<s>
UNIVAC	O
(	O
Universal	B-Operating_System
Automatic	I-Operating_System
Computer	I-Operating_System
)	O
was	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
electronic	O
digital	O
stored-program	O
computers	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
products	O
of	O
the	O
Eckert	O
–	O
Mauchly	O
Computer	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BINAC	B-Device
,	O
built	O
by	O
the	O
Eckert	O
–	O
Mauchly	O
Computer	O
Corporation	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
general-purpose	O
computer	O
for	O
commercial	O
use	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
J	O
.	O
Presper	O
Eckert	O
and	O
John	O
Mauchly	O
built	O
the	O
ENIAC	B-Device
(	O
Electronic	B-Device
Numerical	I-Device
Integrator	I-Device
and	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
)	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Pennsylvania	O
's	O
Moore	O
School	O
of	O
Electrical	O
Engineering	O
between	O
1943	O
and	O
1946	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
company	O
first	O
built	O
a	O
computer	O
called	O
BINAC	B-Device
(	O
BINary	B-Device
Automatic	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
)	O
for	O
Northrop	O
Aviation	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
little	O
used	O
,	O
or	O
perhaps	O
not	O
at	O
all	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eckert	O
and	O
Mauchly	O
now	O
reported	O
to	O
Leslie	O
Groves	O
,	O
the	O
retired	O
army	O
general	O
who	O
had	O
previously	O
managed	O
building	O
the	O
Pentagon	O
and	O
the	O
Manhattan	O
Project	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
was	O
exposed	O
to	O
ENIAC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
famous	O
UNIVAC	O
product	O
was	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
I	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
of	O
1951	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
known	O
for	O
predicting	O
the	O
outcome	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
presidential	O
election	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
:	O
this	O
incident	O
is	O
noteworthy	O
because	O
the	O
computer	O
predicted	O
an	O
Eisenhower	O
landslide	O
over	O
Adlai	O
Stevenson	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
final	O
Gallup	O
poll	O
had	O
Eisenhower	O
winning	O
the	O
popular	O
vote	O
51	O
–	O
49	O
in	O
a	O
close	O
contest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1953	O
or	O
1954	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
merged	O
their	O
Norwalk	O
tabulating	O
machine	O
division	O
,	O
the	O
ERA	O
"	O
scientific	O
"	O
computer	O
division	O
,	O
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
"	O
business	O
"	O
computer	O
division	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
division	O
under	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
division	O
of	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
was	O
renamed	O
the	B-Operating_System
Univac	I-Operating_System
division	O
of	O
Sperry	O
Rand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
1986	O
merger	O
of	O
Burroughs	O
and	O
Sperry	O
,	O
Unisys	O
evolved	O
from	O
a	O
computer	O
manufacturer	O
to	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
and	O
outsourcing	B-Architecture
firm	O
,	O
competing	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
marketplace	O
as	O
IBM	O
,	O
Electronic	O
Data	O
Systems	O
(	O
EDS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Computer	O
Sciences	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
early	O
UNIVAC	O
line	O
of	O
vacuum	B-Device
tube	I-Device
computers	I-Device
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ERA1101	O
and	O
those	O
models	O
built	O
at	O
ERA	O
were	O
rebadged	O
as	O
UNIVAC110x	O
;	O
despite	O
the	O
1100	O
model	O
numbers	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
not	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
latter	O
1100/2200	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1103A	O
is	O
credited	O
in	O
the	O
literature	O
as	O
the	O
first	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
to	O
have	O
interrupts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
model	O
range	O
was	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
I	O
(	O
UNIVersal	O
Automatic	O
ComputerI	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
commercial	O
computer	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
II	O
was	O
an	O
improvement	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
I	O
that	O
UNIVAC	O
first	O
delivered	O
in	O
1958	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
improvements	O
included	O
magnetic	O
(	O
non-mercury	O
)	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
of	O
2000	O
to	O
10000words	O
,	O
UNISERVOII	O
tape	O
drives	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
use	O
either	O
the	O
old	O
UNIVACI	O
metal	O
tapes	O
or	O
the	O
new	O
PET	O
film	O
tapes	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
circuits	O
that	O
were	O
transistorized	O
(	O
although	O
it	O
was	O
still	O
a	O
vacuum-tube	B-Device
computer	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sperry	O
Rand	O
began	O
shipment	O
of	O
UNIVAC	B-Operating_System
III	I-Operating_System
in	O
1962	O
,	O
and	O
produced	O
96	O
UNIVACIII	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
Solid	O
State	O
was	O
a	O
2-address	O
,	O
decimal	O
computer	O
,	O
with	O
memory	O
on	O
a	O
rotating	O
drum	O
with	O
5000	O
signed	O
10-digit	O
words	O
,	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
general-purpose	O
business	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
computer	O
used	O
magnetic	O
logic	O
,	O
not	O
transistors	B-Application
,	O
because	O
the	O
transistors	B-Application
then	O
available	O
had	O
highly	O
variable	O
characteristics	O
and	O
were	O
not	O
sufficiently	O
reliable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
1100/2200	O
series	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
compatible	O
36-bit	O
transistorized	O
computer	O
systems	O
initially	O
made	O
by	O
Sperry	O
Rand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remington	B-Device
Rand	I-Device
409	I-Device
was	O
a	O
control	O
panel	O
programmed	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
calculator	O
,	O
designed	O
in	O
1949	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
418	O
(	O
aka	O
1219	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
18-bit	B-General_Concept
word	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
490	O
was	O
a	O
30-bit	O
word	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
machine	O
with	O
16K	O
or	O
32K	O
words	O
;	O
4.8microsecond	O
cycle	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
1232	O
was	O
a	O
military	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
490	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
492	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
490	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
extended	B-Device
memory	I-Device
to	O
64K	O
30-bit	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
494	O
was	O
a	O
30-bit	O
word	O
machine	O
and	O
successor	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
490/492	O
with	O
faster	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
and	O
131K	O
(	O
later	O
262K	O
)	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Basic	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
OMEGA	O
(	O
successor	O
to	O
REX	O
for	O
the	O
490	O
)	O
although	O
custom	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
were	O
also	O
used	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
1004	O
was	O
a	O
plug-board	O
programmed	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
data	O
processing	O
system	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
1962	O
by	O
UNIVAC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Total	O
memory	O
was	O
961	O
characters	O
(	O
6	O
bits	O
)	O
of	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
U.S.	O
Navy	O
(	O
Weapons	O
Station	O
,	O
Concord	O
)	O
1004	O
was	O
dedicated	O
to	O
printing	O
from	O
tape	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
offloading	O
the	O
task	O
from	O
their	O
Solid	O
State	O
80	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
produced	O
the	O
tapes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
1005	O
,	O
an	O
enhanced	O
version	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
1004	O
,	O
was	O
first	O
shipped	O
in	O
February	O
1966	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
1050	O
was	O
an	O
internally	O
programmed	O
computer	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
32K	O
of	O
six-bit	O
character	O
memory	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1963	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
one-address	O
machine	O
with	O
30-bit	O
instructions	O
,	O
had	O
a	O
4K	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
was	O
programmed	O
in	O
the	O
PAL	O
assembly	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
9000	O
series	O
(	O
9200	O
,	O
9300	O
,	O
9400	O
,	O
9700	O
)	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1960s	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
low	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	O
360	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
9200	O
and	O
9300	O
,	O
which	O
differed	O
in	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
speed	O
and	O
maximum	O
memory	O
capacity	O
(	O
16K	O
for	O
the	O
original	O
9200	O
vs	O
32K	O
for	O
the	O
other	O
variants	O
)	O
implemented	O
the	O
same	O
16-bit	O
modified	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
360	O
architecture	B-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
Model	B-Device
20	I-Device
,	O
while	O
the	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
9400	O
implemented	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
full	O
360	O
instruction	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
did	O
n't	O
violate	O
IBM	O
patents	O
or	O
copyrights	O
;	O
Sperry	O
got	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
"	O
clone	O
"	O
the	O
360	O
as	O
settlement	O
of	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
concerning	O
IBM	O
's	O
infringement	O
of	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
's	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
9000	O
series	O
used	O
plated	B-General_Concept
wire	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
functioned	O
somewhat	O
like	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
but	O
used	O
a	O
non-destructive	O
read	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
Series	O
90	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
High-end	O
:	O
(	O
90/60	O
,	O
90/70	O
,	O
90/80	O
)	O
:	O
The	O
high-end	O
Series	O
90	O
machines	O
were	O
successors	O
to	O
the	O
high-end	O
UNIVAC	O
9000	O
machines	O
,	O
but	O
added	O
virtual	O
memory	O
and	O
thus	O
were	O
similar	O
,	O
or	O
equivalent	O
,	O
to	O
later	O
IBM	B-Device
System/370	I-Device
mainframes	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-end	O
:	O
(	O
90/30	O
,	O
90/25	O
,	O
90/40	O
)	O
:	O
Separately	O
from	O
the	O
high-end	O
series	O
,	O
Sperry	O
Univac	O
introduced	O
the	B-Operating_System
Univac	I-Operating_System
90/30	O
in	O
about	O
1975	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
upgrade	O
path	O
for	O
9x00	O
users	O
and	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
IBM	O
's	O
System	B-Device
3	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
a	O
disk	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
had	O
either	O
a	O
300	O
or	O
600	O
lines	O
per	O
minute	O
printer	O
,	O
a	O
card	O
reader	O
,	O
optionally	O
a	O
card	O
punch	O
,	O
a	O
console	O
(	O
Uniscope	O
100	O
)	O
,	O
attached	O
disk	O
drives	O
that	O
had	O
removable	O
disk	O
packs	O
,	O
several	O
1600	O
or	O
6250	O
BpI	O
tape	O
drives	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
optional	O
communications	O
controller	O
supporting	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
terminals	O
(	O
later	O
32	O
)	O
The	O
standard	O
disk	O
drive	O
was	O
the	O
8416	O
which	O
held	O
a	O
multi-layer	O
platter	O
removable	O
disk	O
pack	O
that	O
held	O
approximately	O
29	O
million	O
bytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
an	O
upgrade	O
path	O
for	O
users	O
who	O
had	O
outgrown	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
System/3	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
ran	O
Cobol-74	O
,	O
RPG2	O
,	O
Fortran	O
,	O
and	O
Assembler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
instruction	O
set	O
of	O
the	O
90/xx	O
series	O
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
microcode	B-Device
and	O
was	O
loaded	O
into	O
control	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
boot	O
up	O
process	O
,	O
before	O
loading	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
the	O
90/30	O
was	O
introduced	O
,	O
Sperry	O
Univac	O
introduced	O
the	O
90/25	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
same	O
basic	O
hardware	O
,	O
however	O
had	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
a	O
smaller	O
80	B-Architecture
column	I-Architecture
card	O
reader	O
and	O
was	O
a	O
bit	O
slower	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
a	O
90/40	O
model	O
was	O
added	O
,	O
with	O
improved	O
performance	O
from	O
a	O
faster	O
clock	O
rate	O
(	O
cycle	O
time	O
of	O
500ns	O
vs	O
600ns	O
)	O
,	O
pre-fetching	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
the	I-General_Concept
next	I-General_Concept
instruction	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
greater	O
maximum	O
main	O
memory	O
capacity	O
(	O
1M	O
vs	O
512K	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
Sperry-badged	O
,	O
IBM/360	O
-like	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
actually	O
developed	O
and	O
engineered	O
by	O
Mitsubishi	O
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1107	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
36-bit	O
,	O
word-oriented	O
machine	O
with	O
an	O
architecture	B-General_Concept
close	O
to	O
that	O
which	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
1100	O
Series.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
ran	O
the	O
EXEC	B-Application
I	I-Application
or	O
EXEC	B-Application
II	I-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
batch-oriented	B-General_Concept
second-generation	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
typical	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
to	O
mid-1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1108	O
ran	O
EXEC	B-Application
II	I-Application
or	O
EXEC	O
8	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EXEC	O
8	O
allowed	O
simultaneous	O
handling	O
of	O
real-time	O
applications	O
,	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
background	O
batch	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transaction	O
Interface	O
Package	O
(	O
TIP	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
transaction-processing	O
environment	O
,	O
allowed	O
programs	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
COBOL	B-Application
whereas	O
similar	O
programs	O
on	O
competing	O
systems	O
were	O
written	O
in	O
assembly	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
later	O
systems	O
,	O
EXEC	O
8	O
was	O
renamed	O
OS	O
1100	O
and	O
OS	B-Operating_System
2200	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
modern	O
descendants	O
maintaining	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
more	O
exotic	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
ran	O
on	O
the	O
1108one	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
RTOS	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
bare-bones	O
system	O
designed	O
to	O
take	O
better	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
affordable	O
System	O
80	O
series	O
of	O
small	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
ran	O
the	O
OS/3	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
which	O
originated	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Univac	I-Operating_System
90/30	O
(	O
and	O
later	O
90/25	O
,	O
and	O
90/40	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
UNIVAC	I-Operating_System
Series	O
90	O
first	O
ran	O
with	O
Univac	O
developed	O
OS/9	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
replaced	O
by	O
RCA	O
's	O
Virtual	B-Operating_System
Memory	I-Operating_System
Operating	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
VMOS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RCA	O
originally	O
called	O
this	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
Time	B-Operating_System
Sharing	I-Operating_System
Operating	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
TSOS	O
)	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
RCA	O
's	O
Spectra	B-Device
70	I-Device
line	O
of	O
virtual	O
memory	O
systems	O
and	O
changed	O
its	O
name	O
to	O
VMOS	O
before	O
the	O
Sperry	O
acquisition	O
of	O
RCA	O
CSD	O
.	O
</s>
