<s>
Typing	B-Application
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
writing	O
or	O
inputting	O
text	O
by	O
pressing	O
keys	O
on	O
a	O
typewriter	O
,	O
computer	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
,	O
mobile	O
phone	O
or	O
calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
distinguished	O
from	O
other	O
means	O
of	O
text	O
input	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
handwriting	B-Application
and	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-Application
interface	I-Application
features	O
such	O
as	O
spell	B-Application
checker	I-Application
and	O
autocomplete	O
serve	O
to	O
facilitate	O
and	O
speed	O
up	O
typing	B-Application
and	O
to	O
prevent	O
or	O
correct	O
errors	O
the	O
typist	O
may	O
make	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hunt	O
and	O
peck	O
(	O
two-fingered	O
typing	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
form	O
of	O
typing	B-Application
in	O
which	O
the	O
typist	O
presses	O
each	O
key	O
individually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
good	O
accuracy	O
may	O
be	O
achieved	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
this	O
method	O
may	O
also	O
prevent	O
the	O
typist	O
from	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
see	O
what	O
has	O
been	O
typed	B-Application
without	O
glancing	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
keys	O
,	O
and	O
any	O
typing	B-Application
errors	O
that	O
are	O
made	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
noticed	O
immediately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touch	O
typing	B-Application
also	O
involves	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
home	O
row	O
method	O
,	O
where	O
typists	O
rest	O
their	O
wrist	O
down	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
lifting	O
up	O
and	O
typing	B-Application
(	O
which	O
can	O
cause	O
carpal	O
tunnel	O
syndrome	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
avoid	O
this	O
,	O
typists	O
should	O
sit	O
up	O
tall	O
,	O
leaning	O
slightly	O
forward	O
from	O
the	O
waist	O
,	O
place	O
their	O
feet	O
flat	O
on	O
the	O
floor	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
them	O
with	O
one	O
foot	O
slightly	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
,	O
and	O
keep	O
their	O
elbows	O
close	O
to	O
their	O
sides	O
with	O
forearms	O
slanted	O
slightly	O
upward	O
to	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
;	O
fingers	O
should	O
be	O
curved	O
slightly	O
and	O
rest	O
on	O
the	O
home	O
row	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
touch	O
typists	O
also	O
use	O
keyboard	B-Device
shortcuts	O
when	O
typing	B-Application
on	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
edit	O
their	O
document	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
take	O
their	O
hands	O
off	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
to	O
use	O
a	O
mouse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
shortcut	O
is	O
pressing	O
the	O
key	O
plus	O
the	O
key	O
to	O
save	O
a	O
document	O
as	O
they	O
type	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
key	O
plus	O
the	O
key	O
to	O
undo	O
a	O
mistake	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
idiosyncratic	O
typing	B-Application
styles	O
in	O
between	O
novice-style	O
"	O
hunt	O
and	O
peck	O
"	O
and	O
touch	O
typing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
"	O
hunt	O
and	O
peck	O
"	O
typists	O
have	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
layout	O
memorized	O
and	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
type	O
while	O
focusing	O
their	O
gaze	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
study	O
examining	O
30	O
subjects	O
,	O
of	O
varying	O
different	O
styles	O
and	O
expertise	O
,	O
has	O
found	O
minimal	O
difference	O
in	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
between	O
touch	O
typists	O
and	O
self-taught	O
hybrid	O
typists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
study	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
number	O
of	O
fingers	O
does	O
not	O
determine	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
...	O
People	O
using	O
self-taught	O
typing	B-Application
strategies	O
were	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
trained	O
typists	O
...	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
fingers	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
other	O
factors	O
that	O
predict	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
...	O
fast	O
typists	O
...	O
keep	O
their	O
hands	O
fixed	O
on	O
one	O
position	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
moving	O
them	O
over	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
and	O
more	O
consistently	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
finger	O
to	O
type	O
a	O
certain	O
letter.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
quote	O
doctoral	O
candidate	O
Anna	O
Feit	O
:	O
"	O
We	O
were	O
surprised	O
to	O
observe	O
that	O
people	O
who	O
took	O
a	O
typing	B-Application
course	O
,	O
performed	O
at	O
similar	O
average	O
speed	O
and	O
accuracy	O
,	O
as	O
those	O
that	O
taught	O
typing	B-Application
to	O
themselves	O
and	O
only	O
used	O
6	O
fingers	O
on	O
average.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
trend	O
in	O
typing	B-Application
,	O
primarily	O
used	O
with	O
devices	O
with	O
small	O
keyboards	B-Device
(	O
such	O
as	O
PDAs	O
and	O
Smartphones	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
thumbing	O
or	O
thumb	O
typing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
accomplished	O
using	O
either	O
only	O
one	O
thumb	O
or	O
both	O
the	O
thumbs	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
proficient	O
typists	O
reaching	O
speeds	O
of	O
100	O
words	B-Device
per	I-Device
minute	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
desktop	O
keyboards	B-Device
and	O
input	O
devices	O
,	O
if	O
a	O
user	O
overuses	O
keys	O
which	O
need	O
hard	O
presses	O
and/or	O
have	O
small	O
and	O
unergonomic	O
layouts	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
cause	O
thumb	O
tendonitis	O
or	O
other	O
repetitive	O
strain	O
injury	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Words	B-Device
per	I-Device
minute	I-Device
(	O
WPM	B-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
measure	O
of	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
,	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
recruitment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
WPM	B-Device
measurement	O
a	O
word	O
is	O
standardized	O
to	O
five	O
characters	O
or	O
keystrokes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
even	O
Written	O
Chinese	O
can	O
be	O
typed	B-Application
very	O
quickly	O
using	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
software	O
prediction	O
system	O
and	O
by	O
typing	B-Application
their	O
sounds	O
in	O
Pinyin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
prediction	O
software	O
even	O
allows	O
typing	B-Application
short-hand	O
forms	O
while	O
producing	O
complete	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
can	O
be	O
typed	B-Application
with	O
just	O
4	O
strokes	O
:	O
"	O
nclm	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
study	O
of	O
average	O
computer	O
users	O
,	O
the	O
average	O
rate	O
for	O
transcription	O
was	O
33	O
words	B-Device
per	I-Device
minute	I-Device
,	O
and	O
19	O
words	B-Device
per	I-Device
minute	I-Device
for	O
composition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
study	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
group	O
was	O
divided	O
into	O
"	O
fast	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
moderate	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
slow	O
"	O
groups	O
,	O
the	O
average	O
speeds	O
were	O
40	O
wpm	B-Device
,	O
35	O
wpm	B-Device
,	O
and	O
23	O
wpm	B-Device
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
average	O
professional	O
typist	O
reaches	O
50	O
to	O
80	O
wpm	B-Device
,	O
while	O
some	O
positions	O
can	O
require	O
80	O
to	O
95	O
wpm	B-Device
(	O
usually	O
the	O
minimum	O
required	O
for	O
dispatch	O
positions	O
and	O
other	O
typing	B-Application
jobs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
advanced	O
typists	O
work	O
at	O
speeds	O
above	O
120	O
wpm	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two-finger	O
typists	O
,	O
sometimes	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
hunt	O
and	O
peck	O
"	O
typists	O
,	O
commonly	O
reach	O
sustained	O
speeds	O
of	O
about	O
37	O
wpm	B-Device
for	O
memorized	O
text	O
and	O
27	O
wpm	B-Device
when	O
copying	O
text	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
bursts	O
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
reach	O
speeds	O
of	O
60	O
to	O
70	O
wpm	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
1920s	O
through	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
(	O
along	O
with	O
shorthand	O
speed	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
important	O
secretarial	O
qualification	O
and	O
typing	B-Device
contests	I-Device
were	O
popular	O
and	O
often	O
publicized	O
by	O
typewriter	O
companies	O
as	O
promotional	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
less	O
common	O
measure	O
of	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
a	O
typist	O
,	O
CPM	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
characters	O
typed	B-Application
per	O
minute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
measurement	O
for	O
typing	B-Application
programs	O
,	O
or	O
typing	B-Application
tutors	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
can	O
give	O
a	O
more	O
accurate	O
measure	O
of	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
without	O
having	O
to	O
type	O
for	O
a	O
prolonged	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
common	O
conversion	O
factor	O
between	O
WPM	B-Device
and	O
CPM	O
is	O
5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fastest	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
ever	O
,	O
216	O
words	B-Device
per	I-Device
minute	I-Device
,	O
was	O
achieved	O
by	O
Stella	O
Pajunas-Garnand	O
from	O
Chicago	O
in	O
1946	O
in	O
one	O
minute	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	O
electric	O
using	O
the	O
QWERTY	O
keyboard	B-Device
layout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
Dvorak	O
keyboard	B-Device
layout	O
,	O
she	O
had	O
maintained	O
150	O
wpm	B-Device
for	O
50	O
minutes	O
,	O
and	O
170	O
wpm	B-Device
for	O
shorter	O
periods	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
peak	O
speed	O
of	O
212	O
wpm	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Barbara	O
Blackburn	O
,	O
who	O
failed	O
her	O
QWERTY	O
typing	B-Application
class	O
in	O
high	O
school	O
,	O
first	O
encountered	O
the	O
Dvorak	O
layout	O
in	O
1938	O
and	O
then	O
she	O
quickly	O
learned	O
to	O
achieve	O
very	O
high	O
speeds	O
of	O
typing	B-Application
,	O
also	O
she	O
occasionally	O
toured	O
giving	O
speed-typing	O
demonstrations	O
during	O
her	O
secretarial	O
career	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
recent	O
emergence	O
of	O
several	O
competitive	O
typing	B-Application
websites	O
has	O
allowed	O
fast	O
typists	O
on	O
computer	B-Device
keyboards	I-Device
to	O
emerge	O
along	O
with	O
new	O
records	O
,	O
though	O
many	O
of	O
these	O
are	O
unverifiable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
notable	O
,	O
verified	O
records	O
include	O
255	O
wpm	B-Device
on	O
a	O
one-minute	O
,	O
random-word	O
test	O
by	O
a	O
user	O
under	O
the	O
username	O
slekap	O
and	O
occasionally	O
bailey	O
,	O
213	O
wpm	B-Device
on	O
a	O
1-hour	O
,	O
random-word	O
test	O
by	O
Joshua	O
Hu	O
,	O
221	O
wpm	B-Device
average	O
on	O
10	O
random	O
quotes	O
by	O
Joshua	O
Hu	O
,	O
and	O
first	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
2020	O
Ultimate	B-Device
Typing	I-Device
Championship	I-Device
by	O
Anthony	O
Ermollin	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
180.88	O
wpm	B-Device
on	O
texts	O
of	O
various	O
lengths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
three	O
people	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
commonly	O
cited	O
fastest	O
typists	O
in	O
online	O
typing	B-Application
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
their	O
records	O
were	O
set	O
on	O
the	O
QWERTY	O
keyboard	B-Device
layout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
personalized	O
interface	B-Application
,	O
physicist	O
Stephen	O
Hawking	O
,	O
who	O
suffered	O
from	O
amyotrophic	O
lateral	O
sclerosis	O
,	O
managed	O
to	O
type	O
15	O
wpm	B-Device
with	O
a	O
switch	O
and	O
adapted	O
software	O
created	O
by	O
Walt	O
Woltosz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
a	O
slowdown	O
of	O
his	O
motor	O
skills	O
,	O
his	O
interface	B-Application
was	O
upgraded	O
with	O
an	O
infrared	O
camera	O
that	O
detected	O
"	O
twitches	O
in	O
the	O
cheek	O
muscle	O
under	O
the	O
eye.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
typing	B-Device
speed	I-Device
decreased	O
to	O
approximately	O
one	O
word	B-Device
per	I-Device
minute	I-Device
in	O
the	O
later	O
part	O
of	O
his	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
analysis	O
of	O
keystrokes	O
,	O
the	O
keystrokes	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
stream	O
were	O
divided	O
into	O
four	O
classes	B-Device
:	O
Correct	O
(	O
C	O
)	O
,	O
Incorrect	O
Fixed	O
(	O
IF	O
)	O
,	O
Fixes	O
(	O
F	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Incorrect	O
Not	O
Fixed	O
(	O
INF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
classes	B-Device
Correct	O
and	O
Incorrect	O
Not	O
Fixed	O
comprise	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
characters	O
in	O
transcribed	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
these	O
classes	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Minimum	O
String	O
Distance	O
Error	O
Rate	O
and	O
the	O
Key	O
Strokes	O
per	O
Character	O
statistics	O
can	O
both	O
be	O
calculated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KSPC	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
text	O
input	O
method	O
,	O
and	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
meaningfully	O
compare	O
two	O
different	O
input	O
methods	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Qwerty-keyboard	O
and	O
a	O
multi-tap	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
classes	B-Device
described	O
above	O
,	O
further	O
metrics	O
were	O
defined	O
by	O
R	O
.	O
William	O
Soukoreff	O
and	O
I.Scott	O
MacKenzie	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
classes	B-Device
described	O
also	O
provide	O
an	O
intuitive	O
definition	O
of	O
total	O
error	O
rate	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
is	O
TEMA	O
that	O
runs	O
only	O
on	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
(	O
operating	O
system	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keystroke	B-Application
dynamics	I-Application
,	O
or	O
typing	B-Application
dynamics	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
obtaining	O
of	O
detailed	O
timing	O
information	O
that	O
describes	O
exactly	O
when	O
each	O
key	O
was	O
pressed	O
and	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
person	O
is	O
typing	B-Application
at	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
for	O
biometric	O
identification	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
speaker	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
needed	O
to	O
analyze	O
keystroke	B-Application
dynamics	I-Application
is	O
obtained	O
by	O
keystroke	O
logging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
behavioral	O
biometric	O
of	O
Keystroke	B-Application
Dynamics	I-Application
uses	O
the	O
manner	O
and	O
rhythm	O
in	O
which	O
an	O
individual	O
types	O
characters	O
on	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
or	O
keypad	O
.	O
</s>
