<s>
UTEC	B-Device
(	O
University	B-Device
of	I-Device
Toronto	I-Device
Electronic	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
Mark	O
I	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
computer	O
built	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
(	O
UofT	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
funding	O
was	O
eventually	O
used	O
to	O
purchase	O
a	O
surplus	O
Manchester	B-Device
Mark	I-Device
1	I-Device
from	O
Ferranti	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
instead	O
,	O
and	O
UTEC	B-Device
quickly	O
disappeared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
they	O
recommended	O
the	O
immediate	O
renting	O
of	O
an	O
IBM	O
mechanical	O
punched	O
card-based	O
calculator	O
,	O
building	O
a	O
simple	O
differential	B-Device
analyzer	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
eventual	O
purchase	O
or	O
construction	O
of	O
an	O
electronic	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
a	O
small	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
differential	B-Device
analyzer	I-Device
was	O
completed	O
by	O
September	O
1948	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
appears	O
to	O
have	O
seen	O
little	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beatrice	O
Helen	O
Worsley	O
and	O
Perham	O
Stanley	O
,	O
two	O
graduate	O
students	O
working	O
at	O
the	O
Computation	O
Center	O
,	O
were	O
sent	O
to	O
Cambridge	O
University	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
Maurice	O
Wilkes	O
who	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
completing	O
the	O
EDSAC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Worsley	O
wrote	O
the	O
program	O
that	O
generated	O
a	O
table	O
of	O
squares	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
program	O
to	O
successfully	O
run	O
on	O
EDSAC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
two	O
graduate	O
students	O
,	O
Alf	O
Ratz	O
and	O
Josef	O
Kates	O
had	O
been	O
studying	O
circuitry	O
for	O
some	O
time	O
by	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
and	O
turned	O
their	O
attention	O
to	O
computer	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
first	O
attempts	O
were	O
with	O
a	O
novel	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
neon	O
tubes	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
1949	O
visit	O
by	O
Freddie	O
Williams	O
led	O
to	O
them	O
abandoning	O
this	O
work	O
and	O
moving	O
to	O
Williams	B-General_Concept
tubes	I-General_Concept
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Williams	B-General_Concept
tubes	I-General_Concept
would	O
store	O
256	O
12-bit	B-Device
words	O
,	O
with	O
instructions	O
using	O
3-bits	O
of	O
a	O
word	O
leaving	O
9-bits	O
for	O
addressing	O
(	O
allowing	O
up	O
to	O
512	O
words	O
of	O
memory	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parts	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
were	O
up	O
and	O
running	O
quickly	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
math	O
and	O
logic	O
units	O
(	O
the	O
arithmetic	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
in	O
modern	O
terminology	O
)	O
running	O
by	O
the	O
autumn	O
of	O
1950	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
reliability	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
serious	O
problem	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
for	O
all	O
systems	O
using	O
the	O
Williams	B-General_Concept
tube	I-General_Concept
concept	O
,	O
but	O
Katz	O
introduced	O
shielding	O
that	O
improved	O
things	O
somewhat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
basic	O
12-bit	B-Device
addition	O
took	O
about	O
240	O
microseconds	O
,	O
multiplication	O
about	O
18	O
milliseconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
machine	O
would	O
use	O
a	O
44-bit	O
word	O
with	O
1,024	O
words	O
of	O
memory	O
backed	O
up	O
with	O
a	O
10,000	O
word	O
magnetic	B-General_Concept
drum	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
supplied	O
by	O
Ferranti	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Success	O
of	O
the	O
UTEC	B-Device
created	O
intense	O
demand	O
within	O
the	O
Canadian	O
research	O
establishment	O
to	O
start	O
construction	O
of	O
the	O
full	O
scale	O
follow-on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
UTEC	B-Device
was	O
being	O
built	O
,	O
a	O
similar	O
machine	O
was	O
under	O
construction	O
at	O
Manchester	O
University	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	B-Device
Baby	I-Device
"	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
machine	O
was	O
delivered	O
to	O
the	O
university	O
in	O
February	O
1951	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
computer	O
,	O
about	O
one	O
month	O
earlier	O
than	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
I	O
was	O
handed	O
over	O
to	O
the	O
US	O
Census	O
Bureau	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Word	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
quickly	O
reached	O
the	O
AECL	O
,	O
who	O
suggested	O
that	O
they	O
use	O
the	O
$	O
300,000	O
set	O
aside	O
for	O
the	O
"	O
new	O
"	O
UTEC	B-Device
to	O
purchase	O
the	O
Mark	O
I	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AECL	O
was	O
not	O
terribly	O
impressed	O
but	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
a	O
solution	O
;	O
if	O
the	O
Computation	O
Center	O
would	O
buy	O
the	O
Mark	O
I	O
,	O
another	O
$	O
150,000	O
would	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
continue	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
UTEC	B-Device
,	O
and	O
an	O
equal	O
amount	O
if	O
they	O
decided	O
to	O
actually	O
build	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ferut	O
would	O
go	O
on	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
major	O
research	O
system	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
being	O
used	O
by	O
Ontario	O
Hydro	O
to	O
calculate	O
changes	O
in	O
water	O
levels	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
opening	O
of	O
the	O
St.	O
Lawrence	O
Seaway	O
,	O
various	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
groundbreaking	O
ReserVec	B-Device
system	O
with	O
Ferranti	O
Canada	O
for	O
Trans	O
Canada	O
Airlines	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
rental	O
of	O
time	O
for	O
commercial	O
seismic	O
data	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
arrival	O
of	O
the	O
Ferut	O
also	O
spelled	O
the	O
death	O
of	O
the	O
UTEC	B-Device
project	O
.	O
</s>
