<s>
Typography	B-Application
,	O
as	O
an	O
aspect	O
of	O
cartographic	O
design	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
craft	O
of	O
designing	O
and	O
placing	O
text	O
on	O
a	O
map	O
in	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
map	O
symbols	O
,	O
together	O
representing	O
geographic	O
features	O
and	O
their	O
properties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
often	O
called	O
map	O
labeling	B-Application
or	O
lettering	O
,	O
but	O
typography	B-Application
is	O
more	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
the	O
general	O
usage	O
of	O
typography	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
maps	O
to	O
the	O
present	O
,	O
their	O
labeling	B-Application
has	O
been	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
general	O
techniques	O
and	O
technologies	O
of	O
typography	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
did	O
not	O
change	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
printing	O
in	O
the	O
15th	O
Century	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
dispersed	O
placement	O
of	O
the	O
text	O
did	O
not	O
lend	O
itself	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Movable	B-Protocol
type	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Photoengraving	O
,	O
Zincography	O
,	O
and	O
wax	O
engraving	O
in	O
the	O
mid-19th	O
Century	O
significantly	O
changed	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
maps	O
and	O
their	O
labels	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
printed	O
type	O
to	O
maps	O
using	O
stamps	O
,	O
but	O
map	O
lettering	O
still	O
required	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
skill	O
;	O
this	O
remained	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
until	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Photolithography	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
Pinhas	O
Yoeli	O
began	O
to	O
codify	O
Imhof	O
's	O
guidelines	O
mathematically	O
,	O
setting	O
the	O
stage	O
for	O
Automatic	B-Application
label	I-Application
placement	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
Desktop	O
publishing	O
around	O
1990	O
,	O
including	O
graphics	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
laser	O
printers	O
,	O
and	O
inkjet	O
printers	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
improving	O
design	O
capabilities	O
of	O
Geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
greatly	O
increased	O
and	O
facilitated	O
the	O
more	O
thoughtful	O
design	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
type	O
on	O
maps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
completed	O
the	O
shift	O
of	O
skill	O
in	O
map	O
typography	B-Application
from	O
construction	O
to	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1929	O
,	O
Ordnance	O
Survey	O
cartographer	O
Captain	O
John	O
G	O
.	O
Withycombe	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
critique	O
of	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
map	O
lettering	O
,	O
listed	O
five	O
essential	O
aims	O
of	O
cartographic	O
typography	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Association	O
:	O
the	O
reader	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
clearly	O
connect	O
each	O
label	O
to	O
the	O
feature	O
it	O
is	O
labeling	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
subsequent	O
literature	O
,	O
textbooks	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
GIS&T	O
Body	O
of	O
Knowledge	O
,	O
legibility	O
,	O
association	O
,	O
and	O
hierarchy	O
are	O
typically	O
listed	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
crucial	O
of	O
these	O
aims	O
,	O
while	O
conflict	O
avoidance	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
foundations	O
of	O
Automatic	B-Application
label	I-Application
placement	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wood	O
mentions	O
the	O
common	O
use	O
of	O
italics	O
for	O
labeling	B-Application
hydrographic	O
features	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
curving	O
form	O
that	O
suggests	O
water	O
flow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Size	O
(	O
usually	O
measured	O
by	O
the	O
block	O
height	O
in	O
points	O
)	O
is	O
usually	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
text	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
fashion	O
as	O
the	O
map	O
symbol	O
it	O
is	O
labeling	B-Application
:	O
to	O
indicate	O
the	O
geographic	O
extent	O
of	O
the	O
feature	O
,	O
to	O
fit	O
into	O
the	O
visual	O
hierarchy	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
represent	O
some	O
quantitative	O
variable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hue	B-Language
,	O
one	O
of	O
Bertin	O
's	O
original	O
visual	O
variables	O
,	O
is	O
rarely	O
used	O
in	O
type	O
to	O
carry	O
information	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
are	O
exceptions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
using	O
red	O
(	O
with	O
its	O
connotation	O
of	O
danger	O
)	O
for	O
warnings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
hue	B-Language
is	O
usually	O
used	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
text	O
to	O
the	O
hue	B-Language
of	O
the	O
symbol	O
it	O
is	O
labeling	B-Application
,	O
strengthening	O
its	O
association	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
textbooks	O
provided	O
some	O
general	O
advice	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
primary	O
contribution	O
of	O
Imhof	O
's	O
1962	O
(	O
English	O
1975	O
)	O
paper	O
was	O
to	O
analyze	O
the	O
best	O
practices	O
of	O
cartographers	O
,	O
and	O
set	O
forth	O
a	O
clear	O
set	O
of	O
rules	O
for	O
label	B-Application
placement	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
Imhof	O
,	O
Wood	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
sources	O
(	O
especially	O
textbooks	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
list	O
dozens	O
of	O
label	B-Application
placement	I-Application
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
maps	O
,	O
including	O
both	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
and	O
graphic	O
design	O
programs	O
,	O
provide	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
options	O
for	O
creating	O
,	O
editing	O
,	O
and	O
storing	O
the	O
hundreds	O
or	O
even	O
thousands	O
of	O
labels	O
in	O
a	O
map	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manually	O
placing	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
labels	O
is	O
a	O
very	O
time-consuming	O
process	O
,	O
even	O
in	O
modern	O
software	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
especially	O
problematic	O
in	O
Web	O
mapping	O
,	O
where	O
millions	O
of	O
maps	O
are	O
generated	O
every	O
day	O
with	O
no	O
direct	O
input	O
from	O
a	O
cartographer	O
on	O
label	B-Application
placement	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
increasingly	O
robust	O
algorithms	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
,	O
and	O
existing	O
computational	O
algorithms	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Simulated	B-Algorithm
annealing	I-Algorithm
)	O
have	O
been	O
adapted	O
to	O
the	O
labeling	B-Application
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
automated	O
label	B-Application
placement	I-Application
tools	O
are	O
widespread	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
found	O
in	O
software	O
as	O
varied	O
as	O
GI	O
,	O
batch	O
map	O
renderers	O
such	O
as	O
Mapnik	B-Language
,	O
and	O
javascript	O
mapping	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	O
can	O
be	O
modeled	O
as	O
a	O
Geometric	B-Algorithm
primitive	I-Algorithm
,	O
like	O
points	O
,	O
lines	O
,	O
and	O
polygons	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
graphics	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
map	O
document	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
other	O
geometry	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
manual	O
editing	O
of	O
content	O
,	O
position	O
,	O
and	O
style	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
GIS	B-Application
platforms	O
also	O
have	O
this	O
option	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
have	O
the	O
additional	O
option	O
of	O
storing	O
text	O
as	O
a	O
dataset	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
same	O
annotation	O
to	O
be	O
reused	O
in	O
multiple	O
maps	O
.	O
</s>
