<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
was	O
an	O
international	O
data	O
communications	O
network	O
headquartered	O
in	O
Cupertino	O
,	O
California	O
that	O
used	O
virtual	O
call	O
packet-switched	O
technology	O
and	O
X.25	B-Protocol
,	O
SNA/SDLC	O
,	O
BSC	B-Protocol
and	O
Async	O
interfaces	O
to	O
connect	O
host	O
computers	O
(	O
servers	O
)	O
at	O
thousands	O
of	O
large	O
companies	O
,	O
educational	O
institutions	O
,	O
and	O
government	O
agencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
was	O
also	O
connected	O
to	O
dozens	O
of	O
other	O
public	O
networks	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
internationally	O
via	O
X.25/X.75	O
gateways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
Internet	O
grew	O
and	O
became	O
almost	O
universally	O
accessible	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Tymnet	B-Application
migrated	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
style	O
connections	O
,	O
but	O
still	O
had	O
some	O
value	O
in	O
the	O
Third	B-Application
World	I-Application
and	O
for	O
specific	O
legacy	O
roles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
these	O
links	O
continued	O
to	O
decrease	O
,	O
and	O
Tymnet	B-Application
shut	O
down	O
in	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
offered	O
local	O
dial-up	B-Application
modem	I-Application
access	O
in	O
most	O
cities	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
to	O
a	O
limited	O
degree	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
which	O
preferred	O
its	O
own	O
DATAPAC	B-Protocol
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
would	O
dial	O
into	O
Tymnet	B-Application
and	O
then	O
interact	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
command-line	O
interface	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
connection	O
with	O
a	O
remote	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
connected	O
,	O
data	O
was	O
passed	O
to	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
user	O
as	O
if	O
connected	O
directly	O
to	O
a	O
modem	B-Application
on	O
the	O
distant	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
was	O
extensively	O
used	O
by	O
large	O
companies	O
to	O
provide	O
dial-up	O
services	O
for	O
their	O
employees	O
who	O
were	O
"	O
on	O
the	O
road	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
gateway	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
large	O
online	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
CompuServe	O
or	O
The	O
Source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
underlying	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
Tymnet	B-Application
used	O
a	O
circuit	B-Protocol
switching	I-Protocol
layout	O
which	O
allowed	O
the	O
supervisors	O
to	O
be	O
aware	O
of	O
every	O
possible	O
end-point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
original	O
incarnation	O
,	O
the	O
users	O
connected	O
to	O
nodes	O
built	O
using	O
Varian	O
minicomputers	O
,	O
then	O
entered	O
commands	O
that	O
were	O
passed	O
to	O
the	O
supervisor	O
which	O
ran	O
on	O
a	O
XDS	B-Device
940	I-Device
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nodes	O
handled	O
character	O
translation	O
between	O
various	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
were	O
numerous	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
did	O
have	O
the	O
side	O
effect	O
of	O
making	O
data	O
transfers	O
quite	O
difficult	O
,	O
as	O
bytes	B-Application
from	O
the	O
file	O
would	O
be	O
invisibly	O
"	O
translated	O
"	O
without	O
specific	O
intervention	O
on	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
later	O
developed	O
their	O
own	O
custom	O
hardware	O
,	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Engine	O
,	O
which	O
contained	O
both	O
nodes	O
and	O
a	O
supervisor	O
running	O
on	O
one	O
of	O
those	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
II	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
this	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
II	O
was	O
developed	O
to	O
ameliorate	O
the	O
problems	O
outlined	O
above	O
by	O
off-loading	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
work-load	O
from	O
the	O
supervisor	O
and	O
providing	O
greater	O
flexibility	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
by	O
putting	O
more	O
intelligence	O
into	O
the	O
node	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Tymnet	B-Application
II	O
node	O
would	O
set	O
up	O
its	O
own	O
"	O
permuter	O
tables	O
"	O
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
the	O
supervisor	O
to	O
keep	O
copies	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
greater	O
flexibility	O
in	O
handling	O
its	O
inter-node	O
links	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymshare	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
1964	O
as	O
a	O
time	B-General_Concept
sharing	I-General_Concept
company	O
,	O
selling	O
computer	O
time	O
and	O
software	O
packages	O
for	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
it	O
purchased	O
Dial	B-Application
Data	I-Application
,	O
another	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
service	O
bureau	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
1971	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Supervisor	O
program	O
became	O
operational	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Written	O
in	O
assembly	O
code	O
by	O
LaRoy	O
Tymes	O
for	O
the	O
SDS	B-Device
940	I-Device
,	O
with	O
architectural	O
design	O
contributions	O
from	O
Norman	O
Hardy	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Supervisor	O
"	O
was	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Varian	O
620i	O
(	O
8K	O
of	O
16	O
bit	O
words	O
)	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
TYMNET	B-Application
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
soon	O
became	O
apparent	O
that	O
the	O
SDS	B-Device
940	I-Device
could	O
not	O
keep	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
rapid	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
Joseph	O
Rinde	O
joined	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
group	O
and	O
began	O
porting	O
the	O
Supervisor	O
code	O
to	O
the	O
32-bit	O
Interdata	B-Device
7/32	I-Device
,	O
as	O
the	O
8/32	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
ready	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
Tymnet	B-Application
"	O
Engine	O
"	O
software	O
was	O
used	O
on	O
both	O
the	O
Supervisor	O
machines	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
migration	O
to	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Engine	O
,	O
they	O
started	O
developing	O
Tymnet	B-Application
accounting	O
and	O
other	O
support	O
software	O
on	O
the	O
PDP-10	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymshare	O
sold	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
network	O
software	O
to	O
TRW	O
,	O
who	O
created	O
their	O
own	O
private	O
network	O
,	O
TRWNET	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymes	O
and	O
Rinde	O
then	O
developed	O
"	O
Tymnet	B-Application
II	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
II	O
ran	O
in	O
parallel	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
network	O
,	O
which	O
continued	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
Varian	O
machines	O
until	O
it	O
was	O
phased	O
out	O
over	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
several	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
II	O
's	O
different	O
method	O
of	O
constructing	O
virtual	O
circuits	O
allowed	O
for	O
much	O
better	O
scalability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
the	O
third	O
and	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Supervisor	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
C	O
for	O
a	O
Sparc	B-Architecture
multiprocessor	O
work	O
station	O
by	O
Tymes	O
and	O
Romolo	O
Raffo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Node	O
code	O
software	O
was	O
ported	O
from	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Engine	O
to	O
a	O
Sparc	B-Architecture
platform	O
by	O
Bill	O
Soley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
10	O
old-style	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Engines	O
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
single	O
Sparc	B-Architecture
node	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
switching	O
centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
about	O
1979	O
,	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Inc	O
.	O
was	O
spun	O
off	O
from	O
Tymshare	O
Inc	O
.	O
to	O
continue	O
administration	O
and	O
operation	O
of	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
network	O
and	O
its	O
VAN	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
foundation	O
of	O
Tymnet	B-Application
as	O
a	O
wholly	O
owned	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Tymshare	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
public	O
network	O
as	O
a	O
common	O
carrier	O
within	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
connect	O
their	O
host	O
computers	O
and	O
terminals	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
the	O
computers	O
from	O
remote	O
sites	O
or	O
sell	O
time	O
on	O
their	O
computers	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
with	O
Tymnet	B-Application
charging	O
them	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
Tymnet	B-Application
was	O
bought	O
by	O
the	O
McDonnell	O
Douglas	O
Corporation	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
Tymshare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
Tymnet	B-Application
had	O
outlived	O
its	O
parent	O
company	O
Tymshare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
McDonnell	O
Douglas	O
acquired	O
Microdata	O
and	O
created	O
MD	O
Information	O
Systems	O
Group	O
(	O
MDISC	O
)	O
,	O
expecting	O
to	O
turn	O
Microdata	O
's	O
desktop	O
and	O
server	O
systems	O
along	O
with	O
Tymshare	O
's	O
servers	O
and	O
Tymnet	B-Application
data	O
network	O
into	O
a	O
major	O
player	O
in	O
the	O
Information	O
Services	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microdata	O
's	O
systems	O
were	O
integrated	O
into	O
many	O
parts	O
of	O
McDonnell	O
Douglas	O
,	O
but	O
Tymnet	B-Application
never	O
was	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
British	O
Telecom	O
(	O
BT	O
)	O
wanted	O
to	O
expand	O
and	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
Tymnet	B-Application
,	O
which	O
already	O
a	O
worldwide	O
data	O
network	O
,	O
was	O
projected	O
to	O
help	O
to	O
achieve	O
that	O
goal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
17	O
,	O
1989	O
MDNSC	O
officially	O
became	O
BT	O
Tymnet	B-Application
with	O
its	O
parochial	O
U.S.	O
headquarters	O
in	O
San	O
Jose	O
,	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BT	O
renamed	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
services	O
,	O
Global	O
Network	O
Services	O
(	O
GNS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
British	O
Telecom	O
brought	O
new	O
life	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
with	O
development	O
of	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
data	O
network	O
using	O
contacts	O
BT	O
already	O
had	O
with	O
telecommunication	O
hardware	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
a	O
trial	O
of	O
"	O
next-generation	O
"	O
nodes	O
scattered	O
throughout	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
TURBO	O
engine	O
nodes	O
"	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
family	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid	O
to	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
serious	O
node-code	O
development	O
was	O
migrated	O
from	O
the	O
PDP-10s	B-Device
to	O
UNIX	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun-3	B-Device
(	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
)	O
and	O
later	O
Sun-4	B-Device
(	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
based	O
)	O
workstations	B-Device
and	O
servers	O
were	O
purchased	O
from	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
PDP-10s	B-Device
were	O
still	O
around	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
'	O
90s	O
for	O
legacy	O
code	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
documentation	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
development	O
trees	O
were	O
on	O
the	O
Sun-4s	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
development	O
tools	O
(	O
NAD	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
had	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
SunOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
project	O
begun	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
before	O
the	O
BT	O
purchase	O
was	O
to	O
migrate	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
code	O
repository	O
from	O
the	O
PDP-10s	B-Device
to	O
Sun	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
initially	O
six	O
Sun-3	B-Device
servers	O
upgraded	O
eventually	O
to	O
two	O
Sun-4/690	O
servers	O
for	O
redundancy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
was	O
still	O
growing	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
several	O
times	O
reached	O
its	O
peak	O
capacity	O
when	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
customers	O
held	O
network	O
intensive	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
usage	O
statistics	O
showed	O
AOL	O
's	O
call	O
capacity	O
was	O
greater	O
than	O
its	O
maximum	O
volume	O
for	O
the	O
duration	O
of	O
the	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
British	O
Telecom	O
(	O
BT	O
)	O
and	O
MCI	B-Application
Communications	I-Application
(	O
MCI	O
)	O
negotiated	O
what	O
they	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Deal	O
of	O
the	O
Century	O
"	O
,	O
where	O
MCI	O
would	O
take	O
ownership	O
of	O
the	O
US-based	O
portions	O
of	O
Tymnet	B-Application
and	O
they	O
would	O
create	O
a	O
50/50	O
joint	O
venture	O
called	O
"	O
Concert	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concert	O
was	O
also	O
aligned	O
with	O
another	O
acquisition	O
of	O
BT	O
,	O
called	O
Syncordia	O
which	O
was	O
headquartered	O
in	O
Atlanta	O
,	O
Ga	O
.	O
Tymnet	B-Application
was	O
then	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
:	O
The	O
Packet	O
network	O
,	O
the	O
BT/MCI	O
network	O
and	O
Concert	O
Packet-switching	O
Services	O
(	O
CPS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
MCI	O
cut	O
away	O
at	O
Tymnet	B-Application
,	O
expecting	O
it	O
to	O
die	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
a	O
cash	O
cow	O
that	O
just	O
would	O
n't	O
go	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1994	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
still	O
three	O
DEC	O
KL-10s	B-Device
under	O
TYMCOM-X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variety	O
of	O
protocols	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
packet-switching	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
Tymnet	B-Application
's	O
most-used	O
protocols	O
were	O
X.25	B-Protocol
,	O
asynchronous	O
(	O
ATI/AHI	O
)	O
,	O
SNA	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
BT	O
and	O
Concert	O
also	O
continued	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
after	O
the	O
failure	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Turbo	O
nodes	O
"	O
to	O
take	O
off	O
,	O
decided	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
outside	O
company	O
add	O
Tymnet	B-Application
protocols	O
to	O
existing	O
hardware	O
used	O
in	O
their	O
frame-relay	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telematics	O
International	O
developed	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
protocols	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
their	O
ACP/PCP	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Telematics	O
nodes	O
were	O
connected	O
in	O
a	O
mesh	O
network	O
via	O
Frame	B-Protocol
Relay	I-Protocol
and	O
appeared	O
to	O
Tymnet	B-Application
as	O
super-nodes	O
that	O
were	O
directly	O
connected	O
to	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
44	O
other	O
super-nodes	O
interconnecting	O
most	O
of	O
Europe	O
,	O
Asia	O
and	O
the	O
Americas	O
as	O
a	O
high-speed-data	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MCI	O
took	O
a	O
different	O
direction	O
and	O
looked	O
to	O
migrate	O
the	O
network	O
protocols	O
to	O
run	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
and	O
use	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supervisor	O
technology	O
was	O
rewritten	O
in	O
C	O
to	O
run	O
as	O
standard	O
UNIX	B-Application
applications	O
under	O
Sun	O
's	O
Solaris	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Funding	O
for	O
this	O
project	O
was	O
at	O
a	O
minimum	O
but	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
engineers	O
believed	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
superior	O
method	O
and	O
proceeded	O
anyway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
technology	O
needed	O
improvements	O
to	O
keep	O
pace	O
with	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
and	O
other	O
internet	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
BT	O
and	O
MCI	O
decided	O
not	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
but	O
to	O
convert	O
their	O
customer	O
base	O
to	O
IP	B-Protocol
based	I-Protocol
networks	I-Protocol
and	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
network	O
was	O
still	O
bringing	O
in	O
much	O
cash	O
(	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
more	O
than	O
current	O
IP-based	O
services	O
)	O
,	O
so	O
both	O
BT	O
and	O
MCI	O
needed	O
to	O
keep	O
their	O
customers	O
happy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parts	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
were	O
to	O
migrate	O
customers	O
from	O
X.25	B-Protocol
to	O
IP	B-Protocol
based	I-Protocol
networks	I-Protocol
,	O
while	O
others	O
created	O
a	O
duplicate	O
set	O
of	O
services	O
so	O
that	O
both	O
Concert	O
and	O
MCI	O
could	O
separately	O
continue	O
to	O
run	O
and	O
manage	O
their	O
own	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Tymnet	B-Application
,	O
the	O
data	O
network	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
split	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
"	O
CPS	O
Leonardo	O
"	O
project	O
,	O
the	O
split	O
was	O
never	O
fully	O
realized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
MCI	O
Worldcom	O
completed	O
their	O
migration	O
of	O
services	O
from	O
Tymnet	B-Application
to	O
IP	O
based	O
services	O
in	O
March	O
2003	O
and	O
disconnected	O
their	O
supervisor	O
nodes	O
and	O
their	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
on	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometime	O
in	O
early	O
March	O
2004	O
,	O
without	O
ceremony	O
,	O
BT	O
Americas	O
disconnected	O
the	O
last	O
two	O
remaining	O
Tymnet	B-Application
supervisors	O
from	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
effectively	O
shutting	O
it	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
less	O
than	O
a	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
remains	O
of	O
MCI	O
was	O
sold	O
for	O
$6.7	O
B	O
bid	O
to	O
what	O
is	O
today	O
known	O
as	O
Verizon	B-Application
Business	I-Application
,	O
a	O
division	O
of	O
Verizon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EDI*Net	O
used	O
a	O
fault-tolerant	O
Tandem	O
NonStop	B-Architecture
computer	O
with	O
a	O
second	O
synchronized	O
remote	O
disaster	O
NonStop	B-Architecture
computer	O
over	O
100	O
miles	O
apart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mirrors	O
of	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
and	O
maintaining	O
uptimes	B-Device
over	O
99.994	O
%	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
each	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
high	O
speed	O
data	O
links	O
using	O
Tymnet	B-Application
as	O
the	O
connection	O
and	O
translation	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymshare	O
developed	O
a	O
bi-sync	B-Protocol
modem	B-Application
interface	O
(	O
HSA	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
translation	O
module	O
to	O
translate	O
between	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
and	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
(	O
BBXS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
highly	O
customized	O
X.25	B-Protocol
module	O
(	O
XCOM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
store-and-forward	O
service	O
,	O
EDI*Net	O
supported	O
multiple	O
delivery	O
protocols	O
besides	O
X.25	B-Protocol
and	O
BiSync	B-Protocol
,	O
including	O
FTPS	B-Protocol
,	O
SMTPS	B-Protocol
and	O
ZModem	B-Device
,	O
and	O
allowed	O
the	O
enveloping	O
structure	O
of	O
supported	O
EDI	O
standards	O
to	O
extend	O
into	O
X.400	B-Protocol
and	O
SMTP	B-Protocol
envelopes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
to	O
utilize	O
X.25	B-Protocol
(	O
XCOM	O
)	O
and	O
BiSync	B-Protocol
(	O
BSC	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
equivalent	O
service	O
within	O
Tymnet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
continue	O
use	O
of	O
this	O
service	O
after	O
the	O
shutdown	O
of	O
Tymnet	B-Application
,	O
a	O
solution	O
was	O
selected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
special	O
version	O
of	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Engine	O
node	O
code	O
which	O
allows	O
nodes	O
and	O
interfaces	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
one	O
another	O
and	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
was	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
effect	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Island	O
"	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
Tymnet	B-Application
node	O
that	O
accepted	O
calls	O
for	O
a	O
pre-determined	O
list	O
of	O
clients	O
was	O
utilized	O
by	O
EDI*Net	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
islands	O
of	O
Tymnet	B-Application
have	O
not	O
only	O
outlived	O
the	O
parent	O
company	O
,	O
Tymshare	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
operations	O
company	O
,	O
Tymnet	B-Application
,	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Network	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2008	O
,	O
these	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Island	O
nodes	O
are	O
still	O
running	O
and	O
doing	O
their	O
jobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
operation	O
,	O
Tymshare	O
's	O
Data	O
Networks	O
Division	O
was	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
maintenance	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
and	O
Tymnet	B-Application
was	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
administration	O
,	O
provisioning	O
and	O
monitoring	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymshare	O
development	O
engineers	O
wrote	O
all	O
the	O
code	O
which	O
ran	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
staff	O
wrote	O
code	O
running	O
on	O
host	O
computers	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
for	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
that	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
projects	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
DECSystem-10	B-Device
computers	O
that	O
Tymshare	O
offered	O
as	O
timesharing	B-General_Concept
hosts	O
for	O
their	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tymnet	B-Application
operations	O
formed	O
a	O
strategic	O
alliance	O
with	O
the	O
Tymshare	O
PDP-10	B-Device
TYMCOM-X	O
operating	O
systems	O
group	O
to	O
assist	O
them	O
in	O
developing	O
new	O
network	O
management	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
its	O
earliest	O
days	O
,	O
Tymnet	B-Application
had	O
an	O
on-line	O
and	O
real	O
time	O
network	O
trouble	O
reporting	O
tool	O
called	O
the	O
Consolidator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
until	O
Bill	O
Scheible	O
,	O
a	O
manager	O
at	O
Tymnet	B-Application
,	O
wrote	O
a	O
small	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
IV	O
program	O
to	O
maintain	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
problem	O
reports	O
and	O
track	O
their	O
status	O
in	O
a	O
System	O
1022	O
database	O
(	O
a	O
hierarchical	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
system	O
for	O
TOPS-10	B-Operating_System
published	O
by	O
Software	O
House	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
eventually	O
was	O
maintained	O
on	O
two	O
dedicated	O
PDP-10	B-Device
computers	O
,	O
model	O
KL-1090	O
,	O
accessible	O
via	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
Packet	O
Network	O
as	O
Tymshare	O
hosts	O
23	O
and	O
26	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
the	O
DEC	B-Device
PDP-10s	I-Device
that	O
ran	O
Tymnet	B-Application
's	O
trouble-ticket	O
system	O
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
PDP-10	B-Device
clones	O
from	O
XKL	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
accessible	O
via	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
as	O
ticket.tymnet.com	O
and	O
token.tymnet.com,	O
by	O
both	O
TELNET	B-Protocol
and	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
A	O
low-end	O
workstation	B-Device
from	O
Sun	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
telnet	B-Protocol
gateway	O
;	O
it	O
accepted	O
logins	O
from	O
the	O
Tymnet	B-Application
network	O
via	O
x.25	B-Protocol
to	O
IP	O
translation	O
done	O
by	O
a	O
Cisco	O
router	O
forwarded	O
to	O
"	O
ticket	O
"	O
and/or	O
"	O
token	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XKL	O
TOAD-1	O
systems	O
ran	O
a	O
modified	O
TOPS-20	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
a	O
newer	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Fortran	B-Application
compiler	O
,	O
and	O
still	O
used	O
the	O
1022	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System-1022	O
was	O
a	O
database	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
's	O
36-bit	O
hardware	O
:	O
the	O
DECsystem-10	B-Device
and	O
also	O
the	O
DECSYSTEM-20	B-Device
,	O
hence	O
the	O
1022	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1022	O
was	O
a	O
hierarchical	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
system	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
accessed	O
via	O
third-generation	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Fortran	B-Application
and	O
COBOL	B-Application
;	O
it	O
also	O
had	O
its	O
own	O
4GL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
House	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
that	O
trademarked	O
and	O
brought	O
1022	O
to	O
market	O
also	O
marketed	O
a	O
VAX	B-Device
counterpart	O
,	O
System-1032	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
1032	O
for	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
's	O
32-bit	O
VAX	B-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.5	O
(	O
1984	O
)	O
added	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rocket	O
continue	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
maintain	O
System	O
1032	O
for	O
the	O
OpenVMS	B-Operating_System
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
