	O
,	O
psychology	O
,	O
post-Modernism	O
,	O
sociology	O
of	O
science	O
and	O
feminist	O
criticism	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
was	O
explicit	O
about	O
"	O
the	O
humanistic	O
origins	O
of	O
the	O
'	O
invisible	O
ideal	O
in	O
post-modernist	O
thought	O
 '	O
"	O
,	O
referencing	O
as	O
well	O
the	O
ironically	O
dystopian	O
Philip	O
K	O
.	O
Dick	O
novel	O
Ubik	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ken	B-Algorithm
Sakamura	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Tokyo	O
,	O
Japan	O
leads	O
the	O
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
Networking	I-Architecture
Laboratory	O
(	O
UNL	O
)	O
,	O
Tokyo	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
T-Engine	O
Forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
joint	O
goal	O
of	O
Sakamura	B-Algorithm
's	O
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
Networking	I-Architecture
specification	O
and	O
the	O
T-Engine	O
forum	O
,	O
is	O
to	O
enable	O
any	O
everyday	O
device	O
to	O
broadcast	O
and	O
receive	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
string	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
stepper	B-Algorithm
motor	I-Algorithm
and	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
connection	O
;	O
network	O
activity	O
caused	O
the	O
string	O
to	O
twitch	O
,	O
yielding	O
a	O
peripherally	O
noticeable	O
indication	O
of	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Weiser	O
called	O
this	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
calm	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
these	O
mobile	O
devices	O
are	O
not	O
necessarily	O
manifestations	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
there	O
are	O
examples	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Japan	O
's	O
Yaoyorozu	O
(	O
"	O
Eight	O
Million	O
Gods	O
"	O
)	O
Project	O
in	O
which	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
radio	B-Application
frequency	I-Application
identification	I-Application
tags	O
demonstrate	O
that	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
is	O
already	O
present	O
in	O
some	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-General_Concept
Devices	I-General_Concept
has	O
produced	O
an	O
"	O
orb	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
dashboard	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
weather	O
beacon	O
"	O
:	O
these	O
decorative	O
devices	O
receive	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
and	O
report	O
current	O
events	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
stock	O
prices	O
and	O
the	O
weather	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Nabaztag	O
produced	O
by	O
Violet	O
Snowden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Australian	O
futurist	O
Mark	O
Pesce	O
has	O
produced	O
a	O
highly	O
configurable	O
52-LED	O
LAMP	B-Application
enabled	O
lamp	B-Application
which	O
uses	O
Wi-Fi	O
named	O
MooresCloud	O
after	O
Gordon	O
Moore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Unified	O
Computer	O
Intelligence	O
Corporation	O
launched	O
a	O
device	O
called	O
Ubi	O
–	O
The	O
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
Computer	I-Architecture
designed	O
to	O
allow	O
voice	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
home	O
and	O
provide	O
constant	O
access	O
to	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
research	O
has	O
focused	O
on	O
building	O
an	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
computers	O
allow	O
humans	O
to	O
focus	O
attention	O
on	O
select	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
environment	O
and	O
operate	O
in	O
supervisory	O
and	O
policy-making	O
roles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
emphasizes	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
human	O
computer	O
interface	O
that	O
can	O
interpret	O
and	O
support	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
intentions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
robots	B-Algorithm
link	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
with	O
robots	B-Algorithm
,	O
contributing	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
new	O
lifestyles	O
and	O
solutions	O
to	O
address	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
social	O
problems	O
including	O
the	O
aging	O
of	O
population	O
and	O
nursing	O
care	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Continuity	O
"	O
set	O
of	O
features	O
,	O
introduced	O
by	O
Apple	O
in	O
OS	B-Device
X	I-Device
Yosemite	I-Device
,	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Privacy	O
is	O
easily	O
the	O
most	O
often-cited	O
criticism	O
of	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
ubicomp	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
greatest	O
barrier	O
to	O
its	O
long-term	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
notable	O
institutions	O
who	O
claim	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
sorted	O
by	O
country	O
:	O
</s>
