<s>
The	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Mobile	I-Protocol
Telecommunications	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
third	B-Architecture
generation	I-Architecture
mobile	O
cellular	O
system	O
for	O
networks	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
GSM	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
3GPP	O
(	O
3rd	O
Generation	O
Partnership	O
Project	O
)	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
IMT-2000	O
standard	O
set	O
and	O
compares	O
with	O
the	O
CDMA2000	O
standard	O
set	O
for	O
networks	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
competing	O
cdmaOne	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
uses	O
wideband	O
code-division	B-Protocol
multiple	I-Protocol
access	I-Protocol
(	O
W-CDMA	O
)	O
radio	O
access	O
technology	O
to	O
offer	O
greater	O
spectral	O
efficiency	O
and	O
bandwidth	O
to	O
mobile	O
network	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
specifies	O
a	O
complete	O
network	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
radio	O
access	O
network	O
(	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
Terrestrial	O
Radio	O
Access	O
Network	O
,	O
or	O
UTRAN	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
core	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
Mobile	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Part	I-Protocol
,	O
or	O
MAP	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
authentication	O
of	O
users	O
via	O
SIM	O
(	O
subscriber	O
identity	O
module	O
)	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
described	O
in	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
is	O
sometimes	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Freedom	O
of	O
Mobile	O
Multimedia	O
Access	O
(	O
FOMA	B-General_Concept
)	O
or	O
3GSM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
EDGE	O
(	O
IMT	O
Single-Carrier	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
GSM	O
)	O
and	O
CDMA2000	O
(	O
IMT	O
Multi-Carrier	O
)	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
requires	O
new	O
base	O
stations	O
and	O
new	O
frequency	O
allocations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
supports	O
maximum	O
theoretical	O
data	O
transfer	O
rates	O
of	O
42Mbit/s	O
when	O
Evolved	O
HSPA	O
(	O
HSPA+	O
)	O
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
in	O
deployed	O
networks	O
can	O
expect	O
a	O
transfer	O
rate	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
384kbit/s	O
for	O
Release	O
'	O
99	O
(	O
R99	O
)	O
handsets	O
(	O
the	O
original	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
release	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
7.2Mbit/s	O
for	O
High-Speed	O
Downlink	O
Packet	O
Access	O
(	O
HSDPA	O
)	O
handsets	O
in	O
the	O
downlink	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2006	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
have	O
been	O
or	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
being	O
upgraded	O
with	O
High-Speed	O
Downlink	O
Packet	O
Access	O
(	O
HSDPA	O
)	O
,	O
sometimes	O
known	O
as	O
3.5G	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
HSDPA	O
enables	O
downlink	O
transfer	B-Device
speeds	I-Device
of	O
up	O
to	O
21Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
is	O
also	O
progressing	O
on	O
improving	O
the	O
uplink	B-Application
transfer	B-Device
speed	I-Device
with	O
the	O
High-Speed	O
Uplink	B-Application
Packet	O
Access	O
(	O
HSUPA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Longer	O
term	O
,	O
the	O
3GPP	O
Long	O
Term	O
Evolution	O
(	O
LTE	O
)	O
project	O
plans	O
to	O
move	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
to	O
4G	B-Architecture
speeds	O
of	O
100Mbit/s	O
down	O
and	O
50Mbit/s	O
up	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
next	O
generation	O
air	O
interface	O
technology	O
based	O
upon	O
orthogonal	B-Protocol
frequency-division	I-Protocol
multiplexing	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
national	O
consumer	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
launched	O
in	O
2002	O
with	O
a	O
heavy	O
emphasis	O
on	O
telco-provided	O
mobile	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
TV	O
and	O
video	B-Application
calling	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
data	O
speeds	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
are	O
now	O
most	O
often	O
utilised	O
for	O
Internet	O
access	O
:	O
experience	O
in	O
Japan	O
and	O
elsewhere	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
user	O
demand	O
for	O
video	B-Application
calls	I-Application
is	O
not	O
high	O
,	O
and	O
telco-provided	O
audio/video	O
content	O
has	O
declined	O
in	O
popularity	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
high-speed	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
either	O
directly	O
on	O
a	O
handset	O
or	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
via	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
or	O
USB	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
combines	O
three	O
different	O
terrestrial	O
air	O
interfaces	O
,	O
GSM	O
's	O
Mobile	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Part	I-Protocol
(	O
MAP	O
)	O
core	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
GSM	O
family	O
of	O
speech	B-Application
codecs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
air	O
interfaces	O
are	O
called	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
Terrestrial	O
Radio	O
Access	O
(	O
UTRA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
currently	O
most	O
popular	O
variant	O
for	O
cellular	O
mobile	O
telephones	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
(	O
IMT	O
Direct	O
Spread	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
Uu	O
interface	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
links	O
User	O
Equipment	O
to	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
Terrestrial	O
Radio	O
Access	O
Network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Please	O
note	O
that	O
the	O
terms	O
W-CDMA	O
,	O
TD-CDMA	O
and	O
TD-SCDMA	O
are	O
misleading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
they	O
suggest	O
covering	O
just	O
a	O
channel	O
access	O
method	O
(	O
namely	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
actually	O
the	O
common	O
names	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
air	O
interface	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
(	O
WCDMA	O
;	O
Wideband	O
Code-Division	B-Protocol
Multiple	I-Protocol
Access	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
UMTS-FDD	O
,	O
UTRA-FDD	O
,	O
or	O
IMT-2000	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
Direct	O
Spread	O
is	O
an	O
air	O
interface	O
standard	O
found	O
in	O
3G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
telecommunications	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
uses	O
the	O
DS-CDMA	O
channel	O
access	O
method	O
with	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
5MHz	O
wide	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
systems	O
are	O
widely	O
criticized	O
for	O
their	O
large	O
spectrum	O
usage	O
,	O
which	O
delayed	O
deployment	O
in	O
countries	O
that	O
acted	O
relatively	O
slowly	O
in	O
allocating	O
new	O
frequencies	O
specifically	O
for	O
3G	B-Architecture
services	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specific	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
originally	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
standard	O
are	O
1885	O
–	O
2025MHz	O
for	O
the	O
mobile-to-base	O
(	O
uplink	B-Application
)	O
and	O
2110	O
–	O
2200MHz	O
for	O
the	O
base-to-mobile	O
(	O
downlink	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
UMTS2100	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
deployed	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
band	O
,	O
some	O
countries	O
 '	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
operators	O
use	O
the	O
850MHz	O
(	O
900MHz	O
in	O
Europe	O
)	O
and/or	O
1900MHz	O
bands	O
(	O
independently	O
,	O
meaning	O
uplink	B-Application
and	O
downlink	O
are	O
within	O
the	O
same	O
band	O
)	O
,	O
notably	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
by	O
AT&T	O
Mobility	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
by	O
Telecom	O
New	O
Zealand	O
on	O
the	O
XT	O
Mobile	O
Network	O
and	O
in	O
Australia	O
by	O
Telstra	O
on	O
the	O
Next	O
G	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
carriers	O
such	O
as	O
T-Mobile	O
use	O
band	O
numbers	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-FDD	O
is	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Mobile	I-Protocol
Telecommunications	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
)	O
frequency-division	O
duplexing	O
(	O
FDD	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
3GPP	O
standardized	O
version	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
that	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
frequency-division	O
duplexing	O
for	O
duplexing	O
over	O
an	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
Terrestrial	O
Radio	O
Access	O
(	O
UTRA	O
)	O
air	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
Japan	O
's	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
's	O
FOMA	B-General_Concept
service	O
and	O
the	O
most-commonly	O
used	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Mobile	I-Protocol
Telecommunications	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
)	O
family	O
and	O
sometimes	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
synonym	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
the	O
DS-CDMA	O
channel	O
access	O
method	O
and	O
the	O
FDD	O
duplexing	O
method	O
to	O
achieve	O
higher	O
speeds	O
and	O
support	O
more	O
users	O
compared	O
to	O
most	O
previously	O
used	O
time-division	B-Protocol
multiple	O
access	O
(	O
TDMA	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
time-division	B-Protocol
duplex	O
(	O
TDD	O
)	O
schemes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
not	O
an	O
evolutionary	O
upgrade	O
on	O
the	O
airside	O
,	O
it	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
core	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
2G	O
GSM	O
networks	O
deployed	O
worldwide	O
,	O
allowing	O
dual-mode	O
mobile	O
operation	O
along	O
with	O
GSM/EDGE	O
;	O
a	O
feature	O
it	O
shares	O
with	O
other	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
family	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
as	O
the	O
air	O
interface	O
for	O
their	O
3G	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
FOMA	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
submitted	O
the	O
specification	O
to	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
(	O
ITU	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
candidate	O
for	O
the	O
international	O
3G	B-Architecture
standard	O
known	O
as	O
IMT-2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ITU	O
eventually	O
accepted	O
W-CDMA	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
IMT-2000	O
family	O
of	O
3G	B-Architecture
standards	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
CDMA2000	O
,	O
EDGE	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
short	O
range	O
DECT	B-Protocol
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
was	O
selected	O
as	O
an	O
air	O
interface	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
did	O
not	O
wait	O
for	O
the	O
finalisation	O
of	O
the	O
3G	B-Architecture
Release	O
99	O
specification	O
,	O
their	O
network	O
was	O
initially	O
incompatible	O
with	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code-Division	B-Protocol
Multiple	I-Protocol
Access	I-Protocol
communication	O
networks	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
companies	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
but	O
development	O
of	O
cell-phone	O
networks	O
based	O
on	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
(	O
prior	O
to	O
W-CDMA	O
)	O
was	O
dominated	O
by	O
Qualcomm	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
company	O
to	O
succeed	O
in	O
developing	O
a	O
practical	O
and	O
cost-effective	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
implementation	O
for	O
consumer	O
cell	O
phones	O
and	O
its	O
early	O
IS-95	O
air	O
interface	O
standard	O
has	O
evolved	O
into	O
the	O
current	O
CDMA2000	O
(	O
IS-856/IS	O
-2000	O
)	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qualcomm	O
created	O
an	O
experimental	O
wideband	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
system	O
called	O
CDMA2000	O
3x	O
which	O
unified	O
the	O
W-CDMA	O
(	O
3GPP	O
)	O
and	O
CDMA2000	O
(	O
3GPP2	O
)	O
network	O
technologies	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
design	O
for	O
a	O
worldwide	O
standard	O
air	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
divergent	O
requirements	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
W-CDMA	O
standard	O
being	O
retained	O
and	O
deployed	O
globally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
has	O
then	O
become	O
the	O
dominant	O
technology	O
with	O
457	O
commercial	O
networks	O
in	O
178	O
countries	O
as	O
of	O
April	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
CDMA2000	O
operators	O
have	O
even	O
converted	O
their	O
networks	O
to	O
W-CDMA	O
for	O
international	O
roaming	O
compatibility	O
and	O
smooth	O
upgrade	O
path	O
to	O
LTE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
incompatibility	O
with	O
existing	O
air-interface	O
standards	O
,	O
late	O
introduction	O
and	O
the	O
high	O
upgrade	O
cost	O
of	O
deploying	O
an	O
all-new	O
transmitter	O
technology	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
has	O
become	O
the	O
dominant	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
transmits	O
on	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
5MHz-wide	O
radio	O
channels	O
,	O
while	O
CDMA2000	O
transmits	O
on	O
one	O
or	O
several	O
pairs	O
of	O
1.25MHz	O
radio	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
W-CDMA	O
does	O
use	O
a	O
direct-sequence	B-Device
CDMA	B-Protocol
transmission	O
technique	O
like	O
CDMA2000	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
is	O
not	O
simply	O
a	O
wideband	O
version	O
of	O
CDMA2000	O
and	O
differs	O
in	O
many	O
aspects	O
from	O
CDMA2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
an	O
engineering	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
provides	O
a	O
different	O
balance	O
of	O
trade-offs	O
between	O
cost	O
,	O
capacity	O
,	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
density	O
;	O
it	O
also	O
promises	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
benefit	O
of	O
reduced	O
cost	O
for	O
video	B-Application
phone	I-Application
handsets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
better	O
suited	O
for	O
deployment	O
in	O
the	O
very	O
dense	O
cities	O
of	O
Europe	O
and	O
Asia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
hurdles	O
remain	O
,	O
and	O
cross-licensing	O
of	O
patents	O
between	O
Qualcomm	O
and	O
W-CDMA	O
vendors	O
has	O
not	O
eliminated	O
possible	O
patent	O
issues	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
W-CDMA	O
which	O
remain	O
covered	O
by	O
Qualcomm	O
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
into	O
a	O
complete	O
set	O
of	O
specifications	O
,	O
a	O
detailed	O
protocol	O
that	O
defines	O
how	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
communicates	O
with	O
the	O
tower	O
,	O
how	O
signals	O
are	O
modulated	O
,	O
how	O
datagrams	O
are	O
structured	O
,	O
and	O
system	O
interfaces	O
are	O
specified	O
allowing	O
free	O
competition	O
on	O
technology	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
commercial	O
W-CDMA	O
service	O
,	O
FOMA	B-General_Concept
,	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
in	O
Japan	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elsewhere	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
deployments	O
are	O
usually	O
marketed	O
under	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
brand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
W-CDMA	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
adapted	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
satellite	O
communications	O
on	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
J-Phone	O
Japan	O
(	O
once	O
Vodafone	O
and	O
now	O
SoftBank	O
Mobile	O
)	O
soon	O
followed	O
by	O
launching	O
their	O
own	O
W-CDMA	O
based	O
service	O
,	O
originally	O
branded	O
"	O
Vodafone	O
Global	O
Standard	O
"	O
and	O
claiming	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
service	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
"	O
Vodafone	O
3G	B-Architecture
"	O
(	O
now	O
"	O
SoftBank	O
3G	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
in	O
December	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
Hutchison	O
Whampoa	O
gradually	O
launched	O
their	O
upstart	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
countries	O
have	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
ITU	O
approved	O
of	O
the	O
3G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
service	O
,	O
either	O
"	O
auctioned	O
"	O
the	O
radio	O
frequencies	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
willing	O
to	O
pay	O
the	O
most	O
,	O
or	O
conducted	O
a	O
"	O
beauty	O
contest	O
"	O
asking	O
the	O
various	O
companies	O
to	O
present	O
what	O
they	O
intend	O
to	O
commit	O
to	O
if	O
awarded	O
the	O
licences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vodafone	O
launched	O
several	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
in	O
Europe	O
in	O
February	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MobileOne	O
of	O
Singapore	O
commercially	O
launched	O
its	O
3G	B-Architecture
(	O
W-CDMA	O
)	O
services	O
in	O
February	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AT&T	O
Mobility	O
utilized	O
a	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
network	O
,	O
with	O
HSPA+	O
,	O
from	O
2005	O
until	O
its	O
shutdown	O
in	O
February	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rogers	O
in	O
Canada	O
March	O
2007	O
has	O
launched	O
HSDPA	O
in	O
the	O
Toronto	O
Golden	O
Horseshoe	O
district	O
on	O
W-CDMA	O
at	O
850/1900MHz	O
and	O
plan	O
the	O
launch	O
the	O
service	O
commercial	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
25	O
cities	O
October	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TeliaSonera	O
opened	O
W-CDMA	O
service	O
in	O
Finland	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
with	O
speeds	O
up	O
to	O
384kbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SK	O
Telecom	O
and	O
KTF	O
,	O
two	O
largest	O
mobile	O
phone	O
service	O
providers	O
in	O
South	O
Korea	O
,	O
have	O
each	O
started	O
offering	O
W-CDMA	O
service	O
in	O
December	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
poor	O
coverage	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
choice	O
in	O
handhelds	O
,	O
the	O
W-CDMA	O
service	O
has	O
barely	O
made	O
a	O
dent	O
in	O
the	O
Korean	O
market	O
which	O
was	O
dominated	O
by	O
CDMA2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Norway	O
,	O
Telenor	O
introduced	O
W-CDMA	O
in	O
major	O
cities	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2004	O
,	O
while	O
their	O
competitor	O
,	O
NetCom	O
,	O
followed	O
suit	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
operators	O
have	O
98%	O
national	O
coverage	O
on	O
EDGE	O
,	O
but	O
Telenor	O
has	O
parallel	O
WLAN	B-Architecture
roaming	O
networks	O
on	O
GSM	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
service	O
is	O
competing	O
with	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
Telenor	O
is	O
dropping	O
support	O
of	O
their	O
WLAN	B-Architecture
service	O
in	O
Austria	O
(	O
2006	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maxis	O
Communications	O
and	O
Celcom	O
,	O
two	O
mobile	O
phone	O
service	O
providers	O
in	O
Malaysia	O
,	O
started	O
offering	O
W-CDMA	O
services	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Sweden	O
,	O
Telia	O
introduced	O
W-CDMA	O
in	O
March	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
,	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Mobile	I-Protocol
Telecommunications	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
)	O
time-division	B-Protocol
duplexing	O
(	O
TDD	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
3GPP	O
standardized	O
version	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
that	O
use	O
UTRA-TDD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UTRA-TDD	O
is	O
a	O
UTRA	O
that	O
uses	O
time-division	B-Protocol
duplexing	O
for	O
duplexing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
full	O
implementation	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
,	O
it	O
is	O
mainly	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
Internet	O
access	O
in	O
circumstances	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
where	O
WiMAX	O
might	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
is	O
not	O
directly	O
compatible	O
with	O
UMTS-FDD	O
:	O
a	O
device	O
designed	O
to	O
use	O
one	O
standard	O
cannot	O
,	O
unless	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
,	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
difference	O
in	O
air	O
interface	O
technologies	O
and	O
frequencies	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
more	O
formally	O
as	O
IMT-2000	O
CDMA-TDD	O
or	O
IMT	O
2000	O
Time-Division	B-Protocol
(	O
IMT-TD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
air	O
interfaces	O
(	O
UTRAs	O
)	O
for	O
UMTS-TDD	O
are	O
TD-CDMA	O
and	O
TD-SCDMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
air	O
interfaces	O
use	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
two	O
channel	O
access	O
methods	O
,	O
code-division	B-Protocol
multiple	I-Protocol
access	I-Protocol
(	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
time-division	B-Protocol
multiple	O
access	O
(	O
TDMA	B-Protocol
)	O
:	O
the	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
is	O
divided	O
into	O
time	O
slots	O
(	O
TDMA	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
further	O
divided	O
into	O
channels	O
using	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
spreading	O
codes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
air	O
interfaces	O
are	O
classified	O
as	O
TDD	O
,	O
because	O
time	O
slots	O
can	O
be	O
allocated	O
to	O
either	O
uplink	B-Application
or	O
downlink	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-CDMA	O
,	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
Time-Division-Code-Division	O
Multiple	O
Access	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
channel-access	O
method	O
based	O
on	O
using	O
spread-spectrum	B-Architecture
multiple-access	O
(	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
)	O
across	O
multiple	O
time	O
slots	O
(	O
TDMA	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-CDMA	O
is	O
the	O
channel	O
access	O
method	O
for	O
UTRA-TDD	O
HCR	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
Terrestrial	O
Radio	O
Access-Time	O
Division	O
Duplex	O
High	O
Chip	O
Rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
'	O
s	O
air	O
interfaces	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
TD-CDMA	O
channel	O
access	O
technique	O
are	O
standardized	O
as	O
UTRA-TDD	O
HCR	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
increments	O
of	O
5MHz	O
of	O
spectrum	O
,	O
each	O
slice	O
divided	O
into	O
10ms	O
frames	O
containing	O
fifteen	O
time	O
slots	O
(	O
1500	O
per	O
second	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
time	O
slots	O
(	O
TS	O
)	O
are	O
allocated	O
in	O
fixed	O
percentage	O
for	O
downlink	O
and	O
uplink	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-CDMA	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
multiplex	O
streams	O
from	O
or	O
to	O
multiple	O
transceivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
W-CDMA	O
,	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
need	O
separate	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
for	O
up	O
-	O
and	O
downstream	O
,	O
allowing	O
deployment	O
in	O
tight	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-CDMA	O
is	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
IMT-2000	O
,	O
defined	O
as	O
IMT-TD	O
Time-Division	B-Protocol
(	O
IMT	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
TDD	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
air	O
interfaces	O
(	O
UTRAs	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
standardized	O
by	O
the	O
3GPP	O
in	O
UTRA-TDD	O
HCR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UTRA-TDD	O
HCR	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
W-CDMA	O
,	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
same	O
types	O
of	O
channels	O
where	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
's	O
HSDPA/HSUPA	O
enhancements	O
are	O
also	O
implemented	O
under	O
TD-CDMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Japan	O
,	O
IPMobile	O
planned	O
to	O
provide	O
TD-CDMA	O
service	O
in	O
year	O
2006	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
delayed	O
,	O
changed	O
to	O
TD-SCDMA	O
,	O
and	O
bankrupt	O
before	O
the	O
service	O
officially	O
started	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Time-Division	B-Protocol
Synchronous	O
Code-Division	B-Protocol
Multiple	I-Protocol
Access	I-Protocol
(	O
TD-SCDMA	O
)	O
or	O
UTRA	O
TDD	O
1.28	O
Mcps	O
low	O
chip	O
rate	O
(	O
UTRA-TDD	O
LCR	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
air	O
interface	O
found	O
in	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
mobile	O
telecommunications	O
networks	O
in	O
China	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
W-CDMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-SCDMA	O
uses	O
the	O
TDMA	B-Protocol
channel	O
access	O
method	O
combined	O
with	O
an	O
adaptive	O
synchronous	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
component	O
on	O
1.6MHz	O
slices	O
of	O
spectrum	O
,	O
allowing	O
deployment	O
in	O
even	O
tighter	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
than	O
TD-CDMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
other	O
air	O
interfaces	O
,	O
TD-SCDMA	O
was	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
but	O
has	O
been	O
added	O
in	O
Release	O
4	O
of	O
the	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
TD-CDMA	O
,	O
TD-SCDMA	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
IMT	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
TDD	O
within	O
IMT-2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-SCDMA	O
/	O
UMTS-TDD	O
(	O
LCR	O
)	O
networks	O
are	O
incompatible	O
with	O
W-CDMA	O
/	O
UMTS-FDD	O
and	O
TD-CDMA	O
/	O
UMTS-TDD	O
(	O
HCR	O
)	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
likely	O
primarily	O
for	O
practical	O
reasons	O
,	O
since	O
other	O
3G	B-Architecture
formats	O
require	O
the	O
payment	O
of	O
patent	O
fees	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
Western	O
patent	O
holders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
supposed	O
to	O
cover	O
all	O
usage	O
scenarios	O
,	O
whereas	O
W-CDMA	O
is	O
optimised	O
for	O
symmetric	O
traffic	O
and	O
macro	O
cells	O
,	O
while	O
TD-CDMA	O
is	O
best	O
used	O
in	O
low	O
mobility	O
scenarios	O
within	O
micro	O
or	O
pico	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-SCDMA	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
spread-spectrum	B-Architecture
technology	O
which	O
makes	O
it	O
unlikely	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
completely	O
escape	O
the	O
payment	O
of	O
license	O
fees	O
to	O
western	O
patent	O
holders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
China	O
granted	O
a	O
TD-SCDMA	O
3G	B-Architecture
licence	O
to	O
China	O
Mobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-SCDMA	O
uses	O
TDD	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
FDD	O
scheme	O
used	O
by	O
W-CDMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
dynamically	O
adjusting	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
timeslots	O
used	O
for	O
downlink	O
and	O
uplink	B-Application
,	O
the	O
system	O
can	O
more	O
easily	O
accommodate	O
asymmetric	O
traffic	O
with	O
different	O
data	O
rate	O
requirements	O
on	O
downlink	O
and	O
uplink	B-Application
than	O
FDD	O
schemes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
paired	O
spectrum	O
for	O
downlink	O
and	O
uplink	B-Application
,	O
spectrum	O
allocation	O
flexibility	O
is	O
also	O
increased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
same	O
carrier	O
frequency	O
for	O
uplink	B-Application
and	O
downlink	O
also	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
channel	O
condition	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
on	O
both	O
directions	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
base	O
station	O
can	O
deduce	O
the	O
downlink	O
channel	O
information	O
from	O
uplink	B-Application
channel	O
estimates	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
helpful	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
beamforming	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-SCDMA	O
also	O
uses	O
TDMA	B-Protocol
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
used	O
in	O
WCDMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
reduces	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
in	O
each	O
timeslot	O
,	O
which	O
reduces	O
the	O
implementation	O
complexity	O
of	O
multiuser	O
detection	O
and	O
beamforming	B-Algorithm
schemes	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
non-continuous	O
transmission	O
also	O
reduces	O
coverage	O
(	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
higher	O
peak	O
power	O
needed	O
)	O
,	O
mobility	O
(	O
because	O
of	O
lower	O
power	O
control	O
frequency	O
)	O
and	O
complicates	O
radio	B-Protocol
resource	I-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
S	O
"	O
in	O
TD-SCDMA	O
stands	O
for	O
"	O
synchronous	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
uplink	B-Application
signals	O
are	O
synchronized	O
at	O
the	O
base	O
station	O
receiver	O
,	O
achieved	O
by	O
continuous	O
timing	O
adjustments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
reduces	O
the	O
interference	O
between	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
timeslot	O
using	O
different	O
codes	O
by	O
improving	O
the	O
orthogonality	O
between	O
the	O
codes	O
,	O
therefore	O
increasing	O
system	O
capacity	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
some	O
hardware	O
complexity	O
in	O
achieving	O
uplink	B-Application
synchronization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
20	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Information	O
Industry	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Republic	O
of	O
China	O
formally	O
announced	O
that	O
TD-SCDMA	O
is	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
standard	O
of	O
3G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
telecommunication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Networks	O
using	O
other	O
3G	B-Architecture
standards	O
(	O
WCDMA	O
and	O
CDMA2000	O
EV/DO	O
)	O
had	O
still	O
not	O
been	O
launched	O
in	O
China	O
,	O
as	O
these	O
were	O
delayed	O
until	O
TD-SCDMA	O
was	O
ready	O
for	O
commercial	O
launch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Licences	O
for	O
two	O
existing	O
3G	B-Architecture
standards	O
,	O
W-CDMA	O
and	O
CDMA2000	O
1xEV-DO	O
,	O
were	O
assigned	O
to	O
China	O
Unicom	O
and	O
China	O
Telecom	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-generation	O
,	O
or	O
3G	B-Architecture
,	O
technology	O
supports	O
Web	O
surfing	O
,	O
wireless	O
video	O
and	O
other	O
services	O
and	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
service	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
spur	O
new	O
revenue	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technical	O
split	O
by	O
MIIT	O
has	O
hampered	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
China	O
Mobile	O
in	O
the	O
3G	B-Architecture
market	O
,	O
with	O
users	O
and	O
China	O
Mobile	O
engineers	O
alike	O
pointing	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
suitable	O
handsets	O
to	O
use	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
mobile	O
telecommunications	O
networks	O
using	O
third-generation	O
TD-SCDMA	O
/	O
UMTS-TDD	O
(	O
LCR	O
)	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
,	O
CEPT	O
allocated	O
the	O
2010	O
–	O
2020MHz	O
range	O
for	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
UMTS-TDD	O
designed	O
for	O
unlicensed	O
,	O
self-provided	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
telecom	O
groups	O
and	O
jurisdictions	O
have	O
proposed	O
withdrawing	O
this	O
service	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
licensed	O
UMTS-TDD	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
lack	O
of	O
demand	O
,	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
TDD	O
air	O
interface	O
technology	O
suitable	O
for	O
deployment	O
in	O
this	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ordinary	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
uses	O
UTRA-FDD	O
as	O
an	O
air	O
interface	O
and	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
UMTS-FDD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-FDD	O
uses	O
W-CDMA	O
for	O
multiple	O
access	O
and	O
frequency-division	O
duplex	O
for	O
duplexing	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
up-link	O
and	O
down-link	O
transmit	O
on	O
different	O
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
is	O
usually	O
transmitted	O
on	O
frequencies	O
assigned	O
for	O
1G	O
,	O
2G	O
,	O
or	O
3G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
telephone	O
service	O
in	O
the	O
countries	O
of	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
uses	O
time-division	B-Protocol
duplexing	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
up-link	O
and	O
down-link	O
to	O
share	O
the	O
same	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
tends	O
to	O
be	O
allocated	O
frequency	O
intended	O
for	O
mobile/wireless	O
Internet	O
services	O
rather	O
than	O
used	O
on	O
existing	O
cellular	B-Protocol
frequencies	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
because	O
TDD	O
duplexing	O
is	O
not	O
normally	O
allowed	O
on	O
cellular	O
,	O
PCS/PCN	O
,	O
and	O
3G	B-Architecture
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Europe-wide	O
,	O
several	O
bands	O
are	O
provided	O
either	O
specifically	O
for	O
UMTS-TDD	O
or	O
for	O
similar	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
several	O
countries	O
the	O
25002690MHz	O
band	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
MMDS	O
in	O
the	O
USA	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
UMTS-TDD	O
deployments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
has	O
been	O
deployed	O
for	O
public	O
and/or	O
private	O
networks	O
in	O
at	O
least	O
nineteen	O
countries	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
with	O
live	O
systems	O
in	O
,	O
amongst	O
other	O
countries	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
,	O
France	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
,	O
Botswana	O
,	O
South	O
Africa	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
USA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
has	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
operator	O
's	O
existing	O
UMTS/GSM	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
should	O
it	O
have	O
one	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
includes	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
modes	O
optimized	O
for	O
circuit	O
switching	O
should	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
operator	O
want	O
to	O
offer	O
telephone	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS-TDD	O
'	O
s	O
performance	O
is	O
also	O
more	O
consistent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
UMTS-TDD	O
deployers	O
often	O
have	O
regulatory	O
problems	O
with	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
services	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
compatibility	O
provides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
UMTS-TDD	O
spectrum	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
telephone	O
service	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
regulator	O
OFCOM	O
is	O
discussing	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
allowing	O
it	O
at	O
some	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Few	O
operators	O
considering	O
UMTS-TDD	O
have	O
existing	O
UMTS/GSM	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
most	O
mobile	O
Internet	O
access	O
systems	O
,	O
many	O
users	O
who	O
might	O
otherwise	O
choose	O
UMTS-TDD	O
will	O
find	O
their	O
needs	O
covered	O
by	O
the	O
ad	O
hoc	O
collection	O
of	O
unconnected	O
Wi-Fi	B-Device
access	I-Device
points	I-Device
at	O
many	O
restaurants	O
and	O
transportation	O
hubs	O
,	O
and/or	O
by	O
Internet	O
access	O
already	O
provided	O
by	O
their	O
mobile	O
phone	O
operator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
comparison	O
,	O
UMTS-TDD	O
(	O
and	O
systems	O
like	O
WiMAX	O
)	O
offers	O
mobile	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
consistent	O
,	O
access	O
than	O
the	O
former	O
,	O
and	O
generally	O
faster	O
access	O
than	O
the	O
latter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
also	O
specifies	O
the	O
Universal	O
Terrestrial	O
Radio	O
Access	O
Network	O
(	O
UTRAN	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
multiple	O
base	O
stations	O
,	O
possibly	O
using	O
different	O
terrestrial	O
air	O
interface	O
standards	O
and	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
and	O
GSM/EDGE	O
can	O
share	O
a	O
Core	B-General_Concept
Network	I-General_Concept
(	O
CN	O
)	O
,	O
making	O
UTRAN	O
an	O
alternative	O
radio	O
access	O
network	O
to	O
GERAN	O
(	O
GSM/EDGE	O
RAN	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
allowing	O
(	O
mostly	O
)	O
transparent	O
switching	O
between	O
the	O
RANs	O
according	O
to	O
available	O
coverage	O
and	O
service	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
that	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
's	O
and	O
GSM/EDGE	O
'	O
s	O
radio	O
access	O
networks	O
are	O
sometimes	O
collectively	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
UTRAN/GERAN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
are	O
often	O
combined	O
with	O
GSM/EDGE	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
IMT-2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RRC	O
protocol	O
handles	O
connection	O
establishment	O
,	O
measurements	O
,	O
radio	O
bearer	B-Application
services	I-Application
,	O
security	O
and	O
handover	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Mobile	B-Protocol
Application	I-Protocol
Part	I-Protocol
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
uses	O
the	O
same	O
core	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
standard	O
as	O
GSM/EDGE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
migration	O
path	O
to	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
is	O
still	O
costly	O
:	O
while	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
infrastructure	O
is	O
shared	O
with	O
GSM	O
,	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
obtaining	O
new	O
spectrum	O
licenses	O
and	O
overlaying	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
at	O
existing	O
towers	O
is	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CN	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
various	O
backbone	B-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Internet	O
or	O
an	O
Integrated	B-Protocol
Services	I-Protocol
Digital	I-Protocol
Network	I-Protocol
(	O
ISDN	B-Protocol
)	O
telephone	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
(	O
and	O
GERAN	O
)	O
include	O
the	O
three	O
lowest	O
layers	O
of	O
OSI	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
layer	O
(	O
OSI	O
3	O
)	O
includes	O
the	O
Radio	B-Protocol
Resource	I-Protocol
Management	I-Protocol
protocol	O
(	O
RRM	O
)	O
that	O
manages	O
the	O
bearer	O
channels	O
between	O
the	O
mobile	O
terminals	O
and	O
the	O
fixed	O
network	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
handovers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
UARFCN	O
(	O
abbreviation	O
for	O
UTRA	O
Absolute	O
Radio	O
Frequency	O
Channel	O
Number	O
,	O
where	O
UTRA	O
stands	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
Terrestrial	O
Radio	O
Access	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
a	O
frequency	O
in	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
130	O
licenses	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
awarded	O
to	O
operators	O
worldwide	O
(	O
as	O
of	O
December	O
2004	O
)	O
,	O
specifying	O
W-CDMA	O
radio	O
access	O
technology	O
that	O
builds	O
on	O
GSM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
2007	O
and	O
2009	O
,	O
all	O
three	O
Finnish	O
carriers	O
began	O
to	O
use	O
900MHz	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
in	O
a	O
shared	O
arrangement	O
with	O
its	O
surrounding	O
2G	O
GSM	O
base	O
stations	O
for	O
rural	O
area	O
coverage	O
,	O
a	O
trend	O
that	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
expand	O
over	O
Europe	O
in	O
the	O
next	O
1	O
–	O
3	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2100MHz	O
band	O
(	O
downlink	O
around	O
2100MHz	O
and	O
uplink	B-Application
around	O
1900MHz	O
)	O
allocated	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
in	O
Europe	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
Asia	O
is	O
already	O
used	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regulators	O
have	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
freed	O
up	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
2100MHz	O
range	O
for	O
3G	B-Architecture
services	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
range	O
around	O
1700MHz	O
for	O
the	O
uplink	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AT&T	O
Wireless	O
launched	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
services	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2004	O
strictly	O
using	O
the	O
existing	O
1900MHz	O
spectrum	O
allocated	O
for	O
2G	O
PCS	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cingular	O
acquired	O
AT&T	O
Wireless	O
in	O
2004	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
then	O
launched	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
in	O
select	O
US	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cingular	O
renamed	O
itself	O
AT&T	O
Mobility	O
and	O
rolled	O
out	O
some	O
cities	O
with	O
a	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
network	O
at	O
850MHz	O
to	O
enhance	O
its	O
existing	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
network	O
at	O
1900MHz	O
and	O
now	O
offers	O
subscribers	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
dual-band	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
850/1900	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
T-Mobile	O
'	O
s	O
rollout	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
US	O
was	O
originally	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
1700MHz	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
T-Mobile	O
has	O
been	O
moving	O
users	O
from	O
1700MHz	O
to	O
1900MHz	O
(	O
PCS	O
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
reallocate	O
the	O
spectrum	O
to	O
4G	B-Architecture
LTE	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Canada	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
coverage	O
is	O
being	O
provided	O
on	O
the	O
850MHz	O
and	O
1900MHz	O
bands	O
on	O
the	O
Rogers	O
and	O
Bell-Telus	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Australian	O
telco	O
Telstra	O
replaced	O
its	O
existing	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
network	O
with	O
a	O
national	O
UMTS-based	O
3G	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
,	O
branded	O
as	O
NextG	O
,	O
operating	O
in	O
the	O
850MHz	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telstra	O
currently	O
provides	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
service	O
on	O
this	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
on	O
the	O
2100MHz	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
network	O
,	O
through	O
a	O
co-ownership	O
of	O
the	O
owning	O
and	O
administrating	O
company	O
3GIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
company	O
is	O
also	O
co-owned	O
by	O
Hutchison	O
3G	B-Architecture
Australia	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
primary	O
network	O
used	O
by	O
their	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optus	O
is	O
currently	O
rolling	O
out	O
a	O
3G	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
operating	O
on	O
the	O
2100MHz	O
band	O
in	O
cities	O
and	O
most	O
large	O
towns	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
900MHz	O
band	O
in	O
regional	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vodafone	O
is	O
also	O
building	O
a	O
3G	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
using	O
the	O
900MHz	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
India	O
,	O
BSNL	O
has	O
started	O
its	O
3G	B-Architecture
services	O
since	O
October	O
2009	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
the	O
larger	O
cities	O
and	O
then	O
expanding	O
over	O
to	O
smaller	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
phones	O
(	O
and	O
data	B-Device
cards	I-Device
)	O
are	O
highly	O
portable	O
they	O
have	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
roam	O
easily	O
onto	O
other	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
(	O
if	O
the	O
providers	O
have	O
roaming	O
agreements	O
in	O
place	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
almost	O
all	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
phones	O
are	O
UMTS/GSM	O
dual-mode	O
devices	O
,	O
so	O
if	O
a	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
phone	O
travels	O
outside	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
coverage	O
during	O
a	O
call	O
the	O
call	O
may	O
be	O
transparently	O
handed	O
off	O
to	O
available	O
GSM	O
coverage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
licensees	O
consider	O
ubiquitous	O
,	O
transparent	O
global	O
roaming	O
an	O
important	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
enable	O
a	O
high	O
degree	O
of	O
interoperability	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
phones	O
usually	O
support	O
several	O
different	O
frequencies	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
their	O
GSM	O
fallback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
countries	O
support	O
different	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
frequency	O
bandsEurope	O
initially	O
used	O
2100MHz	O
while	O
the	O
most	O
carriers	O
in	O
the	O
USA	O
use	O
850MHz	O
and	O
1900MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
T-Mobile	O
has	O
launched	O
a	O
network	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
operating	O
at	O
1700MHz	O
(	O
uplink	B-Application
)	O
/2100MHz	O
(	O
downlink	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
these	O
bands	O
also	O
have	O
been	O
adopted	O
elsewhere	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
in	O
Canada	O
and	O
Latin	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
phone	O
and	O
network	O
must	O
support	O
a	O
common	O
frequency	O
to	O
work	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
frequencies	O
used	O
,	O
early	O
models	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
phones	O
designated	O
for	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
will	O
likely	O
not	O
be	O
operable	O
elsewhere	O
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UMTS	B-Protocol
phones	O
can	O
use	O
a	O
Universal	O
Subscriber	O
Identity	O
Module	O
,	O
USIM	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
GSM	O
's	O
SIM	O
card	O
)	O
and	O
also	O
work	O
(	O
including	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
services	O
)	O
with	O
GSM	O
SIM	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
(	O
U	O
)	O
SIM	O
can	O
be	O
moved	O
to	O
another	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
or	O
GSM	O
phone	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
phone	O
will	O
take	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
(	O
U	O
)	O
SIM	O
,	O
meaning	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
(	O
U	O
)	O
SIM	O
(	O
not	O
the	O
phone	O
)	O
which	O
determines	O
the	O
phone	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
phone	O
and	O
the	O
billing	O
for	O
calls	O
made	O
from	O
the	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japan	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
country	O
to	O
adopt	O
3G	B-Architecture
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
since	O
they	O
had	O
not	O
used	O
GSM	O
previously	O
they	O
had	O
no	O
need	O
to	O
build	O
GSM	O
compatibility	O
into	O
their	O
handsets	O
and	O
their	O
3G	B-Architecture
handsets	O
were	O
smaller	O
than	O
those	O
available	O
elsewhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
's	O
FOMA	B-General_Concept
3G	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
was	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networkusing	O
a	O
pre-release	O
specification	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
initially	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
standard	O
at	O
the	O
radio	O
level	O
but	O
used	O
standard	O
USIM	O
cards	O
,	O
meaning	O
USIM	O
card	O
based	O
roaming	O
was	O
possible	O
(	O
transferring	O
the	O
USIM	O
card	O
into	O
a	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
or	O
GSM	O
phone	O
when	O
travelling	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
and	O
SoftBank	O
Mobile	O
(	O
which	O
launched	O
3G	B-Architecture
in	O
December	O
2002	O
)	O
now	O
use	O
standard	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
2G	O
phone	O
manufacturers	O
(	O
that	O
are	O
still	O
in	O
business	O
)	O
are	O
now	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
3G	B-Architecture
phones	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
3G	B-Architecture
handsets	O
and	O
modems	O
were	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
frequencies	O
required	O
in	O
their	O
country	O
,	O
which	O
meant	O
they	O
could	O
only	O
roam	O
to	O
other	O
countries	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
3G	B-Architecture
frequency	O
(	O
though	O
they	O
can	O
fall	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
older	O
GSM	O
standard	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
article	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
network	O
frequencies	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
cellular	B-Device
router	I-Device
,	O
PCMCIA	O
or	O
USB	B-Protocol
card	O
,	O
customers	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
3G	B-Architecture
broadband	O
services	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
their	O
choice	O
of	O
computer	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
tablet	B-Device
PC	I-Device
or	O
a	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
software	O
installs	B-Application
itself	I-Application
from	O
the	O
modem	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
absolutely	O
no	O
knowledge	O
of	O
technology	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
get	O
online	O
in	O
moments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
phone	O
that	O
supports	O
3G	B-Architecture
and	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
2.0	O
,	O
multiple	O
Bluetooth-capable	O
laptops	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
smartphones	O
can	O
also	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
mobile	O
WLAN	B-Device
access	I-Device
point	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
very	O
few	O
3G	B-Architecture
phones	I-Architecture
or	O
modems	O
available	O
supporting	O
all	O
3G	B-Architecture
frequencies	O
(	O
UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100MHz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Nokia	O
released	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
phones	O
with	O
Pentaband	O
3G	B-Architecture
coverage	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
N8	B-Language
and	O
E7	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
contains	O
a	O
quadband	O
chipset	O
operating	O
on	O
850/900/1900/2100MHz	O
,	O
allowing	O
usage	O
in	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
countries	O
where	O
UMTS-FDD	O
is	O
deployed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
competitor	O
to	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
is	O
CDMA2000	O
(	O
IMT-MC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
3GPP2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
,	O
CDMA2000	O
is	O
an	O
evolutionary	O
upgrade	O
to	O
an	O
existing	O
2G	O
standard	O
,	O
cdmaOne	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
operate	O
within	O
the	O
same	O
frequency	O
allocations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
all	O
,	O
cases	O
,	O
existing	O
GSM	O
operators	O
only	O
have	O
enough	O
spectrum	O
to	O
implement	O
either	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
or	O
GSM	O
,	O
not	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
system	O
would	O
saturate	O
that	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
CDMA2000	O
is	O
deployed	O
,	O
it	O
usually	O
co-exists	O
with	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
competitor	O
to	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
is	O
EDGE	O
(	O
IMT-SC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
evolutionary	O
upgrade	O
to	O
the	O
2G	O
GSM	O
system	O
,	O
leveraging	O
existing	O
GSM	O
spectrums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
much	O
easier	O
,	O
quicker	O
,	O
and	O
considerably	O
cheaper	O
for	O
wireless	O
carriers	O
to	O
"	O
bolt-on	O
"	O
EDGE	O
functionality	O
by	O
upgrading	O
their	O
existing	O
GSM	O
transmission	O
hardware	O
to	O
support	O
EDGE	O
rather	O
than	O
having	O
to	O
install	O
almost	O
all	O
brand-new	O
equipment	O
to	O
deliver	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
being	O
developed	O
by	O
3GPP	O
just	O
as	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
,	O
EDGE	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
true	O
competitor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
temporary	O
solution	O
preceding	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
roll-out	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
complement	O
for	O
rural	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
facilitated	O
by	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
GSM/EDGE	O
and	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
specifications	O
are	O
jointly	O
developed	O
and	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
core	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
,	O
allowing	O
dual-mode	O
operation	O
including	O
vertical	B-General_Concept
handovers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
TD-SCDMA	O
has	O
been	O
added	O
to	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
 '	O
Release	O
4	O
as	O
UTRA-TDD	O
1.28	O
Mcps	O
Low	O
Chip	O
Rate	O
(	O
UTRA-TDD	O
LCR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
TD-CDMA	O
(	O
UTRA-TDD	O
3.84	O
Mcps	O
High	O
Chip	O
Rate	O
,	O
UTRA-TDD	O
HCR	O
)	O
which	O
complements	O
W-CDMA	O
(	O
UTRA-FDD	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
suitable	O
for	O
both	O
micro	O
and	O
macrocells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
DECT	B-Protocol
is	O
technically	O
capable	O
of	O
competing	O
with	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
and	O
other	O
cellular	O
networks	O
in	O
densely	O
populated	O
,	O
urban	O
areas	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
only	O
been	O
deployed	O
for	O
domestic	O
cordless	O
phones	O
and	O
private	O
in-house	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
competitors	O
have	O
been	O
accepted	O
by	O
ITU	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
IMT-2000	O
family	O
of	O
3G	B-Architecture
standards	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
UMTS-FDD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
Internet	O
access	O
side	O
,	O
competing	O
systems	O
include	O
WiMAX	O
and	O
Flash-OFDM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
GSM/GPRS	O
network	O
,	O
the	O
following	O
network	O
elements	O
can	O
be	O
reused	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
GSM/GPRS	O
communication	O
radio	O
network	O
,	O
the	O
following	O
elements	O
cannot	O
be	O
reused	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
remain	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
and	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
dual	O
network	O
operation	O
where	O
2G	O
and	O
3G	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
co-exist	O
while	O
network	O
migration	O
and	O
new	O
3G	B-Architecture
terminals	O
become	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
network	O
introduces	O
new	O
network	O
elements	O
that	O
function	O
as	O
specified	O
by	O
3GPP	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
functionality	O
of	O
MSC	O
changes	O
when	O
going	O
to	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
the	O
Media	O
gateway	O
(	O
MGW	O
)	O
takes	O
care	O
of	O
data	O
transfer	O
in	O
circuit	O
switched	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
countries	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
have	O
allocated	O
spectrum	O
differently	O
from	O
the	O
ITU	O
recommendations	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
standard	O
bands	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
(	O
UMTS-2100	O
)	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
those	O
countries	O
,	O
alternative	O
bands	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
preventing	O
the	O
interoperability	O
of	O
existing	O
UMTS-2100	O
equipment	O
,	O
and	O
requiring	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
manufacture	O
of	O
different	O
equipment	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
in	O
these	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
GSM900	O
today	O
,	O
standard	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
2100MHz	O
equipment	O
will	O
not	O
work	O
in	O
those	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
appears	O
as	O
though	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
is	O
not	O
suffering	O
as	O
much	O
from	O
handset	O
band	O
compatibility	O
issues	O
as	O
GSM	O
did	O
,	O
as	O
many	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
handsets	O
are	O
multi-band	O
in	O
both	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
and	O
GSM	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Penta-band	O
(	O
850	O
,	O
900	O
,	O
1700	O
,	O
2100	O
,	O
and	O
1900MHz	O
bands	O
)	O
,	O
quad-band	O
GSM	O
(	O
850	O
,	O
900	O
,	O
1800	O
,	O
and	O
1900MHz	O
bands	O
)	O
and	O
tri-band	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
(	O
850	O
,	O
1900	O
,	O
and	O
2100MHz	O
bands	O
)	O
handsets	O
are	O
becoming	O
more	O
commonplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
early	O
days	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
had	O
problems	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
:	O
Overweight	O
handsets	O
with	O
poor	O
battery	O
life	O
were	O
first	O
to	O
arrive	O
on	O
a	O
market	O
highly	O
sensitive	O
to	O
weight	O
and	O
form	O
factor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
significant	O
issue	O
involved	O
call	O
reliability	O
,	O
related	O
to	O
problems	O
with	O
handover	O
from	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
to	O
GSM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
found	O
their	O
connections	O
being	O
dropped	O
as	O
handovers	O
were	O
possible	O
only	O
in	O
one	O
direction	O
(	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
→	O
GSM	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
handset	O
only	O
changing	O
back	O
to	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
after	O
hanging	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
GSM	O
,	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
networks	O
initially	O
required	O
a	O
higher	O
base	O
station	O
density	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
fully-fledged	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
incorporating	O
video	B-Application
on	I-Application
demand	I-Application
features	O
,	O
one	O
base	O
station	O
needed	O
to	O
be	O
set	O
up	O
every	O
1	O
–	O
1.5km	O
(	O
0.62	O
–	O
0.93mi	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
with	O
current	O
technologies	O
and	O
low-band	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
,	O
telephony	O
and	O
data	O
over	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
requires	O
more	O
power	O
than	O
on	O
comparable	O
GSM	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
cited	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
power	O
consumption	O
as	O
the	O
reason	O
that	O
the	O
first	O
generation	O
iPhone	B-Device
only	O
supported	O
EDGE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
3G	B-Architecture
quotes	O
talk	O
time	O
on	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
as	O
half	O
that	O
available	O
when	O
the	O
handset	O
is	O
set	O
to	O
use	O
GSM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
manufacturers	O
indicate	O
different	O
battery	O
lifetime	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
mode	O
compared	O
to	O
GSM	O
mode	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
evolution	O
of	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
progresses	O
according	O
to	O
planned	O
releases	O
.	O
</s>
