<s>
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
an	O
online	O
social	O
media	O
and	O
social	O
networking	O
service	O
owned	O
and	O
operated	O
by	O
American	O
company	O
X	O
Corp.	O
,	O
the	O
legal	O
successor	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
On	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
post	O
or	O
reply	O
to	O
texts	O
,	O
images	O
and	O
videos	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
tweets	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Registered	O
users	O
can	O
tweet	O
,	O
like	O
,	O
"	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
"	O
tweets	O
,	O
and	O
direct	B-Application
message	I-Application
(	O
DM	O
)	O
other	O
registered	O
users	O
,	O
while	O
unregistered	O
users	O
only	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
view	O
public	O
tweets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
interact	O
with	O
Twitter	B-Application
through	O
browser	O
or	O
mobile	B-Application
frontend	B-Architecture
software	O
,	O
or	O
programmatically	O
via	O
its	O
APIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
created	O
by	O
Jack	O
Dorsey	O
,	O
Noah	O
Glass	O
,	O
Biz	O
Stone	O
,	O
and	O
Evan	O
Williams	O
in	O
March	O
2006	O
and	O
launched	O
in	O
July	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
is	O
based	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
,	O
California	O
and	O
has	O
more	O
than	O
25	O
offices	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
ten	O
most-visited	O
websites	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
SMS	B-Device
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
more	O
than	O
330	O
million	O
monthly	O
active	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
27	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
business	O
magnate	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
acquired	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
for	O
US$44	O
billion	O
,	O
gaining	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
20	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Musk	O
announced	O
he	O
would	O
step	O
down	O
as	O
CEO	B-Application
once	O
a	O
replacement	O
had	O
been	O
found	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
has	O
yet	O
to	O
announce	O
a	O
successor	O
and	O
remains	O
CEO	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
origins	O
lie	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
daylong	O
brainstorming	O
session	O
"	O
held	O
by	O
board	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
podcasting	O
company	O
Odeo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jack	O
Dorsey	O
,	O
then	O
an	O
undergraduate	O
student	O
at	O
New	O
York	O
University	O
,	O
introduced	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
an	O
individual	O
using	O
an	O
SMS	B-Device
service	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
project	O
code	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
service	O
was	O
twttr	B-Application
,	O
an	O
idea	O
that	O
Williams	O
later	O
ascribed	O
to	O
Noah	O
Glass	O
,	O
inspired	O
by	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
five-character	O
length	O
of	O
American	O
SMS	B-Device
short	B-Language
codes	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decision	O
was	O
also	O
partly	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
domain	O
twitter.com	B-Application
was	O
already	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
six	O
months	O
after	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
twttr	B-Application
that	O
the	O
crew	O
purchased	O
the	O
domain	O
and	O
changed	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
service	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
initially	O
considered	O
"	O
10958	O
"	O
as	O
the	O
service	O
's	O
short	B-Language
code	I-Language
for	O
SMS	B-Device
text	O
messaging	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
later	O
changed	O
it	O
to	O
"	O
40404	O
"	O
for	O
"	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
and	O
memorability	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
started	O
on	O
March	O
21	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
when	O
Dorsey	O
published	O
the	O
first	O
Twitter	B-Application
message	O
at	O
12:50p.m.	O
</s>
<s>
PST	O
(	O
UTC−	O
08:00	O
)	O
:	O
"	O
just	O
setting	O
up	O
my	O
twttr	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dorsey	O
has	O
explained	O
the	O
origin	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
"	O
title	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
we	O
...	O
came	O
across	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
twitter	B-Application
"	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
just	O
perfect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Twitter	B-Application
prototype	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Dorsey	O
and	O
contractor	O
Florian	O
Weber	O
,	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
internal	O
service	O
for	O
Odeo	O
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2006	O
,	O
Biz	O
Stone	O
,	O
Evan	O
Williams	O
,	O
Dorsey	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
members	O
of	O
Odeo	O
formed	O
Obvious	O
Corporation	O
and	O
acquired	O
Odeo	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
its	O
assets	O
—	O
including	O
Odeo.com	O
and	O
Twitter.com—from	O
the	O
investors	O
and	O
shareholders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Williams	O
fired	O
Glass	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
silent	O
about	O
his	O
part	O
in	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
startup	O
until	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
spun	O
off	O
into	O
its	O
own	O
company	O
in	O
April	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
it	O
was	O
n't	O
clear	O
what	O
it	O
was	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
actually	O
changed	O
from	O
what	O
we	O
thought	O
it	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
beginning	O
,	O
which	O
we	O
described	O
as	O
status	O
updates	O
and	O
a	O
social	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
insight	O
we	O
eventually	O
came	O
to	O
was	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
really	O
more	O
of	O
an	O
information	O
network	O
than	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
social	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tipping	O
point	O
for	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
popularity	O
was	O
the	O
2007	O
South	O
by	O
Southwest	O
Interactive	O
(	O
SXSWi	O
)	O
conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
event	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
usage	O
increased	O
from	O
20,000	O
tweets	O
per	O
day	O
to	O
60,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
Twitter	B-Application
people	O
cleverly	O
placed	O
two	O
60-inch	O
plasma	O
screens	O
in	O
the	O
conference	O
hallways	O
,	O
exclusively	O
streaming	O
Twitter	B-Application
messages	O
,	O
"	O
remarked	O
Newsweeks	O
Steven	O
Levy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Hundreds	O
of	O
conference-goers	O
kept	O
tabs	O
on	O
each	O
other	O
via	O
constant	O
twitters	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
staff	O
received	O
the	O
festival	O
's	O
Web	O
Award	O
prize	O
with	O
the	O
remark	O
"	O
we	O
'd	O
like	O
to	O
thank	O
you	O
in	O
140	B-Application
characters	I-Application
or	O
less	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2010	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
were	O
sending	O
tweets	O
per	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
won	O
the	O
"	O
Breakout	O
of	O
the	O
Year	O
"	O
Webby	O
Award	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
29	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
named	O
the	O
Word	O
of	O
the	O
Year	O
by	O
the	O
Global	O
Language	O
Monitor	O
,	O
declaring	O
it	O
"	O
a	O
new	O
form	O
of	O
social	O
interaction	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
about	O
tweets	O
were	O
posted	O
each	O
day	O
,	O
equaling	O
about	O
750	O
tweets	O
sent	O
each	O
second	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
noted	O
on	O
Compete.com,	O
Twitter	B-Application
moved	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
third-highest-ranking	O
social	O
networking	O
site	O
in	O
January	O
2009	O
from	O
its	O
previous	O
rank	O
of	O
twenty-second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
usage	O
spikes	O
during	O
prominent	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
record	O
was	O
set	O
during	O
the	O
2010	B-Application
FIFA	I-Application
World	I-Application
Cup	I-Application
when	O
fans	O
wrote	O
2,940	O
tweets	O
per	O
second	O
in	O
the	O
thirty-second	O
period	O
after	O
Japan	O
scored	O
against	O
Cameroon	O
on	O
June	O
14	O
,	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
American	O
singer	O
Michael	O
Jackson	O
died	O
on	O
June	O
25	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
servers	O
crashed	O
after	O
users	O
were	O
updating	O
their	O
status	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
words	O
"	O
Michael	O
Jackson	O
"	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
of	O
100,000	O
tweets	O
per	O
hour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
unassisted	O
off-Earth	O
Twitter	B-Application
message	O
was	O
posted	O
from	O
the	O
International	O
Space	O
Station	O
by	O
NASA	O
astronaut	O
T	O
.	O
J	O
.	O
Creamer	O
on	O
January	O
22	O
,	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
acquired	O
application	O
developer	O
Atebits	O
on	O
April	O
11	O
,	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atebits	O
had	O
developed	O
the	O
Apple	O
Design	O
Award-winning	O
Twitter	B-Application
client	O
Tweetie	B-Application
for	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
and	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
official	O
Twitter	B-Application
client	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
and	O
Mac	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
September	O
through	O
October	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
began	O
rolling	O
out	O
"	O
New	O
Twitter	B-Application
"	O
,	O
an	O
entirely	O
revamped	O
edition	O
of	O
twitter.com	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Changes	O
included	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
see	O
pictures	O
and	O
videos	O
without	O
leaving	O
Twitter	B-Application
itself	O
by	O
clicking	O
on	O
individual	O
tweets	O
which	O
contain	O
links	O
to	O
images	O
and	O
clips	O
from	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
supported	O
websites	O
,	O
including	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
a	O
complete	O
overhaul	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
,	O
which	O
shifted	O
links	O
such	O
as	O
'	O
@mentions	O
 '	O
and	O
'	O
Retweets	O
 '	O
above	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
stream	O
,	O
while	O
'	O
Messages	O
 '	O
and	O
'	O
Log	O
Out	O
 '	O
became	O
accessible	O
via	O
a	O
black	O
bar	O
at	O
the	O
very	O
top	O
of	O
twitter.com	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
company	O
confirmed	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
New	O
Twitter	B-Application
experience	O
"	O
had	O
been	O
rolled	O
out	O
to	O
all	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
announced	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
10th	O
most	O
downloaded	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
of	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
from	O
2010	O
to	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
5	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
tested	O
a	O
new	O
homepage	O
and	O
phased	O
out	O
the	O
"	O
Old	O
Twitter	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
8	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
overhauled	O
its	O
website	O
once	O
more	O
to	O
feature	O
the	O
"	O
Fly	O
"	O
design	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
service	O
says	O
is	O
easier	O
for	O
new	O
users	O
to	O
follow	O
and	O
promotes	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
site	O
's	O
layout	O
has	O
been	O
compared	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
21	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Yandex	O
agreed	O
to	O
a	O
partnership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yandex	O
,	O
a	O
Russian	O
search	O
engine	O
,	O
finds	O
value	O
within	O
the	O
partnership	O
due	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
real	O
time	O
news	O
feeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
director	O
of	O
business	O
development	O
explained	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
have	O
Twitter	B-Application
content	O
where	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
go	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
21	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
celebrated	O
its	O
sixth	O
birthday	O
by	O
announcing	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
140million	O
users	O
,	O
a	O
40%	O
rise	O
from	O
September	O
2011	O
,	O
who	O
were	O
sending	O
340million	O
tweets	O
per	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
5	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
modified	O
logo	O
was	O
unveiled	O
through	O
the	O
company	O
blog	O
,	O
removing	O
the	O
text	O
to	O
showcase	O
the	O
slightly	O
redesigned	O
bird	O
as	O
the	O
sole	O
symbol	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
18	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
had	O
surpassed	O
200million	O
monthly	O
active	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
28	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
acquired	O
Crashlytics	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
build	O
out	O
its	O
mobile	B-Application
developer	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
18	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
launched	O
a	O
music	O
app	O
called	O
Twitter	B-Application
Music	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
28	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
acquired	O
Trendrr	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
MoPub	O
on	O
September	O
9	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
data	O
showed	O
that	O
200million	O
users	O
sent	O
over	O
400million	O
tweets	O
daily	O
,	O
with	O
nearly	O
60%	O
of	O
tweets	O
sent	O
from	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
Super	O
Bowl	O
XLVII	O
on	O
February	O
3	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
power	O
went	O
out	O
in	O
the	O
Mercedes-Benz	O
Superdome	O
Mondelez	O
International	O
,	O
Kraft	O
Foods	O
vice	O
president	O
Lisa	O
Mann	O
was	O
asked	O
to	O
tweet	O
,	O
"	O
You	O
can	O
still	O
dunk	O
in	O
the	O
dark	O
"	O
,	O
referring	O
to	O
Oreo	B-Application
cookies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
underwent	O
a	O
redesign	O
that	O
made	O
the	O
site	O
resemble	O
Facebook	B-Application
somewhat	O
,	O
with	O
profile	O
picture	O
and	O
biography	O
in	O
a	O
column	O
left	O
to	O
the	O
timeline	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
full-width	O
header	O
image	O
with	O
parallax	O
scrolling	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
layout	O
was	O
used	O
as	O
main	O
for	O
the	O
desktop	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
until	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
undergoing	O
changes	O
over	O
time	O
such	O
as	O
removal	O
of	O
shortcut	O
buttons	O
to	O
jump	O
to	O
the	O
previous	O
or	O
next	O
tweet	O
in	O
early	O
2017	O
,	O
and	O
rounded	O
profile	O
pictures	O
since	O
June	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
Twitter.com	B-Application
desktop	O
homepage	O
changed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
released	O
another	O
redesign	O
of	O
its	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
ended	O
support	O
for	O
TLS	O
1.0	O
and	O
1.1	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
experienced	O
considerable	O
growth	O
during	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemic	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
started	O
marking	O
tweets	O
which	O
contained	O
misleading	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
adding	O
links	O
to	O
fact-checks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
moderators	O
marked	O
two	O
tweets	O
from	O
U.S.	O
President	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
as	O
"	O
potentially	O
misleading	O
"	O
and	O
linked	O
to	O
a	O
fact-check	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
later	O
banned	O
Trump	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
he	O
violated	O
"	O
the	O
glorification	O
of	O
violence	O
policy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
5	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
Nigerian	O
government	O
issued	O
an	O
indefinite	O
ban	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
usage	O
in	O
the	O
country	O
,	O
citing	O
"	O
misinformation	O
and	O
fake	O
news	O
spread	O
through	O
it	O
have	O
had	O
real	O
world	O
violent	O
consequences	O
"	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
platform	O
removed	O
tweets	O
made	O
by	O
the	O
Nigerian	O
President	O
Muhammadu	O
Buhari	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
the	O
research	O
phase	O
of	O
Bluesky	O
,	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
decentralized	O
social	O
media	O
protocol	O
where	O
users	O
can	O
choose	O
which	O
algorithmic	O
curation	O
they	O
want	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
released	O
Twitter	B-Application
Spaces	O
,	O
a	O
social	O
audio	O
feature	O
;	O
"	O
super	O
follows	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
subscribe	O
to	O
creators	O
for	O
exclusive	O
content	O
;	O
and	O
a	O
beta	O
of	O
"	O
ticketed	O
Spaces	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
access	O
to	O
certain	O
audio	O
rooms	O
paid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
unveiled	O
a	O
redesign	O
in	O
August	O
2021	O
,	O
with	O
adjusted	O
colors	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
Chirp	O
font	O
,	O
which	O
improves	O
the	O
left-alignment	O
of	O
most	O
Western	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
e-commerce	O
giant	O
Shopify	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
plans	O
to	O
launch	O
a	O
sales	O
channel	O
app	O
for	O
U.S.	O
Shopify	O
merchants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zatko	O
had	O
been	O
fired	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
in	O
January	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complaint	O
alleges	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
failed	O
to	O
disclose	O
several	O
data	O
breaches	O
,	O
had	O
negligent	O
security	O
measures	O
,	O
violated	O
United	O
States	O
securities	O
regulations	O
,	O
and	O
broke	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
a	O
previous	O
settlement	O
with	O
the	O
Federal	O
Trade	O
Commission	O
over	O
the	O
safeguarding	O
of	O
user	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
also	O
claims	O
that	O
the	O
Indian	O
government	O
forced	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
hire	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
agents	O
to	O
gain	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
user	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
magnate	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
began	O
speaking	O
of	O
buying	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
early	O
2022	O
,	O
stating	O
his	O
concerns	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
commitment	O
to	O
free	O
speech	O
and	O
whether	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
moderation	O
policies	O
were	O
undermining	O
democracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
reportedly	O
planned	O
major	O
changes	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
treatment	O
of	O
spambots	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
lenient	O
content	O
moderation	O
policy	O
,	O
revamp	O
of	O
its	O
offered	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
cost	O
cuts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
long-run	O
,	O
Musk	O
expressed	O
an	O
intention	O
to	O
turn	O
Twitter	B-Application
into	O
an	O
"	O
everything	O
app	O
"	O
like	O
WeChat	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
Musk	O
sought	O
a	O
position	O
on	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
Board	O
of	O
Directors	O
by	O
buying	O
shares	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
;	O
the	O
Board	O
created	O
a	O
"	O
poison	O
pill	O
"	O
to	O
prevent	O
Musk	O
from	O
gaining	O
sufficient	O
shares	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
Musk	O
made	O
an	O
unsolicited	O
offer	O
to	O
buy	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
for	O
$43	O
billion	O
on	O
April	O
14	O
,	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
immediately	O
fired	O
the	O
top	O
three	O
Twitter	B-Application
executives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
week	O
after	O
the	O
takeover	O
,	O
Musk	O
revamped	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
,	O
increasing	O
its	O
price	O
to	O
$8	O
per	O
month	O
and	O
adding	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
"	O
blue	O
checkmark	O
"	O
verification	O
that	O
had	O
previously	O
been	O
reserved	O
for	O
high-profile	O
confirmed	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
plan	O
was	O
criticized	O
by	O
several	O
outlets	O
,	O
fearing	O
that	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
misinformation	O
would	O
increase	O
since	O
anyone	O
could	O
pay	O
to	O
appear	O
to	O
be	O
verified	O
through	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
December	O
2022	O
,	O
Musk	O
provided	O
internal	O
documentation	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
independent	O
journalists	O
and	O
writers	O
which	O
were	O
then	O
publicly	O
disseminated	O
through	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
posts	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
Files	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
files	O
describe	O
internal	O
discussion	O
as	O
related	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
moderation	O
steps	O
in	O
events	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
breaking	O
of	O
the	O
Hunter	O
Biden	O
laptop	O
controversy	O
,	O
shadow	O
banning	O
of	O
some	O
conservative	O
commentators	O
 '	O
accounts	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
block	O
Trump	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
on	O
the	O
right	O
saw	O
the	O
documents	O
as	O
evidence	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
liberal	O
bias	O
and	O
hostility	O
to	O
free	O
speech	O
,	O
many	O
people	O
on	O
the	O
left	O
described	O
them	O
as	O
a	O
reflection	O
of	O
how	O
difficult	O
it	O
is	O
for	O
social	O
media	O
platforms	O
to	O
make	O
tough	O
decisions	O
about	O
content	O
moderation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
journalists	O
were	O
permanently	O
suspended	O
on	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
journalists	O
,	O
including	O
Mashable	O
's	O
Matt	O
Binder	O
,	O
Aaron	O
Rupar	O
,	O
Ryan	O
Mac	B-Device
of	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times'''	O
,	O
and	O
CNN	B-Architecture
's	O
Donie	O
O'Sullivan	O
,	O
had	O
covered	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
recently	O
had	O
written	O
articles	O
about	O
Musk	O
's	O
takeover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
of	O
the	O
reporters	O
had	O
tweeted	O
about	O
the	O
controversy	O
over	O
Musk	O
's	O
banning	O
of	O
ElonJet	O
and	O
other	O
accounts	O
which	O
track	O
private	O
jets.Elon	O
Musk	O
starts	O
banning	O
critical	O
journalists	O
from	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Verge	O
,	O
15	O
December	O
2022Elon	O
Musk	O
's	O
Twitter	B-Application
bans	O
accounts	O
of	O
CNN	B-Architecture
,	O
NYT	O
,	O
WaPo	O
journalists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oliver	O
Darcy	O
,	O
CNN	B-Architecture
,	O
15	O
December	O
2022	O
In	O
response	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
Head	O
of	O
Trust	O
and	O
Safety	O
Ella	O
Irwin	O
told	O
The	O
Verge	O
that	O
"	O
we	O
will	O
suspend	O
any	O
accounts	O
that	O
violate	O
our	O
privacy	O
policies	O
and	O
put	O
other	O
users	O
at	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alex	O
Heath	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
15	O
December	O
2022	O
Binder	O
denied	O
violating	O
any	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
policies	O
,	O
saying	O
:	O
"	O
I	O
did	O
not	O
share	O
any	O
location	O
data	O
,	O
as	O
per	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
new	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
suspends	O
journalists	O
who	O
wrote	O
about	O
owner	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Associated	O
Press	O
,	O
15	O
December	O
2022	O
CNN	B-Architecture
journalist	O
Oliver	O
Darcy	O
wrote	O
that	O
the	O
bans	O
"	O
called	O
into	O
serious	O
question	O
Musk	O
's	O
supposed	O
commitment	O
to	O
free	O
speech.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
said	O
in	O
a	O
statement	O
that	O
suspending	O
reporter	O
Drew	O
Harwell	O
"	O
undermines	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
's	O
claim	O
that	O
he	O
intends	O
to	O
run	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
a	O
platform	O
dedicated	O
to	O
free	O
speech	O
"	O
.Twitter	O
suspends	O
accounts	O
of	O
several	O
journalists	O
who	O
had	O
reported	O
on	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
The	O
Guardian	O
European	O
Union	O
(	O
EU	O
)	O
commissioner	O
Vera	O
Jourova	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
EU	O
Digital	O
Services	O
Act	O
insists	O
on	O
media	O
freedom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
threatened	O
with	O
EU	O
sanctions	O
over	O
journalists	O
 '	O
ban	O
BBC	O
On	O
December	O
17	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
several	O
banned	O
journalists	O
 '	O
accounts	O
were	O
reinstated.Twitter	O
reinstates	O
banned	O
journalists	O
 '	O
accounts	O
BBC	O
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
appeared	O
to	O
block	O
links	O
to	O
Mastodon	B-Application
as	O
malware	O
or	O
potentially	O
harmful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
18	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
banning	O
users	O
linking	O
to	O
what	O
were	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
prohibited	O
platforms	O
"	O
including	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Mastodon	B-Application
,	O
Instagram	B-Application
and	O
Truth	B-Application
Social	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
third	O
party	O
link	O
aggregators	O
such	O
as	O
Linktree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
tweeted	O
a	O
poll	O
asking	O
users	O
if	O
he	O
should	O
remain	O
as	O
head	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
promising	O
to	O
abide	O
by	O
its	O
results	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
57.5	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
17.5m	O
votes	O
were	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
him	O
stepping	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
20	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Musk	O
announced	O
he	O
would	O
step	O
down	O
as	O
CEO	B-Application
once	O
a	O
replacement	O
had	O
been	O
found	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
he	O
would	O
then	O
run	O
the	O
software	O
and	O
servers	O
teams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
acquisition	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
stability	O
has	O
been	O
called	O
into	O
question	O
,	O
with	O
reports	O
that	O
Musk	O
had	O
"	O
disconnected	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
sensitive	O
server	O
racks	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
datacenter	O
used	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
just	O
before	O
a	O
large-scale	O
outage	O
of	O
the	O
platform	O
occurred	O
in	O
December	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2023	O
,	O
many	O
alternative	O
third-party	O
Twitter	B-Application
clients	O
including	O
Tweetbot	B-Application
,	O
stopped	O
working	O
without	O
warning	O
and	O
without	O
any	O
apparent	O
explanation	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
was	O
"	O
enforcing	O
long-standing	O
API	B-Application
rules	O
"	O
and	O
retroactively	O
changed	O
its	O
Developer	O
Terms	O
of	O
Service	O
afterwards	O
to	O
justify	O
its	O
unannounced	O
banning	O
of	O
third-party	O
Twitter	B-Application
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
removing	O
the	O
free	O
tier	O
of	O
its	O
API	B-Application
and	O
replacing	O
it	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
basic	O
paid	O
tier	O
"	O
,	O
effectively	O
shutting	O
down	O
the	O
many	O
bots	O
and	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
restricting	O
SMS	B-Device
two-factor	O
authentication	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
subscribed	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
23	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
"	O
legacy	O
"	O
verification	O
badges	O
would	O
be	O
removed	O
starting	O
on	O
April	O
1	O
:	O
this	O
date	O
passed	O
with	O
no	O
change	O
,	O
before	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Elon	O
both	O
announced	O
(	O
at	O
different	O
dates	O
)	O
that	O
the	O
removal	O
date	O
for	O
checkmarks	O
from	O
non-paying	O
accounts	O
was	O
20th	O
April	O
,	O
this	O
date	O
being	O
a	O
non-subtle	O
reference	O
to	O
Elon	O
's	O
obsession	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
420https://twitter.com/verified/status/1648764138452299778	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
way	O
to	O
acquire	O
a	O
blue	O
checkmark	O
would	O
be	O
through	O
the	O
paid	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
subscription	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
3	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
bird	O
logo	O
was	O
replaced	O
with	O
an	O
image	O
of	O
the	O
Doge	O
meme	O
for	O
website	O
users	O
,	O
for	O
reasons	O
not	O
explained	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
tweet	O
via	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
website	O
,	O
compatible	O
external	O
applications	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
)	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
Short	O
Message	O
Service	O
(	O
SMS	B-Device
)	O
available	O
in	O
certain	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
may	O
subscribe	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
 '	O
tweets	O
—	O
this	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
following	O
"	O
and	O
subscribers	O
are	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
followers	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
tweeps	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
peeps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
tweets	O
can	O
be	O
forwarded	O
by	O
other	O
users	O
to	O
their	O
own	O
feed	O
,	O
a	O
process	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
launched	O
"	O
quote	O
tweet	O
"	O
(	O
originally	O
called	O
"	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
with	O
comment	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
add	O
a	O
comment	O
to	O
their	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
,	O
nesting	O
one	O
tweet	O
in	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
quote	O
tweets	O
,	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
with	O
comment	O
"	O
,	O
have	O
their	O
own	O
counter	O
on	O
their	O
tweet	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
legacy	O
desktop	O
front	B-Architecture
end	I-Architecture
that	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
row	O
with	O
miniature	O
profile	O
pictures	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
ten	O
liking	O
or	O
retweeting	O
users	O
was	O
displayed	O
(	O
earliest	O
documented	O
implementation	O
in	O
December	O
2011	O
overhaul	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
tweet	O
reply	O
counter	O
next	O
to	O
the	O
according	O
button	O
on	O
a	O
tweet	O
's	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
allows	O
users	O
to	O
update	O
their	O
profile	O
via	O
their	O
mobile	B-Application
phone	O
either	O
by	O
text	O
messaging	B-Protocol
or	O
by	O
apps	O
released	O
for	O
certain	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
tablets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
been	O
compared	O
to	O
a	O
web-based	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Relay	I-Protocol
Chat	I-Protocol
(	O
IRC	B-Protocol
)	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2009	O
Time	O
magazine	O
essay	O
,	O
technology	O
author	O
Steven	O
Johnson	O
described	O
the	O
basic	O
mechanics	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
"	O
remarkably	O
simple	O
"	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
in	O
a	O
tweet	O
on	O
September	O
1	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
edit	O
a	O
tweet	O
was	O
being	O
tested	O
for	O
a	O
few	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
all	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
subscribers	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
in	O
anticipation	O
for	O
the	O
FIFA	B-Application
World	I-Application
Cup	I-Application
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
hashflags	O
,	O
special	O
hashtags	O
that	O
automatically	O
generate	O
a	O
custom	O
emoji	B-Application
next	O
to	O
them	O
for	O
a	O
certain	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
a	O
similar	O
campaign	O
during	O
the	O
2010	B-Application
World	I-Application
Cup	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hashflags	O
may	O
be	O
generated	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
themselves	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
to	O
raise	O
awareness	O
for	O
social	O
issues	O
)	O
or	O
be	O
purchased	O
by	O
corporations	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
to	O
promote	O
products	O
and	O
events	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
repost	B-General_Concept
a	O
message	O
from	O
another	O
Twitter	B-Application
user	O
and	O
share	O
it	O
with	O
one	O
's	O
own	O
followers	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
can	O
click	O
the	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
button	O
within	O
the	O
Tweet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
SMS	B-Device
,	O
users	O
can	O
communicate	O
with	O
Twitter	B-Application
through	O
five	O
gateway	B-Application
numbers	O
:	O
short	B-Language
codes	I-Language
for	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
India	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
Isle	O
of	O
Man-based	O
number	O
for	O
international	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
short	B-Language
code	I-Language
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
which	O
is	O
only	O
accessible	O
to	O
those	O
on	O
the	O
Vodafone	O
,	O
O2	O
and	O
Orange	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
India	O
,	O
since	O
Twitter	B-Application
only	O
supports	O
tweets	O
from	O
Bharti	O
Airtel	O
,	O
an	O
alternative	O
platform	O
called	O
smsTweet	O
was	O
set	O
up	O
by	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
all	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
platform	O
called	O
GladlyCast	O
exists	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
phone	O
users	O
in	O
Singapore	O
and	O
Malaysia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tweets	O
were	O
set	O
to	O
a	O
largely	O
constrictive	O
140-character	O
limit	O
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
SMS	B-Device
messaging	B-Protocol
,	O
introducing	O
the	O
shorthand	O
notation	O
and	O
slang	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
SMS	B-Device
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
140-character	O
limit	O
also	O
increased	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
URL	O
shortening	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
bit.ly,	O
goo.gl,	O
tinyurl.com,	O
tr.im,	O
and	O
other	O
content-hosting	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
TwitPic	O
,	O
memozu.com	O
and	O
NotePub	O
to	O
accommodate	O
multimedia	O
content	O
and	O
text	O
longer	O
than	O
140	B-Application
characters	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
June	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
used	O
its	O
own	O
t.co	O
domain	O
for	O
automatic	O
shortening	O
of	O
all	O
URLs	O
posted	O
on	O
its	O
site	O
,	O
making	O
other	O
link	O
shorteners	O
unnecessary	O
for	O
staying	O
within	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
140	O
character	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
discontinued	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
receive	O
SMS	B-Device
messages	O
containing	O
the	O
text	O
of	O
new	O
tweets	O
in	O
most	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
media	O
such	O
as	O
photos	O
,	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
person	O
's	O
handle	O
,	O
would	O
not	O
count	O
against	O
the	O
already	O
constrictive	O
140	O
character	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
March	O
30	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
handles	I-Application
are	O
outside	O
the	O
tweet	O
itself	O
,	O
therefore	O
they	O
no	O
longer	O
count	O
towards	O
the	O
character	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
new	O
Twitter	B-Application
handles	I-Application
added	O
to	O
the	O
conversation	O
count	O
towards	O
the	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
doubled	O
its	O
historical	O
140-character-limitation	O
to	O
280	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
new	O
limit	O
,	O
glyphs	B-Application
are	O
counted	O
as	O
a	O
variable	O
number	O
of	O
characters	O
,	O
depending	O
upon	O
the	O
script	O
they	O
are	O
from	O
:	O
most	O
European	O
letters	O
and	O
punctuation	O
forms	O
count	O
as	O
one	O
character	O
,	O
while	O
each	O
CJK	O
glyph	B-Application
counts	O
as	O
two	O
so	O
that	O
only	O
140	O
such	O
glyphs	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
tweet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
8	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
users	O
can	O
now	O
post	O
tweets	O
up	O
to	O
4000	O
characters	O
in	O
length	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
t.co	O
is	O
a	O
URL	O
shortening	O
service	O
created	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
only	O
available	O
for	O
links	O
posted	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
not	O
available	O
for	O
general	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
links	O
posted	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
use	O
a	O
t.co	O
wrapper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
hopes	O
that	O
the	O
service	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
protect	O
users	O
from	O
malicious	O
sites	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
use	O
it	O
to	O
track	O
clicks	O
on	O
links	O
within	O
tweets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
used	O
the	O
services	O
of	O
third	O
parties	O
TinyURL	B-Protocol
and	O
bit.ly,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
experimenting	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
URL	O
shortening	O
service	O
for	O
private	O
messages	O
in	O
March	O
2010	O
using	O
the	O
twt.tl	O
domain	O
,	O
before	O
it	O
purchased	O
the	O
t.co	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
7	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
rolling	O
out	O
the	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
1	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
its	O
own	O
integrated	O
photo-sharing	O
service	O
that	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
upload	O
a	O
photo	O
and	O
attach	O
it	O
to	O
a	O
Tweet	O
right	O
from	O
Twitter.com	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
now	O
also	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
add	O
pictures	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
search	O
by	O
adding	O
hashtags	O
to	O
the	O
tweet.Mike	O
Flacy	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
photo	O
sharing	O
goes	O
live	O
for	O
all	O
users	O
"	O
,	O
Digital	O
Trends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
plans	O
to	O
provide	O
photo	O
galleries	O
designed	O
to	O
gather	O
and	O
syndicate	O
all	O
photos	O
that	O
a	O
user	O
has	O
uploaded	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
third-party	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
TwitPic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
29	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
add	O
a	O
caption	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
480	O
characters	O
to	O
each	O
image	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
tweet	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
Help	O
center	O
:	O
Picture	O
Descriptions	O
–	O
How	O
to	O
make	O
images	O
accessible	O
for	O
people	O
accessible	O
via	O
screen	O
reading	O
software	O
or	O
by	O
hovering	O
the	O
mouse	O
above	O
a	O
picture	O
inside	O
TweetDeck	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
made	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
add	O
and	O
view	O
captions	O
globally	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
to	O
roll	O
out	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
attach	O
poll	O
questions	O
to	O
tweets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Effective	O
April	O
15	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
only	O
users	O
subscribed	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
and	O
verified	O
may	O
participate	O
in	O
polls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
to	O
place	O
a	O
larger	O
focus	O
on	O
live	O
streaming	O
video	O
programming	O
,	O
hosting	O
various	O
events	O
including	O
streams	O
of	O
the	O
Republican	O
and	O
Democratic	O
conventions	O
during	O
the	O
U.S.	O
presidential	O
campaign	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
CBS	O
News	O
,	O
Dreamhack	O
and	O
ESL	O
esports	O
events	O
,	O
and	O
winning	O
a	O
bid	O
for	O
non-exclusive	O
streaming	O
rights	O
to	O
ten	O
NFL	B-Application
Thursday	O
Night	O
Football	O
games	O
in	O
the	O
2016	O
season	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
an	O
event	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
in	O
May	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
planned	O
to	O
construct	O
a	O
24-hour	O
streaming	O
video	O
channel	O
hosted	O
within	O
the	O
service	O
,	O
featuring	O
content	O
from	O
various	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CEO	B-Application
Jack	O
Dorsey	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
digital	O
video	O
strategy	O
was	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
goal	O
for	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
be	O
"	O
the	O
first	O
place	O
that	O
anyone	O
hears	O
of	O
anything	O
going	O
on	O
that	O
matters	O
to	O
them	O
"	O
;	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
over	O
200	O
content	O
partners	O
,	O
who	O
streamed	O
over	O
800	O
hours	O
of	O
video	O
over	O
450	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
and	O
expanded	O
partnerships	O
for	O
its	O
streaming	O
video	O
services	O
at	O
the	O
event	O
,	O
including	O
Bloomberg	O
,	O
BuzzFeed	O
,	O
Cheddar	O
(	O
Opening	O
Bell	O
and	O
Closing	O
Bell	O
shows	O
;	O
the	O
latter	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
October	O
2016	O
)	O
IMG	O
Fashion	O
(	O
coverage	O
of	O
fashion	O
events	O
)	O
,	O
Live	O
Nation	O
Entertainment	O
(	O
streaming	O
concert	O
events	O
)	O
,	O
Major	B-Application
League	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
(	O
weekly	O
online	O
game	O
stream	O
,	O
plus	O
a	O
weekly	O
program	O
with	O
live	O
look-ins	O
and	O
coverage	O
of	O
trending	O
stories	O
)	O
,	O
MTV	O
and	O
BET	O
(	O
red	O
carpet	O
coverage	O
for	O
their	O
MTV	O
Video	O
Music	O
Awards	O
,	O
MTV	O
Movie	O
&	O
TV	O
Awards	O
,	O
and	O
BET	O
Awards	O
)	O
,	O
NFL	B-Application
Network	O
(	O
the	O
Monday-Thursday	O
news	O
program	O
NFL	B-Application
Blitz	O
Live	O
,	O
and	O
Sunday	O
Fantasy	O
Gameday	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
PGA	O
Tour	O
(	O
PGA	O
Tour	O
Live	O
coverage	O
of	O
early	O
tournament	O
rounds	O
preceding	O
television	O
coverage	O
)	O
,	O
The	O
Players	O
 '	O
Tribune	O
,	O
Ben	O
Silverman	O
and	O
Howard	O
T	O
.	O
Owens	O
 '	O
Propagate	O
(	O
daily	O
entertainment	O
show	O
#WhatsHappening	O
)	O
,	O
The	O
Verge	O
(	O
weekly	O
technology	O
show	O
Circuit	O
Breaker	O
:	O
The	O
Verge	O
's	O
Gadget	O
Show	O
)	O
,	O
Stadium	O
(	O
a	O
new	O
digital	O
sports	O
network	O
being	O
formed	O
by	O
Silver	O
Chalice	O
and	O
Sinclair	O
Broadcast	O
Group	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
WNBA	O
(	O
weekly	O
game	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
Spaces	O
is	O
a	O
social	O
audio	O
feature	O
that	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
host	O
or	O
participate	O
in	O
a	O
live-audio	O
virtual	O
environment	O
called	O
space	O
for	O
conversation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
October	O
21	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
any	O
Twitter	B-Application
user	O
can	O
create	O
a	O
Space	O
from	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
or	O
iOS	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
to	O
test	O
a	O
stories	O
feature	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
fleets	O
"	O
in	O
some	O
markets	O
,	O
which	O
officially	O
launched	O
on	O
November	O
17	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
to	O
equivalent	O
features	O
,	O
fleets	O
can	O
contain	O
text	O
and	O
media	O
,	O
are	O
only	O
accessible	O
for	O
24	O
hours	O
after	O
they	O
are	O
posted	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
accessed	O
within	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
app	O
via	O
an	O
area	O
above	O
the	O
timeline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
would	O
start	O
implementing	O
advertising	O
into	O
fleets	O
,	O
integrating	O
full-screen	O
ads	O
among	O
user-created	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
14	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
remove	O
Fleets	O
by	O
August	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
intended	O
for	O
fleets	O
to	O
encourage	O
more	O
users	O
to	O
tweet	O
regularly	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
simply	O
consume	O
other	O
folks	O
 '	O
tweets	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
fleets	O
were	O
generally	O
used	O
by	O
users	O
who	O
already	O
tweeted	O
a	O
lot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
topics	O
help	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
their	O
users	O
to	O
understand	O
what	O
is	O
happening	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
and	O
what	O
people	O
's	O
opinions	O
are	O
about	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Twitter	B-Application
web	O
interface	O
displays	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
trending	O
topics	O
on	O
a	O
sidebar	O
on	O
the	O
home	O
page	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
sponsored	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trending	O
topics	O
are	O
sometimes	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
concerted	O
efforts	O
and	O
manipulations	O
by	O
fans	O
of	O
certain	O
celebrities	O
or	O
cultural	O
phenomena	O
,	O
particularly	O
musicians	B-Application
like	O
Lady	O
Gaga	O
,	O
Justin	O
Bieber	O
,	O
Rihanna	O
and	O
One	O
Direction	O
,	O
and	O
novel	O
series	O
Twilight	O
and	O
Harry	O
Potter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
altered	O
the	O
trend	O
algorithm	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
to	O
prevent	O
manipulation	O
of	O
this	O
type	O
with	O
limited	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
censors	O
trending	O
hashtags	O
that	O
are	O
claimed	O
to	O
be	O
abusive	O
or	O
offensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
censored	O
the	O
#Thatsafrican	O
and	O
#thingsdarkiessay	O
hashtags	O
after	O
users	O
complained	O
that	O
they	O
found	O
the	O
hashtags	O
offensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
Lists	O
"	O
feature	O
was	O
added	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
follow	O
ad	O
hoc	O
lists	O
of	O
users	O
instead	O
of	O
individual	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2015	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
"	O
Moments	O
"	O
—	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
curate	O
tweets	O
from	O
other	O
users	O
into	O
a	O
larger	O
collection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
initially	O
intended	O
the	O
feature	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
its	O
in-house	O
editorial	O
team	O
and	O
other	O
partners	O
;	O
they	O
populated	O
a	O
dedicated	O
tab	O
in	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
apps	O
,	O
chronicling	O
news	O
headlines	O
,	O
sporting	O
events	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
creation	O
of	O
moments	O
became	O
available	O
to	O
all	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
October	O
21	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
report	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
"	O
long-running	O
,	O
massive-scale	O
randomized	O
experiment	O
"	O
that	O
analyzed	O
"	O
millions	O
of	O
tweets	O
sent	O
between	O
1	O
April	O
and	O
15	O
August	O
2020	O
"	O
,	O
found	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
machine	O
learning	O
algorithm	O
amplified	O
right-leaning	O
politics	O
on	O
personalized	O
user	O
Home	O
timelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
compared	O
seven	O
countries	O
with	O
active	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
where	O
data	O
was	O
available	O
—	O
Germany	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
France	O
,	O
and	O
Spain	O
—	O
and	O
examined	O
Tweets	O
"	O
from	O
major	O
political	O
groups	O
and	O
politicians	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
machine	O
learning	O
algorithms	O
"	O
—	O
introduced	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
in	O
2016	O
—	O
personalized	O
99%	O
of	O
users	O
 '	O
feeds	O
by	O
displaying	O
Tweets	O
—	O
even	O
older	O
Tweets	O
and	O
Retweets	O
from	O
accounts	O
the	O
user	O
had	O
not	O
directly	O
followed	O
—	O
but	O
that	O
the	O
algorithm	O
had	O
"	O
deemed	O
relevant	O
"	O
to	O
the	O
users	O
 '	O
past	O
preferences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
randomly	O
chose	O
1%	O
of	O
users	O
whose	O
Home	O
timelines	O
displayed	O
content	O
in	O
reverse-chronological	O
order	O
from	O
users	O
they	O
directly	O
followed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
for	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
Twitter	B-Application
Lite	O
,	O
a	O
progressive	B-Application
web	I-Application
app	I-Application
designed	O
for	O
regions	O
with	O
unreliable	O
and	O
slow	O
Internet	O
connections	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
size	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
one	O
megabyte	O
,	O
designed	O
for	O
devices	O
with	O
limited	O
storage	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
numerous	O
tools	O
for	O
adding	O
content	O
,	O
monitoring	O
content	O
and	O
conversations	O
including	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
own	O
TweetDeck	B-Operating_System
,	O
Salesforce.com,	O
HootSuite	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Twitterfeed.com	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
fewer	O
than	O
half	O
of	O
tweets	O
posted	O
were	O
posted	O
using	O
the	O
web	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
with	O
most	O
users	O
using	O
third-party	O
applications	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
analysis	O
of	O
500	O
million	O
tweets	O
by	O
Sysomos	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
3	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
paid	O
subscription	O
service	O
known	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
additional	O
premium	O
features	O
to	O
the	O
service	O
,	O
which	O
currently	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
selection	O
of	O
color	O
themes	O
and	O
app	O
icons	O
for	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2022	O
,	O
Musk	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
add	O
account	O
verification	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
upload	O
longer	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
previous	O
perk	O
offering	O
advertising-free	O
news	O
articles	O
from	O
participating	O
publishers	O
was	O
dropped	O
,	O
but	O
Musk	O
stated	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
did	O
want	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
publishers	O
on	O
a	O
similar	O
"	O
paywall	O
bypass	O
"	O
perk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musk	O
had	O
pushed	O
for	O
a	O
more	O
expensive	O
version	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
following	O
his	O
takeover	O
,	O
arguing	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
needed	O
to	O
offset	O
a	O
decline	O
in	O
advertising	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
verification	O
marker	O
was	O
included	O
in	O
a	O
premium	O
tier	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
introduced	O
on	O
November	O
9	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
priced	O
at	O
US	O
$7.99	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
11	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
this	O
feature	O
led	O
to	O
prominent	O
issues	O
involving	O
accounts	O
using	O
the	O
feature	O
to	O
impersonate	O
public	O
figures	O
and	O
companies	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
with	O
verification	O
was	O
temporarily	O
suspended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
about	O
a	O
month	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
was	O
relaunched	O
on	O
December	O
12	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
though	O
for	O
those	O
purchasing	O
the	O
service	O
through	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
app	I-Application
store	I-Application
,	O
the	O
cost	O
will	O
be	O
$10.99	O
a	O
month	O
as	O
to	O
offset	O
the	O
30%	O
revenue	O
split	O
that	O
Apple	O
takes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
initially	O
grandfathered	O
users	O
and	O
entities	O
that	O
had	O
gained	O
verification	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
status	O
as	O
public	O
figures	O
,	O
referring	O
them	O
as	O
"	O
legacy	O
verified	O
accounts	O
"	O
that	O
"	O
may	O
or	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
notable	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
testing	O
a	O
Tip	O
Jar	O
feature	O
on	O
its	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
clients	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
23	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
tip	O
users	O
on	O
the	O
social	O
network	O
with	O
bitcoin	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
feature	O
will	O
be	O
available	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
will	O
integrate	O
the	O
Strike	O
bitcoin	B-Protocol
lightning	O
wallet	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
noted	O
that	O
at	O
this	O
current	O
time	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
will	O
not	O
take	O
a	O
cut	O
of	O
any	O
money	O
sent	O
through	O
the	O
tips	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
27	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
rolled	O
out	O
Ticketed	O
Spaces	O
,	O
which	O
let	O
Twitter	B-Application
Spaces	O
hosts	O
charge	O
between	O
$1	O
and	O
$999	O
for	O
access	O
to	O
their	O
rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
partner	O
with	O
Stripe	B-Application
,	I-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	I-Application
for	O
piloting	O
cryptocurrency	O
payouts	O
for	O
limited	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2014	O
to	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
offered	O
a	O
"	O
Buy	O
button	O
"	O
feature	O
,	O
allowing	O
tweets	O
to	O
embed	O
products	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
purchased	O
from	O
within	O
the	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
buy	O
button	O
's	O
platform	O
partners	O
at	O
launch	O
included	O
Stripe	B-Application
,	O
Gumroad	O
,	O
Musictoday	O
,	O
and	O
The	O
Fancy	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
testing	O
a	O
"	O
Shop	O
module	O
"	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
users	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
allowing	O
accounts	O
associated	O
with	O
brands	O
to	O
display	O
a	O
carousel	O
of	O
cards	O
on	O
their	O
profiles	O
showcasing	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
Buy	O
button	O
,	O
where	O
order	O
fulfillment	O
was	O
handed	O
from	O
within	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
these	O
cards	O
are	O
external	O
links	O
to	O
online	O
storefronts	O
from	O
which	O
the	O
products	O
may	O
be	O
purchased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
expanded	O
the	O
test	O
to	O
allow	O
companies	O
to	O
showcase	O
up	O
to	O
50	O
products	O
on	O
their	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
support	O
for	O
"	O
shoppable	O
"	O
live	O
streams	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
brands	O
can	O
hold	O
streaming	O
events	O
that	O
similarly	O
display	O
banners	O
and	O
pages	O
highlighting	O
products	O
that	O
are	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
presentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
February	O
2009	O
Compete.com	O
blog	O
entry	O
ranked	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
the	O
third	O
most	O
used	O
social	O
network	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
count	O
of	O
6	O
million	O
unique	O
monthly	O
visitors	O
and	O
55	O
million	O
monthly	O
visits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
April	O
2017	O
a	O
statista.com	O
blog	O
entry	O
ranked	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
the	O
tenth	O
most	O
used	O
social	O
network	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
count	O
of	O
319	O
million	O
monthly	O
visitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
mainly	O
used	O
by	O
older	O
adults	O
who	O
might	O
not	O
have	O
used	O
other	O
social	O
sites	O
before	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
said	O
Jeremiah	O
Owyang	O
,	O
an	O
industry	O
analyst	O
studying	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
comScore	O
only	O
11%	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
users	O
are	O
aged	O
12	O
to	O
17	O
.	O
comScore	O
attributed	O
this	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
"	O
early	O
adopter	O
period	O
"	O
when	O
the	O
social	O
network	O
first	O
gained	O
popularity	O
in	O
business	O
settings	O
and	O
news	O
outlets	O
attracting	O
primarily	O
older	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
comScore	O
also	O
stated	O
in	O
2009	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
begun	O
to	O
"	O
filter	O
more	O
into	O
the	O
mainstream	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
along	O
with	O
it	O
came	O
a	O
culture	O
of	O
celebrity	O
as	O
Shaq	O
,	O
Britney	O
Spears	O
and	O
Ashton	O
Kutcher	O
joined	O
the	O
ranks	O
of	O
the	O
Twitterati	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
study	O
by	O
Sysomos	O
in	O
June	O
2009	O
,	O
women	O
make	O
up	O
a	O
slightly	O
larger	O
Twitter	B-Application
demographic	O
than	O
men	O
—	O
53%	O
over	O
47%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
stated	O
that	O
5%	O
of	O
users	O
accounted	O
for	O
75%	O
of	O
all	O
activity	O
and	O
that	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
has	O
more	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
than	O
other	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Quancast	O
,	O
27	O
million	O
people	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
used	O
Twitter	B-Application
;	O
63%	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
are	O
under	O
35	O
years	O
old	O
;	O
60%	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
are	O
Caucasian	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
higher	O
than	O
average	O
(	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
Internet	O
properties	O
)	O
are	O
African	O
American/black	O
(	O
16%	O
)	O
and	O
Hispanic	O
(	O
11%	O
)	O
;	O
58%	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
have	O
a	O
total	O
household	O
income	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
US$	O
60,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prevalence	O
of	O
African	O
American	O
Twitter	B-Application
usage	O
and	O
in	O
many	O
popular	O
hashtags	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
research	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
7	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
100	O
million	O
active	O
users	O
logging	O
in	O
at	O
least	O
once	O
a	O
month	O
and	O
50	O
million	O
active	O
users	O
every	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
255	O
million	O
monthly	O
active	O
users	O
(	O
MAUs	O
)	O
and	O
198	O
million	O
mobile	B-Application
MAUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
over	O
100	O
million	O
users	O
actively	O
using	O
Twitter	B-Application
daily	O
and	O
about	O
500	O
million	O
tweets	O
every	O
day	O
,	O
with	O
about	O
29%	O
of	O
users	O
checking	O
Twitter	B-Application
multiple	O
times	O
a	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
more	O
than	O
330	O
million	O
monthly	O
active	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
skew	O
to	O
the	O
American	O
political	O
left.Evette	O
Alexander	O
,	O
Polarization	O
in	O
the	O
Twittersphere	B-Application
:	O
What	O
86	O
million	O
tweets	O
reveal	O
about	O
the	O
political	O
makeup	O
of	O
American	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
engage	O
with	O
news	O
Knight	O
Foundation/Deen	O
Freelon	O
Associate	O
Professor	O
in	O
the	O
Hussman	O
School	O
of	O
Journalism	O
and	O
Media	O
,	O
Tweeting	O
Left	O
,	O
Right	O
&	O
Center	O
:	O
How	O
users	O
and	O
attention	O
are	O
distributed	O
across	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Knight	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
country	O
with	O
the	O
most	O
active	O
users	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2016	O
Pew	O
research	O
poll	O
found	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
24%	O
of	O
all	O
online	O
US	O
adults	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2019	O
survey	O
conducted	O
by	O
the	O
Pew	O
Foundation	O
found	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
are	O
more	O
likely	O
than	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
to	O
have	O
both	O
a	O
college	O
degree	O
and	O
higher	O
income	O
than	O
the	O
average	O
U.S.	O
adult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
survey	O
found	O
that	O
10%	O
of	O
users	O
who	O
are	O
most	O
active	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
are	O
responsible	O
for	O
80%	O
of	O
all	O
tweets	O
,	O
focusing	O
mainly	O
on	O
the	O
topics	O
of	O
politics	O
and	O
women	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
Jack	O
Dorsey	O
's	O
own	O
open	O
contention	O
that	O
a	O
message	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
"	O
a	O
short	O
burst	O
of	O
inconsequential	O
information	O
"	O
,	O
social	O
networking	O
researcher	O
danah	O
boyd	O
responded	O
to	O
the	O
Pear	O
Analytics	O
survey	O
by	O
arguing	O
that	O
what	O
the	O
Pear	O
researchers	O
labeled	O
"	O
pointless	O
babble	O
"	O
is	O
better	O
characterized	O
as	O
"	O
social	O
grooming	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
peripheral	O
awareness	O
"	O
(	O
which	O
she	O
justifies	O
as	O
persons	O
"want[ing]	O
to	O
know	O
what	O
the	O
people	O
around	O
them	O
are	O
thinking	O
and	O
doing	O
and	O
feeling	O
,	O
even	O
when	O
co-presence	O
is	O
n't	O
viable	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
a	O
survey	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
found	O
that	O
a	O
more	O
specific	O
social	O
role	O
of	O
passing	O
along	O
messages	O
that	O
include	O
a	O
hyperlink	O
is	O
an	O
expectation	O
of	O
reciprocal	O
linking	O
by	O
followers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
About	O
22%	O
of	O
Americans	O
say	O
they	O
have	O
ever	O
used	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
2019	O
Pew	O
Research	O
Center	O
survey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Nielsen	O
Online	O
reported	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
a	O
user-retention	O
rate	O
of	O
forty	O
percent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noting	O
how	O
demographics	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
differ	O
from	O
the	O
average	O
Americans	O
,	O
commentators	O
have	O
cautioned	O
against	O
media	O
narratives	O
that	O
treat	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
representative	O
of	O
the	O
population	O
,	O
adding	O
that	O
only	O
10%	O
of	O
users	O
Tweet	O
actively	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
90%	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
have	O
Tweeted	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
twice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
shareholders	O
sued	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
alleging	O
it	O
"	O
artificially	O
inflated	O
its	O
stock	O
price	O
by	O
misleading	O
them	O
about	O
user	O
engagement.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
become	O
internationally	O
identifiable	O
by	O
its	O
signature	O
bird	O
logo	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
Bird	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
logo	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
simply	O
the	O
word	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
was	O
in	O
use	O
from	O
its	O
launch	O
in	O
March	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
logo	O
was	O
called	O
simply	O
the	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
Bird	I-Application
"	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
branding	O
since	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
San	O
Francisco	O
headquarters	O
located	O
at	O
1355	O
Market	O
StreetOn	O
April	O
13	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
offer	O
paid	O
advertising	O
for	O
companies	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
purchase	O
"	O
promoted	O
tweets	O
"	O
to	O
appear	O
in	O
selective	O
search	O
results	O
on	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
website	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
Adwords	I-Application
 '	I-Application
advertising	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
 '	O
photos	O
can	O
generate	O
royalty-free	O
revenue	O
for	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
and	O
an	O
agreement	O
with	O
World	O
Entertainment	O
News	O
Network	O
(	O
WENN	O
)	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
May	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
generated	O
an	O
estimated	O
US	O
$139.5	O
million	O
in	O
advertising	O
sales	O
during	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
offer	O
small	O
businesses	O
a	O
self-service	O
advertising	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
continue	O
their	O
advertising	O
campaign	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
on	O
March	O
20	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
that	O
promoted	O
tweets	O
would	O
be	O
introduced	O
to	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
Rolls	O
Out	O
Promoted	O
Tweets	O
for	O
Mobile	B-Application
"	O
;	O
Wasserman	O
,	O
Todd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2013	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
its	O
Twitter	B-Application
Ads	O
self-service	O
platform	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
promoted	O
tweets	O
and	O
promoted	O
accounts	O
,	O
was	O
available	O
to	O
all	O
U.S.	O
users	O
without	O
an	O
invite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
3	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
launched	O
Instant	O
Unlock	O
Card	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
feature	O
that	O
encourages	O
people	O
to	O
tweet	O
about	O
a	O
brand	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
earn	O
rewards	O
and	O
utilize	O
the	O
social	O
media	O
network	O
's	O
conversational	O
ads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
banned	O
the	O
Russian	O
media	O
outlets	O
RT	O
and	O
Sputnik	O
from	O
advertising	O
on	O
their	O
website	O
following	O
the	O
conclusions	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
national	O
intelligence	O
report	O
the	O
previous	O
January	O
that	O
both	O
Sputnik	O
and	O
RT	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
vehicles	O
for	O
Russia	O
's	O
interference	O
in	O
the	O
2016	O
US	O
presidential	O
election	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2019	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
would	O
stop	O
running	O
political	O
ads	O
on	O
its	O
ad	O
platform	O
effective	O
November	O
22	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Company	O
CEO	B-Application
Dorsey	O
clarified	O
that	O
internet	O
advertising	O
had	O
great	O
power	O
and	O
was	O
extremely	O
effective	O
for	O
commercial	O
advertisers	O
,	O
the	O
power	O
brings	O
significant	O
risks	O
to	O
politics	O
where	O
crucial	O
decisions	O
impact	O
millions	O
of	O
lives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
ban	O
on	O
"	O
misleading	O
"	O
advertisements	O
that	O
go	O
against	O
"	O
the	O
scientific	O
consensus	O
on	O
climate	O
change	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
relies	O
on	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Twitter	B-Application
Web	O
interface	O
uses	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
framework	O
,	O
deployed	O
on	O
a	O
performance	O
enhanced	O
Ruby	B-Language
Enterprise	O
Edition	O
implementation	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
tweets	O
were	O
stored	O
in	O
MySQL	B-Application
databases	O
that	O
were	O
temporally	O
sharded	B-General_Concept
(	O
large	O
databases	O
were	O
split	O
based	O
on	O
time	O
of	O
posting	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
Spring	O
2007	O
to	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
messages	O
were	O
handled	O
by	O
a	O
Ruby	B-Language
persistent	B-Application
queue	O
server	O
called	O
Starling	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2009	O
,	O
implementation	O
has	O
been	O
gradually	O
replaced	O
with	O
software	O
written	O
in	O
Scala	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
switch	O
from	O
Ruby	B-Language
to	O
Scala	B-Application
and	O
the	O
JVM	B-Language
has	O
given	O
Twitter	B-Application
a	O
performance	O
boost	O
from	O
200	O
to	O
300	O
requests	O
per	O
second	O
per	O
host	O
to	O
around	O
10,000	O
–	O
20,000	O
requests	O
per	O
second	O
per	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
boost	O
was	O
greater	O
than	O
the	O
10x	O
improvement	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
engineers	O
envisioned	O
when	O
starting	O
the	O
switch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
continued	O
development	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
also	O
involved	O
a	O
switch	O
from	O
monolithic	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
app	O
to	O
an	O
architecture	O
where	O
different	O
services	O
are	O
built	O
independently	O
and	O
joined	O
through	O
remote	B-Operating_System
procedure	I-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
April	O
6	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
engineers	O
confirmed	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
switched	O
away	O
from	O
their	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
search	O
stack	O
to	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
server	O
they	O
call	O
Blender	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
,	O
the	O
tweets	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
MySQL	B-Application
database	O
using	O
Gizzard	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
user	O
receives	O
an	O
acknowledgement	O
that	O
the	O
tweets	O
were	O
sent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tweets	O
are	O
then	O
sent	O
to	O
search	O
engines	O
via	O
the	O
Firehose	O
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
is	O
managed	O
by	O
FlockDB	B-Language
and	O
takes	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
16	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Raffi	O
Krikorian	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
vice	O
president	O
of	O
platform	O
engineering	O
,	O
shared	O
in	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
infrastructure	O
handled	O
almost	O
143,000	O
tweets	O
per	O
second	O
during	O
that	O
week	O
,	O
setting	O
a	O
new	O
record	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Krikorian	O
explained	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
achieved	O
this	O
record	O
by	O
blending	O
its	O
homegrown	O
and	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
recognized	O
for	O
having	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
open	O
and	O
powerful	O
developer	O
APIs	B-Application
of	O
any	O
major	O
technology	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service	O
's	O
API	B-Application
allows	O
other	O
web	O
services	O
and	O
applications	O
to	O
integrate	O
with	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developer	O
interest	O
in	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
immediately	O
following	O
its	O
launch	O
,	O
prompting	O
the	O
company	O
to	O
release	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
its	O
public	O
API	B-Application
in	O
September	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
API	B-Application
quickly	O
became	O
iconic	O
as	O
a	O
reference	O
implementation	O
for	O
public	O
REST	B-Protocol
APIs	I-Protocol
and	O
is	O
widely	O
cited	O
in	O
programming	O
tutorials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2006	O
until	O
2010	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
developer	O
platform	O
experienced	O
strong	O
growth	O
and	O
a	O
highly	O
favorable	O
reputation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
built	O
upon	O
the	O
public	O
API	B-Application
to	O
create	O
the	O
first	O
Twitter	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
phone	O
clients	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
URL	O
shortener	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
2010	O
and	O
2012	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
made	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
decisions	O
that	O
were	O
received	O
unfavorably	O
by	O
the	O
developer	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
mandated	O
that	O
all	O
developers	O
adopt	O
OAuth	O
authentication	O
with	O
just	O
9	O
weeks	O
of	O
notice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
own	O
URL	O
shortener	O
,	O
in	O
direct	O
competition	O
with	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
most	O
well-known	O
third-party	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
stricter	O
usage	O
limits	O
for	O
its	O
API	B-Application
,	O
"	O
completely	O
crippling	O
"	O
some	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
released	O
version	O
2.0	O
of	O
the	O
public	O
API	B-Application
and	O
began	O
showcasing	O
Twitter	B-Application
apps	O
made	O
by	O
third-party	O
developers	O
on	O
its	O
Twitter	B-Application
Toolbox	O
section	O
in	O
April	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
ended	O
third	O
party	O
access	O
to	O
its	O
APIs	B-Application
,	O
forcing	O
all	O
third	O
party	O
Twitter	B-Application
clients	O
to	O
shut	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
We	O
are	O
sorry	O
to	O
say	O
that	O
the	O
app	O
's	O
sudden	O
and	O
undignified	O
demise	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
an	O
unannounced	O
and	O
undocumented	O
policy	O
change	O
by	O
an	O
increasingly	O
capricious	O
Twitter	B-Application
–	O
a	O
Twitter	B-Application
that	O
we	O
no	O
longer	O
recognize	O
as	O
trustworthy	O
nor	O
want	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
any	O
longer.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
ending	O
free	O
access	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
API	B-Application
,	O
and	O
began	O
offering	O
paid	O
tier	O
plans	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
limited	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
17	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
would	O
implement	O
an	O
"	O
Innovators	O
Patent	O
Agreement	O
"	O
which	O
would	O
obligate	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
only	O
use	O
its	O
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
a	O
history	O
of	O
both	O
using	O
and	O
releasing	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
while	O
overcoming	O
technical	O
challenges	O
of	O
their	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
page	O
in	O
their	O
developer	O
documentation	O
thanks	O
dozens	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
which	O
they	O
have	O
used	O
,	O
from	O
revision	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
software	I-Architecture
like	O
Git	B-Application
to	O
programming	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Ruby	B-Language
and	O
Scala	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
released	O
as	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
by	O
the	O
company	O
includes	O
the	O
Gizzard	B-Language
Scala	I-Language
framework	I-Language
for	O
creating	O
distributed	O
datastores	O
,	O
the	O
distributed	O
graph	O
database	O
FlockDB	B-Language
,	O
the	O
Finagle	O
library	O
for	O
building	O
asynchronous	O
RPC	B-Operating_System
servers	O
and	O
clients	O
,	O
the	O
TwUI	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
framework	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Bower	O
client-side	O
package	O
manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
popular	O
Bootstrap	B-Application
frontend	I-Application
framework	I-Application
was	O
also	O
started	O
at	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
is	O
10th	O
most	O
popular	O
repository	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
released	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
recommendation	O
algorithm	O
,	O
which	O
determines	O
what	O
tweets	O
show	O
up	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
personal	O
timeline	O
,	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
blog	O
post	O
:	O
"	O
We	O
believe	O
that	O
we	O
have	O
a	O
responsibility	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
town	O
square	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
to	O
make	O
our	O
platform	O
transparent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CEO	B-Application
Elon	O
Musk	O
had	O
been	O
promising	O
the	O
move	O
for	O
a	O
while	O
—	O
on	O
March	O
24th	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
before	O
he	O
owned	O
the	O
site	O
,	O
he	O
polled	O
his	O
followers	O
about	O
whether	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
algorithm	O
should	O
be	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
,	O
and	O
around	O
83	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
responses	O
said	O
"	O
yes.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
redesign	O
of	O
its	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
in	O
September	O
2010	O
,	O
adopting	O
a	O
dual-pane	O
layout	O
with	O
a	O
navigation	O
bar	O
along	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
increased	O
focus	O
on	O
the	O
inline	O
embedding	O
of	O
multimedia	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
considered	O
the	O
redesign	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
emulate	O
features	O
and	O
experiences	O
found	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
and	O
third-party	O
Twitter	B-Application
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
layout	O
was	O
revised	O
in	O
2011	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
continuity	O
with	O
the	O
web	O
and	O
mobile	B-Application
versions	O
,	O
introducing	O
"	O
Connect	O
"	O
(	O
interactions	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
such	O
as	O
replies	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
Discover	O
"	O
(	O
further	O
information	O
regarding	O
trending	O
topics	O
and	O
news	O
headlines	O
)	O
tabs	O
,	O
an	O
updated	O
profile	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
moving	O
all	O
content	O
to	O
the	O
right	O
pane	O
(	O
leaving	O
the	O
left	O
pane	O
dedicated	O
to	O
functions	O
and	O
the	O
trending	O
topics	O
list	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
became	O
available	O
in	O
Arabic	O
,	O
Farsi	O
,	O
Hebrew	O
and	O
Urdu	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
right-to-left	O
language	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Discover	O
"	O
tab	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
succeeded	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
by	O
an	O
"	O
Explore	O
"	O
tab	O
—	O
which	O
features	O
trending	O
topics	O
and	O
moments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2018	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
to	O
migrate	O
selected	O
web	O
users	O
to	O
its	O
progressive	B-Application
web	I-Application
app	I-Application
(	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
Twitter	B-Application
Lite	O
experience	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
web	I-Application
)	O
,	O
reducing	O
the	O
interface	O
to	O
two	O
columns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Migrations	O
to	O
this	O
iteration	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
increased	O
in	O
April	O
2019	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
users	O
receiving	O
it	O
with	O
a	O
modified	O
layout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2019	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
officially	O
released	O
this	O
redesign	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
further	O
option	O
to	O
opt-out	O
while	O
logged	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
further-unify	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
user	O
experience	O
between	O
the	O
web	O
and	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
versions	O
,	O
adopting	O
a	O
three-column	O
layout	O
with	O
a	O
sidebar	O
containing	O
links	O
to	O
common	O
areas	O
(	O
including	O
"	O
Explore	O
"	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
merged	O
with	O
the	O
search	O
page	O
)	O
which	O
previously	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
horizontal	O
top	O
bar	O
,	O
profile	O
elements	O
such	O
as	O
picture	O
and	O
header	O
images	O
and	O
biography	O
texts	O
merged	O
into	O
the	O
same	O
column	O
as	O
the	O
timeline	O
,	O
and	O
features	O
from	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
version	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
multi-account	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
opt-out	O
for	O
the	O
"	O
top	O
tweets	O
"	O
mode	O
on	O
the	O
timeline	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
early	O
Twitter	B-Application
security	O
breaches	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Federal	O
Trade	O
Commission	O
(	O
FTC	O
)	O
brought	O
charges	O
against	O
the	O
service	O
;	O
the	O
charges	O
were	O
settled	O
on	O
June	O
24	O
,	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
settlement	O
requires	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
take	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
steps	O
to	O
secure	O
users	O
 '	O
private	O
information	O
,	O
including	O
maintenance	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
comprehensive	O
information	O
security	O
program	O
"	O
to	O
be	O
independently	O
audited	O
biannually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
high-profile	O
hacks	O
of	O
official	O
accounts	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
Associated	O
Press	O
and	O
The	O
Guardian	O
,	O
in	O
April	O
2013	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
two-factor	O
login	O
verification	O
as	O
an	O
added	O
measure	O
against	O
hacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
15	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
a	O
major	B-General_Concept
hack	I-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
Twitter	I-General_Concept
affected	O
130	O
high-profile	O
accounts	O
,	O
both	O
verified	O
and	O
unverified	O
ones	O
such	O
as	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
,	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
,	O
and	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
;	O
the	O
hack	O
allowed	O
bitcoin	B-Protocol
scammers	O
to	O
send	O
tweets	O
via	O
the	O
compromised	O
accounts	O
that	O
asked	O
the	O
followers	O
to	O
send	O
bitcoin	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
given	O
public	O
address	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
promise	O
to	O
double	O
their	O
money	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
few	O
hours	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
disabled	O
tweeting	O
and	O
reset	O
passwords	O
from	O
all	O
verified	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysis	O
of	O
the	O
event	O
revealed	O
that	O
the	O
scammers	O
had	O
used	O
social	O
engineering	O
to	O
obtain	O
credentials	O
from	O
Twitter	B-Application
employees	O
to	O
access	O
an	O
administration	O
tool	O
used	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
view	O
and	O
change	O
these	O
accounts	O
 '	O
personal	O
details	O
as	O
to	O
gain	O
access	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
smash	O
and	O
grab	O
"	O
attempt	O
to	O
make	O
money	O
quickly	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
estimated	O
in	O
bitcoin	B-Protocol
deposited	O
in	O
various	O
accounts	O
before	O
Twitter	B-Application
intervened	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
5	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
disclosed	O
that	O
a	O
bug	O
introduced	O
in	O
a	O
June	O
2021	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
service	O
allowed	O
threat	O
actors	O
to	O
link	O
email	O
addresses	O
and	O
phone	O
numbers	O
to	O
twitter	B-Application
user	O
's	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bug	O
was	O
reported	O
through	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
bug	O
bounty	O
program	O
in	O
January	O
2022	O
and	O
subsequently	O
fixed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Twitter	B-Application
originally	O
believed	O
no	O
one	O
had	O
taken	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
vulnerability	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
later	O
revealed	O
that	O
a	O
user	O
on	O
the	O
online	O
hacking	O
forum	O
Breached	O
Forums	O
had	O
used	O
the	O
vulnerability	O
to	O
compile	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
over	O
5.4	O
million	O
user	O
profiles	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
offered	O
to	O
sell	O
for	O
$	O
30,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
an	O
outage	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
were	O
at	O
one	O
time	O
shown	O
the	O
"	O
fail	O
whale	O
"	O
error	B-Error_Name
message	I-Error_Name
image	O
created	O
by	O
Yiying	O
Lu	O
,	O
illustrating	O
eight	O
orange	O
birds	O
using	O
a	O
net	O
to	O
hoist	O
a	O
whale	O
from	O
the	O
ocean	O
captioned	O
"	O
Too	O
many	O
tweets	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
designer	O
and	O
Twitter	B-Application
user	O
Jen	O
Simmons	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
coin	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
fail	O
whale	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
September	O
2007	O
tweet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
approximately	O
ninety-eight	O
percent	O
uptime	B-Device
in	O
2007	O
(	O
or	O
about	O
six	O
full	O
days	O
of	O
downtime	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
downtime	O
was	O
particularly	O
noticeable	O
during	O
events	O
popular	O
with	O
the	O
technology	O
industry	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
2008	O
Macworld	O
Conference	O
&	O
Expo	O
keynote	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
12	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
several	O
third-party	O
Twitter	B-Application
apps	O
(	O
Tweetbot	B-Application
,	O
Echofon	O
,	O
and	O
Twitterrific	O
)	O
stopped	O
working	O
in	O
various	O
ways	O
,	O
leaving	O
developers	O
–	O
and	O
their	O
many	O
users	O
–	O
in	O
the	O
dark	O
about	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
third-party	O
app	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
8	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
widely	O
reported	O
on	O
various	O
social	O
media	O
platforms	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
receiving	O
error	B-Error_Name
messages	I-Error_Name
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
such	O
as	O
"	O
The	O
content	O
of	O
your	O
Tweet	O
is	O
invalid	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
You	O
are	O
over	O
the	O
daily	O
limit	O
for	O
sending	O
Tweets.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
throttling	O
users	O
,	O
blocking	O
Tweets	O
,	O
Retweets	O
,	O
and	O
Follows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
6	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
experienced	O
an	O
outage	O
related	O
to	O
its	O
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tweetdeck	B-Operating_System
also	O
appeared	O
to	O
be	O
broken	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|right|The	O
official	O
Twitter	B-Application
profile	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
an	O
account	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
blue	O
tick	O
"	O
verification	O
badge	O
indicates	O
"	O
we	O
've	O
been	O
in	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
person	O
or	O
entity	O
the	O
account	O
is	O
representing	O
and	O
verified	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
approved	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
public	O
application	O
process	O
to	O
grant	O
verified	O
status	O
to	O
an	O
account	O
"	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
determined	O
to	O
be	O
of	O
public	O
interest	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
verification	O
"	O
does	O
not	O
imply	O
an	O
endorsement	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
relaunch	O
of	O
its	O
verification	O
system	O
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
policy	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
verifies	O
six	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
accounts	O
;	O
for	O
three	O
of	O
them	O
(	O
companies	O
,	O
brands	O
,	O
and	O
influential	O
individuals	O
like	O
activists	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
a	O
Wikipedia	O
page	O
will	O
be	O
one	O
criterion	O
for	O
showing	O
that	O
the	O
account	O
has	O
"	O
Off	O
Twitter	B-Application
Notability	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
states	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
re-open	O
public	O
verification	O
applications	O
at	O
some	O
point	O
in	O
"	O
early	O
2021	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2022	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
takeover	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
by	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
verification	O
would	O
instead	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
paid	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blue	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
existing	O
verified	O
accounts	O
would	O
lose	O
their	O
status	O
if	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
subscribe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
concerns	O
over	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
impersonation	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
subsequently	O
reimplemented	O
a	O
second	O
"	O
Official	O
"	O
marker	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
grey	O
tick	O
and	O
"	O
Official	O
"	O
text	O
displayed	O
under	O
the	O
username	O
,	O
for	O
high-profile	O
accounts	O
of	O
"	O
government	O
and	O
commercial	O
entities	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
collects	O
personally	O
identifiable	O
information	O
about	O
its	O
users	O
and	O
shares	O
it	O
with	O
third	O
parties	O
as	O
specified	O
in	O
its	O
privacy	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Twitter	B-Application
displays	O
no	O
advertising	O
,	O
advertisers	O
can	O
target	O
users	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
history	O
of	O
tweets	O
and	O
may	O
quote	O
tweets	O
in	O
ads	O
directed	O
specifically	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
launched	O
the	O
beta	O
version	O
of	O
their	O
"	O
Verified	O
Accounts	O
"	O
service	O
on	O
June	O
11	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
allowing	O
people	O
with	O
public	O
profiles	O
to	O
announce	O
their	O
account	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
14	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Justice	O
issued	O
a	O
subpoena	O
directing	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
information	O
for	O
accounts	O
registered	O
to	O
or	O
associated	O
with	O
WikiLeaks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
decided	O
to	O
notify	O
its	O
users	O
and	O
said	O
in	O
a	O
statement	O
,	O
"	O
...	O
it	O
's	O
our	O
policy	O
to	O
notify	O
users	O
about	O
law	O
enforcement	O
and	O
governmental	O
requests	O
for	O
their	O
information	O
,	O
unless	O
we	O
are	O
prevented	O
by	O
law	O
from	O
doing	O
so.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2011	O
,	O
a	O
claimant	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
CTB	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
CTB	O
v	O
Twitter	B-Application
Inc	O
.	O
took	O
action	O
against	O
Twitter	B-Application
at	O
the	O
High	O
Court	O
of	O
Justice	O
of	O
England	O
and	O
Wales	O
,	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
Inc.	O
,	O
Unknown	O
Posters	O
Sued	O
by	O
Athlete	O
Known	O
as	O
'	O
CTB	O
 '	O
at	O
U.K.	O
Court	O
"	O
bloomberg.com	O
May	O
20	O
,	O
2011	O
requesting	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
release	O
details	O
of	O
account	O
holders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
followed	O
gossip	O
posted	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
about	O
professional	O
footballer	O
Ryan	O
Giggs	O
's	O
private	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tony	O
Wang	O
,	O
the	O
head	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
said	O
that	O
people	O
who	O
do	O
"	O
bad	O
things	O
"	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
defend	O
themselves	O
under	O
the	O
laws	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
jurisdiction	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
controversy	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
site	O
would	O
hand	O
over	O
information	O
about	O
users	O
to	O
the	O
authorities	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
legally	O
required	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
suggested	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
would	O
accede	O
to	O
a	O
UK	O
court	O
order	O
to	O
divulge	O
names	O
of	O
users	O
responsible	O
for	O
"	O
illegal	O
activity	O
"	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
acquired	O
Dasient	O
,	O
a	O
startup	O
that	O
offers	O
malware	O
protection	O
for	O
businesses	O
,	O
in	O
January	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
use	O
Dasient	O
to	O
help	O
remove	O
hateful	O
advertisers	O
on	O
the	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
offered	O
a	O
feature	O
which	O
would	O
allow	O
tweets	O
to	O
be	O
removed	O
selectively	O
by	O
country	O
,	O
before	O
deleted	O
tweets	O
used	O
to	O
be	O
removed	O
in	O
all	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
Blog	O
–	O
Tweets	O
still	O
must	O
flow	O
"	O
January	O
26	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Followed	O
the	O
sharing	O
of	O
images	O
showing	O
the	O
killing	O
of	O
American	O
journalist	O
James	O
Foley	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
said	O
that	O
in	O
certain	O
cases	O
it	O
would	O
delete	O
pictures	O
of	O
people	O
who	O
had	O
died	O
after	O
requests	O
from	O
family	O
members	O
and	O
"	O
authorized	O
individuals	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
following	O
updated	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
and	O
privacy	O
policy	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
outside	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
were	O
legally	O
served	O
by	O
the	O
Ireland-based	O
Twitter	B-Application
International	O
Company	O
instead	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
8	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
users	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Economic	O
Area	O
or	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
(	O
thus	O
subject	O
to	O
GDPR	O
)	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
be	O
allowed	O
to	O
opt	O
out	O
of	O
sharing	O
"	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
advertising	O
measurements	O
"	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
third-party	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
took	O
additional	O
steps	O
to	O
counter	O
misleading	O
campaigns	O
ahead	O
of	O
the	O
2020	O
US	O
Election	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
new	O
temporary	O
update	O
encouraged	O
users	O
to	O
"	O
add	O
their	O
own	O
commentary	O
"	O
before	O
retweeting	O
a	O
tweet	O
,	O
by	O
making	O
'	O
quoting	O
tweet	O
 '	O
a	O
mandatory	O
feature	O
instead	O
of	O
optional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
25	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
fined	O
$150	O
million	O
by	O
the	O
Federal	O
Trade	O
Commission	O
alongside	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Justice	O
for	O
collecting	O
users	O
 '	O
phone	O
numbers	O
and	O
email	O
addresses	O
for	O
security	O
and	O
then	O
using	O
it	O
for	O
targeted	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
also	O
required	O
to	O
notify	O
its	O
users	O
and	O
is	O
banned	O
from	O
profiting	O
off	O
of	O
'	O
deceptively	O
collected	O
data	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2013	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
introduce	O
a	O
"	O
report	O
abuse	O
"	O
button	O
for	O
all	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
following	O
uproar	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
petition	O
with	O
100,000	O
signatures	O
,	O
over	O
Tweets	O
that	O
included	O
rape	O
and	O
death	O
threats	O
to	O
historian	O
Mary	O
Beard	O
,	O
feminist	O
campaigner	O
Caroline	O
Criado-Perez	O
and	O
the	O
member	O
of	O
parliament	O
Stella	O
Creasy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
Tony	O
Wang	O
issues	O
apology	O
to	O
abuse	O
victims	O
"	O
,	O
BBC	O
News	O
,	O
August	O
3	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Of	O
Pride	O
,	O
Prejudice	O
and	O
Harassment	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
"	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
,	O
August	O
3	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
updates	O
its	O
rules	O
for	O
users	O
,	O
after	O
uproar	O
over	O
rape	O
,	O
bomb	O
threats	O
"	O
,	O
CNET	O
,	O
August	O
3	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
new	O
reporting	O
and	O
blocking	O
policies	O
in	O
December	O
2014	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
blocking	O
mechanism	O
devised	O
by	O
Randi	O
Harper	O
,	O
a	O
target	O
of	O
GamerGate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2015	O
,	O
CEO	B-Application
Dick	O
Costolo	O
said	O
he	O
was	O
'	O
frankly	O
ashamed	O
 '	O
at	O
how	O
poorly	O
Twitter	B-Application
handled	O
trolling	O
and	O
abuse	O
,	O
and	O
admitted	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
lost	O
users	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
per	O
a	O
research	O
study	O
conducted	O
by	O
IT	O
for	O
Change	O
on	O
abuse	O
and	O
misogynistic	O
trolling	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
directed	O
at	O
Indian	O
women	O
in	O
public-political	O
life	O
,	O
women	O
perceived	O
to	O
be	O
ideologically	O
left-leaning	O
,	O
dissenters	O
,	O
Muslim	O
women	O
,	O
political	O
dissenters	O
,	O
and	O
political	O
commentators	O
and	O
women	O
from	O
opposition	O
parties	O
received	O
a	O
disproportionate	O
amount	O
of	O
abusive	O
and	O
hateful	O
messages	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
Trust	O
&	O
Safety	O
Council	O
to	O
help	O
"	O
ensure	O
that	O
people	O
feel	O
safe	O
expressing	O
themselves	O
on	O
Twitter.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
council	O
's	O
inaugural	O
members	O
included	O
50	O
organizations	O
and	O
individuals.Twitter	O
'	O
s	O
corporate	O
blog	O
,	O
"	O
Announcing	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
Trust	O
&	O
Safety	O
Council	O
"	O
The	O
announcement	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
"	O
Trust	O
&	O
Safety	O
Council	O
"	O
was	O
met	O
with	O
objection	O
from	O
parts	O
of	O
its	O
userbase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
banned	O
7,000	O
accounts	O
and	O
limited	O
150,000	O
more	O
that	O
had	O
ties	O
to	O
QAnon	O
on	O
July	O
21	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
accounts	O
limited	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
will	O
not	O
appear	O
in	O
searches	O
nor	O
be	O
promoted	O
in	O
other	O
Twitter	B-Application
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
said	O
they	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
ban	O
or	O
limit	O
accounts	O
as	O
necessary	O
,	O
with	O
their	O
support	O
account	O
stating	O
"	O
We	O
will	O
permanently	O
suspend	O
accounts	O
Tweeting	O
about	O
these	O
topics	O
that	O
we	O
know	O
are	O
engaged	O
in	O
violations	O
of	O
our	O
multi-account	O
policy	O
,	O
coordinating	O
abuse	O
around	O
individual	O
victims	O
,	O
or	O
are	O
attempting	O
to	O
evade	O
a	O
previous	O
suspension	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
began	O
beta	O
testing	O
a	O
feature	O
called	O
Safety	O
Mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
user	O
has	O
Safety	O
Mode	O
enabled	O
,	O
authors	O
of	O
tweets	O
that	O
are	O
identified	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
technology	O
as	O
being	O
harmful	O
or	O
exercising	O
uninvited	O
behavior	O
will	O
be	O
temporarily	O
unable	O
to	O
follow	O
the	O
account	O
,	O
send	O
direct	O
messages	O
,	O
or	O
see	O
tweets	O
from	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
the	O
enabled	O
functionality	O
during	O
the	O
temporary	O
block	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jarrod	O
Doherty	O
,	O
senior	O
product	O
manager	O
at	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
technology	O
in	O
place	O
within	O
Safety	O
Mode	O
assesses	O
existing	O
relationships	O
to	O
prevent	O
blocking	O
accounts	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
frequently	O
interacts	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
sued	O
by	O
the	O
widow	O
of	O
a	O
U.S.	O
man	O
killed	O
in	O
the	O
2015	O
Amman	O
shooting	O
attack	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
allowing	O
the	O
Islamic	O
State	O
of	O
Iraq	O
and	O
the	O
Levant	O
(	O
ISIL	O
)	O
to	O
continually	O
use	O
the	O
platform	O
,	O
including	O
direct	O
messages	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
constituted	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
material	O
support	O
to	O
a	O
terrorist	O
organization	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
illegal	O
under	O
U.S.	O
federal	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
disputed	O
the	O
claim	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
"	O
violent	O
threats	O
and	O
the	O
promotion	O
of	O
terrorism	O
deserve	O
no	O
place	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
,	O
like	O
other	O
social	O
networks	O
,	O
our	O
rules	O
make	O
that	O
clear.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
suspended	O
multiple	O
parody	O
accounts	O
that	O
satirized	O
Russian	O
politics	O
in	O
May	O
2016	O
,	O
sparking	O
protests	O
and	O
raising	O
questions	O
about	O
where	O
the	O
company	O
stands	O
on	O
freedom	O
of	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
public	O
outcry	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
restored	O
the	O
accounts	O
the	O
next	O
day	O
without	O
explaining	O
why	O
the	O
accounts	O
had	O
been	O
suspended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
day	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
jointly	O
agreed	O
to	O
a	O
European	O
Union	O
code	O
of	O
conduct	O
obligating	O
them	O
to	O
review	O
"[the]	O
majority	O
of	O
valid	O
notifications	O
for	O
removal	O
of	O
illegal	O
hate	O
speech	O
"	O
posted	O
on	O
their	O
services	O
within	O
24	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
banned	O
235,000	O
accounts	O
over	O
the	O
past	O
six	O
months	O
,	O
bringing	O
the	O
overall	O
number	O
of	O
suspended	O
accounts	O
to	O
360,000	O
accounts	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
year	O
,	O
for	O
violating	O
policies	O
banning	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
platform	O
to	O
promote	O
extremism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
10	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
they	O
suspended	O
166,513	O
accounts	O
for	O
promoting	O
terrorism	O
in	O
the	O
July	O
–	O
December	O
2018	O
period	O
,	O
stating	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
steady	O
decrease	O
in	O
terrorist	O
groups	O
trying	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
platform	O
owing	O
to	O
its	O
"	O
zero-tolerance	O
policy	O
enforcement	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Vijaya	O
Gadde	O
,	O
Legal	O
,	O
Policy	O
and	O
Trust	O
and	O
Safety	O
Lead	O
at	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
reduction	O
of	O
19%	O
terror	O
related	O
tweets	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
reporting	O
period	O
(	O
January	O
–	O
June	O
2018	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
July	O
30	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
will	O
block	O
URLs	O
in	O
tweets	O
that	O
point	O
to	O
external	O
websites	O
that	O
contain	O
malicious	O
content	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
malware	O
and	O
phishing	O
content	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
or	O
hate	O
speech	O
,	O
speech	O
encouraging	O
violence	O
,	O
terrorism	O
,	O
child	O
sexual	O
exploitation	O
,	O
breaches	O
of	O
privacy	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
similar	O
content	O
that	O
is	O
already	O
banned	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
tweets	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
said	O
this	O
was	O
to	O
bring	O
their	O
policy	O
in	O
line	O
to	O
prevent	O
users	O
from	O
bypassing	O
their	O
tweet	O
content	O
restrictions	O
by	O
simply	O
linking	O
to	O
the	O
banned	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
onset	O
of	O
protests	O
by	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
's	O
supporters	O
across	O
the	O
US	O
in	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
suspended	O
more	O
than	O
70,000	O
accounts	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
they	O
shared	O
"	O
harmful	O
QAnon-associated	O
content	O
"	O
at	O
a	O
large	O
scale	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
"	O
dedicated	O
to	O
the	O
propagation	O
of	O
this	O
conspiracy	O
theory	O
across	O
the	O
service	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rioters	O
that	O
broke	O
into	O
US	O
Capitol	B-Application
Hill	I-Application
included	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
QAnon	O
followers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
January	O
and	O
late	O
July	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
identified	O
and	O
shut	O
down	O
over	O
7,000	O
fake	O
accounts	O
created	O
by	O
Iranian	O
influence	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
scrutiny	O
over	O
the	O
misuse	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
by	O
those	O
seeking	O
to	O
maliciously	O
influence	O
elections	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
partner	O
with	O
the	O
nonprofit	O
organization	O
Ballotpedia	O
to	O
add	O
special	O
labels	O
verifying	O
the	O
authenticity	O
of	O
political	O
candidates	O
running	O
for	O
election	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
removed	O
5,929	O
accounts	O
for	O
violating	O
their	O
manipulation	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
did	O
not	O
disclose	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
as	O
some	O
could	O
possibly	O
be	O
legitimate	O
accounts	O
taken	O
over	O
through	O
hacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
suspended	O
around	O
3,500	O
fake	O
accounts	O
that	O
were	O
running	O
a	O
campaign	O
to	O
influence	O
the	O
American	O
audience	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
US	O
intelligence	O
officials	O
concluded	O
that	O
the	O
assassination	O
of	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
journalist	O
,	O
Jamal	O
Khashoggi	O
was	O
"	O
approved	O
"	O
by	O
the	O
Saudi	O
Crown	O
Prince	O
Mohammed	O
bin	O
Salman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
accounts	O
commented	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
tweets	O
of	O
US-based	O
media	O
houses	O
,	O
including	O
The	O
Post	O
,	O
CNN	B-Architecture
,	O
CBS	O
News	O
and	O
The	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
Times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
unable	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
influence	O
campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
top	O
four	O
countries	O
spreading	O
state-linked	O
Twitter	B-Application
misinformation	O
are	O
Russia	O
,	O
China	O
,	O
Iran	O
and	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Twitter	B-Application
bot	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
that	O
can	O
automatically	O
tweet	O
,	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
follow	O
other	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
open	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
cloud	O
servers	O
make	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
Twitter	B-Application
bots	O
to	O
exist	O
within	O
the	O
social	O
networking	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Benign	O
Twitter	B-Application
bots	O
may	O
generate	O
creative	O
content	O
and	O
relevant	O
product	O
updates	O
whereas	O
malicious	O
bots	O
can	O
make	O
unpopular	O
people	O
seem	O
popular	O
,	O
push	O
irrelevant	O
products	O
on	O
users	O
and	O
spread	O
misinformation	O
,	O
spam	O
or	O
slander	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
said	O
there	O
were	O
20	O
million	O
fake	O
accounts	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
representing	O
less	O
than	O
5%	O
of	O
active	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|alt	O
=	O
Man	O
in	O
his	O
twenties	O
smiling	O
at	O
left	O
,	O
man	O
in	O
his	O
forties	O
using	O
computer	O
at	O
center	O
,	O
large	O
crystal	O
chandelier	O
,	O
several	O
people	O
in	O
audience|Dorsey	O
(	O
left	O
)	O
said	O
after	O
a	O
Twitter	B-Application
Town	O
Hall	O
with	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
held	O
in	O
July	O
2011	O
,	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
received	O
over	O
110,000	O
#AskObama	O
tweets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
purposes	O
in	O
many	O
industries	O
and	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
civil	O
disobedience	O
:	O
In	O
2010	O
,	O
users	O
expressed	O
outrage	O
over	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
joke	O
trial	O
by	O
copying	O
a	O
controversial	O
joke	O
about	O
bombing	O
an	O
airport	O
and	O
attaching	O
the	O
hashtag	O
#IAmSpartacus	O
,	O
a	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
film	O
Spartacus	O
(	O
1960	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
sign	O
of	O
solidarity	O
and	O
support	O
to	O
a	O
man	O
controversially	O
prosecuted	O
after	O
posting	O
a	O
tweet	O
joking	O
about	O
bombing	O
an	O
airport	O
if	O
they	O
canceled	O
his	O
flight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
#IAmSpartacus	O
became	O
the	O
number	O
one	O
trending	O
topic	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
by	O
the	O
Dubai	O
School	O
of	O
Government	O
found	O
that	O
only	O
0.26	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
Egyptian	O
population	O
,	O
0.1	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
Tunisian	O
population	O
and	O
0.04	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
Syrian	O
population	O
are	O
active	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Journalists	O
have	O
criticized	O
Twitter	B-Application
for	O
hate	O
speech	O
being	O
easy	O
to	O
find	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
documents	O
leaked	O
by	O
Edward	O
Snowden	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
's	O
GCHQ	O
has	O
a	O
tool	O
named	O
BIRDSONG	O
for	O
"	O
automated	O
posting	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
updates	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
tool	O
named	O
BIRDSTRIKE	O
for	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
monitoring	O
and	O
profile	O
collection	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
2019	O
–	O
20	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
protests	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
suspended	O
a	O
core	O
group	O
of	O
1,000	O
"	O
fake	O
"	O
accounts	O
and	O
an	O
associated	O
network	O
of	O
200,000	O
accounts	O
for	O
operating	O
a	O
disinformation	O
campaign	O
that	O
was	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
their	O
announcement	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
released	O
two	O
data	O
sets	O
detailing	O
the	O
core	O
group	O
's	O
account	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
12	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
suspended	O
over	O
7,000	O
accounts	O
from	O
Turkey	O
because	O
those	O
accounts	O
were	O
fake	O
profiles	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Turkish	O
president	O
and	O
were	O
managed	O
by	O
a	O
central	O
authority	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turkey	O
blocked	O
access	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
twice	O
,	O
once	O
after	O
voice	O
recordings	O
appeared	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
in	O
which	O
Erdogan	O
ordered	O
his	O
son	O
to	O
stash	O
away	O
millions	O
of	O
dollars	O
and	O
another	O
time	O
for	O
12	O
hours	O
in	O
the	O
aftermath	O
of	O
the	O
earthquake	O
of	O
February	O
2023	O
,	O
when	O
Erdogan	O
blamed	O
the	O
people	O
of	O
a	O
disinformation	O
campaign	O
as	O
they	O
criticized	O
the	O
Government	O
for	O
their	O
lack	O
of	O
help	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
labeled	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
tweets	O
by	O
Sambit	O
Patra	O
,	O
a	O
spokesman	O
of	O
the	O
local	O
ruling	O
party	O
BJP	O
in	O
India	O
,	O
as	O
"	O
manipulated	O
media	O
"	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
offices	O
in	O
Delhi	O
and	O
Gurgaon	O
being	O
raided	O
by	O
the	O
local	O
police	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
issued	O
a	O
statement	O
,	O
calling	O
the	O
police	O
visit	O
"	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
intimidation	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
the	O
Indian	O
government	O
released	O
a	O
statement	O
in	O
July	O
2021	O
claiming	O
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
lost	O
its	O
liability	O
protection	O
concerning	O
user-generated	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
brought	O
on	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
failure	O
to	O
comply	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
IT	O
rules	O
introduced	O
in	O
2021	O
with	O
a	O
filing	O
stating	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
failed	O
to	O
appoint	O
executives	O
to	O
govern	O
user	O
content	O
on	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
stated	O
to	O
India	O
's	O
government	O
in	O
August	O
2021	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
appointed	O
permanent	O
executives	O
and	O
staff	O
to	O
provide	O
for	O
compliance	O
to	O
these	O
new	O
IT	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2022	O
,	O
a	O
Dutch	O
town	O
sued	O
Twitter	B-Application
for	O
spreading	O
a	O
conspiracy	O
theory	O
that	O
the	O
town	O
was	O
once	O
home	O
to	O
a	O
ring	O
of	O
Satan-worshipping	O
paedophiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
allows	O
pornographic	O
content	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
marked	O
"	O
sensitive	O
"	O
by	O
uploaders	O
,	O
which	O
puts	O
it	O
behind	O
an	O
interstitial	O
and	O
hides	O
it	O
from	O
minors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
performers	O
use	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
service	O
to	O
market	O
and	O
grow	O
their	O
porn	O
businesses	O
,	O
attracting	O
users	O
to	O
paywalled	O
services	O
like	O
OnlyFans	O
,	O
by	O
distributing	O
photos	O
and	O
short	O
video	O
clips	O
as	O
advertisements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
convened	O
a	O
"	O
Red	O
Team	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
project	O
of	O
ACM	O
,	O
"	O
Adult	O
Content	O
Monetization	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
known	O
internally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
February	O
2021	O
report	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
Health	O
team	O
begins	O
,	O
"	O
While	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
CSE	O
(	O
child	O
sexual	O
exploitation	O
)	O
online	O
has	O
grown	O
exponentially	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
investment	O
in	O
technologies	O
to	O
detect	O
and	O
manage	O
the	O
growth	O
has	O
not.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
February	O
report	O
,	O
employees	O
wrote	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
along	O
with	O
other	O
Tech	O
Companies	O
have	O
"	O
accelerated	O
the	O
pace	O
of	O
CSE	O
content	O
creation	O
and	O
distribution	O
to	O
a	O
breaking	O
point	O
where	O
manual	O
detection	O
,	O
review	O
,	O
and	O
investigations	O
no	O
longer	O
scale	O
"	O
by	O
allowing	O
pornography	O
and	O
failing	O
to	O
invest	O
in	O
systems	O
that	O
could	O
effectively	O
monitor	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
efforts	O
to	O
monetize	O
porn	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
held	O
an	O
internal	O
investigation	O
that	O
reported	O
in	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
cannot	O
accurately	O
detect	O
child	O
sexual	O
exploitation	O
and	O
non-consensual	O
nudity	O
at	O
scale.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
Doe	O
et	O
al	O
vs.	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
a	O
civil	O
lawsuit	O
filed	O
in	O
the	O
9th	O
Circuit	O
Court	O
,	O
alleges	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
benefited	O
from	O
sex	O
trafficking	O
and	O
refused	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
illegal	O
tweets	O
when	O
first	O
informed	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
amicus	O
brief	O
filed	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
,	O
the	O
NCMEC	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
children	O
informed	O
the	O
company	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
minors	O
,	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
been	O
'	O
baited	O
,	O
harassed	O
,	O
and	O
threatened	O
 '	O
into	O
making	O
the	O
videos	O
,	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
victims	O
of	O
'	O
sex	O
abuse	O
 '	O
under	O
investigation	O
by	O
law	O
enforcement	O
"	O
but	O
Twitter	B-Application
failed	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
videos	O
,	O
"	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
by	O
hundreds	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
the	O
platform	O
's	O
users.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
major	O
brands	O
including	O
Dyson	O
,	O
Mazda	O
,	O
Forbes	O
,	O
and	O
PBS	O
Kids	O
suspended	O
their	O
marketing	O
campaigns	O
and	O
pulled	O
their	O
ads	O
from	O
the	O
platform	O
,	O
after	O
an	O
investigation	O
into	O
child	O
porn	O
on	O
twitter	B-Application
showed	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
failed	O
to	O
suspend	O
70%	O
of	O
the	O
accounts	O
that	O
shared	O
or	O
solicited	O
the	O
prohibited	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
brand	O
president	O
at	O
Cole	O
Haan	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
We	O
're	O
horrified	O
...	O
either	O
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
going	O
to	O
fix	O
this	O
,	O
or	O
we	O
'll	O
fix	O
it	O
by	O
any	O
means	O
we	O
can	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
not	O
buying	O
Twitter	B-Application
ads.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2008	O
,	O
The	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
wrote	O
that	O
social	O
networking	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
"	O
elicit	O
mixed	O
feelings	O
in	O
the	O
technology-savvy	O
people	O
who	O
have	O
been	O
their	O
early	O
adopters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
year	O
,	O
John	O
C	O
.	O
Dvorak	O
described	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
"	O
the	O
new	O
CB	B-Application
radio	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
practical	O
use	O
for	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
real-time	O
functionality	O
is	O
as	O
an	O
effective	O
de	O
facto	O
emergency	O
communication	O
system	O
for	O
breaking	O
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
practical	O
use	O
that	O
is	O
being	O
studied	O
is	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
ability	O
to	O
track	O
epidemics	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
spread	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
Twitter	B-Application
serves	O
as	O
a	O
real-time	O
sensor	O
for	O
natural	O
disasters	O
such	O
as	O
bush	O
fires	O
and	O
earthquakes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
as	O
a	O
communication	O
and	O
learning	O
tool	O
in	O
educational	O
and	O
research	O
settings	O
mostly	O
in	O
colleges	O
and	O
universities.Rankin	O
,	O
M	O
.	O
(	O
2010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Some	O
general	O
comments	O
on	O
the	O
'	O
Twitter	B-Application
Experiment	O
 '	O
"	O
Grosseck	O
&	O
Holotescu	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Can	O
we	O
use	O
Twitter	B-Application
for	O
educational	O
activities	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
backchannel	B-Protocol
to	O
promote	O
student	O
interactions	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
large-lecture	O
courses.Elavsky	O
,	O
CM	O
,	O
Mislan	O
,	O
C	O
&	O
Elavsky	O
,	O
S	O
(	O
2011	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
talking	O
less	O
is	O
more	O
:	O
exploring	O
outcomes	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
usage	O
in	O
the	O
large‐lecture	O
hall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
has	O
found	O
that	O
using	O
Twitter	B-Application
in	O
college	O
courses	O
helps	O
students	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
and	O
faculty	O
,	O
promotes	O
informal	O
learning	O
,	O
allows	O
shy	O
students	O
a	O
forum	O
for	O
increased	O
participation	O
,	O
increases	O
student	O
engagement	O
,	O
and	O
improves	O
overall	O
course	O
grades.Junco	O
,	O
R.	O
,	O
Heiberger	O
,	O
G.	O
,	O
&	O
Loken	O
,	O
E	O
.	O
(	O
2011	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
effect	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
on	O
college	O
student	O
engagement	O
and	O
grades	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Putting	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
the	O
test	O
:	O
assessing	O
outcomes	O
for	O
student	O
collaboration	O
,	O
engagement	O
,	O
and	O
success	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
been	O
an	O
increasingly	O
growing	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
education	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
effective	O
tool	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
encourage	O
learning	O
and	O
idea	O
,	O
or	O
knowledge	O
sharing	O
,	O
in	O
and	O
outside	O
the	O
classroom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
teachers	O
find	O
someone	O
they	O
want	O
to	O
talk	O
to	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
either	O
direct	B-Application
message	I-Application
the	O
person	O
,	O
or	O
narrow	O
down	O
the	O
hashtag	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
topic	O
of	O
the	O
conversation	O
more	O
specific	O
using	O
hashtags	O
for	O
scichat	O
(	O
science	O
)	O
,	O
engchat	O
(	O
English	O
)	O
,	O
sschat	O
(	O
social	O
studies	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2011	O
study	O
,	O
researchers	O
found	O
that	O
young	O
peoples	O
use	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
helped	O
to	O
improve	O
relationships	O
with	O
teachers	O
,	O
encourage	O
interactive	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
ultimately	O
lead	O
to	O
high	O
grades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
study	O
it	O
was	O
found	O
that	O
out	O
of	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
158	O
educators	O
,	O
92%	O
agreed	O
that	O
the	O
reason	O
they	O
use	O
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
because	O
of	O
how	O
user	O
friendly	O
it	O
is	O
,	O
another	O
86%	O
agreed	O
that	O
they	O
started	O
and	O
continue	O
using	O
Twitter	B-Application
because	O
of	O
how	O
easy	O
it	O
is	O
to	O
learn	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
,	O
93%	O
said	O
they	O
use	O
Twitter	B-Application
because	O
it	O
is	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
found	O
that	O
sifting	O
through	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
is	O
challenging	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
simple	O
nature	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
large	O
amount	O
of	O
information	O
became	O
easily	O
accessible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
this	O
simplicity	O
comes	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
hashtag	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
intuitive	O
nature	O
of	O
how	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
a	O
microblogging	O
site	O
operates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jonathan	O
Zittrain	O
,	O
professor	O
of	O
Internet	O
law	O
at	O
Harvard	O
Law	O
School	O
,	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
qualities	O
that	O
make	O
Twitter	B-Application
seem	O
inane	O
and	O
half-baked	O
are	O
what	O
makes	O
it	O
so	O
powerful.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
a	O
February	O
2009	O
discussion	O
on	O
National	O
Public	O
Radio	O
's	O
Weekend	O
Edition	O
,	O
the	O
journalist	O
Daniel	O
Schorr	O
stated	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
of	O
events	O
lacked	O
rigorous	O
fact-checking	O
and	O
other	O
editorial	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
Andy	O
Carvin	O
gave	O
Schorr	O
two	O
examples	O
of	O
breaking	O
news	O
stories	O
that	O
played	O
out	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
said	O
users	O
wanted	O
first-hand	O
accounts	O
and	O
sometimes	O
debunked	O
stories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Time	O
magazine	O
acknowledged	O
its	O
growing	O
level	O
of	O
influence	O
in	O
its	O
2010	O
Time	O
100	O
;	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
people	O
,	O
it	O
used	O
a	O
formula	O
based	O
on	O
famous	O
social	O
networking	O
sites	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
list	O
ranges	O
from	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
and	O
Oprah	O
Winfrey	O
to	O
Lady	O
Gaga	O
and	O
Ashton	O
Kutcher.The	O
Hill	O
on	O
February	O
28	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
described	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
other	O
social	O
media	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
strategic	O
weapon	O
...	O
which	O
have	O
the	O
apparent	O
ability	O
to	O
re-align	O
the	O
social	O
order	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
with	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
advanced	O
 [ sic ] 	O
warning	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
2012	O
Summer	O
Olympics	O
opening	O
ceremony	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
he	O
appeared	O
at	O
the	O
London	O
Olympic	O
Stadium	O
in	O
person	O
,	O
Sir	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
,	O
the	O
founder	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
tweeted	O
"	O
This	O
is	O
for	O
everyone	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
instantly	O
spelled	O
out	O
in	O
LCD	B-Device
lights	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
chairs	O
of	O
the	O
80,000	O
people	O
in	O
the	O
audience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
commentators	O
have	O
suggested	O
that	O
Twitter	B-Application
radically	O
changed	O
the	O
format	O
of	O
reporting	O
due	O
to	O
instant	O
,	O
short	O
,	O
and	O
frequent	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
The	O
Atlantic	O
writers	O
Benjamin	O
M	O
.	O
Reilly	O
and	O
Robinson	O
Meyer	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
an	O
outsized	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
public	O
discourse	O
and	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Something	O
happens	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
;	O
celebrities	O
,	O
politicians	O
and	O
journalists	O
talk	O
about	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
's	O
circulated	O
to	O
a	O
wider	O
audience	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
algorithms	O
;	O
journalists	O
write	O
about	O
the	O
dustup.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
an	O
argument	O
on	O
a	O
Twitter	B-Application
feed	O
looking	O
like	O
a	O
"	O
debate	O
roiling	O
the	O
country	O
...	O
regular	O
people	O
are	O
left	O
with	O
a	O
confused	O
,	O
agitated	O
view	O
of	O
our	O
current	O
political	O
discourse	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2018	O
article	O
in	O
the	O
Columbia	O
Journalism	O
Review	O
,	O
Matthew	O
Ingram	O
argued	O
much	O
the	O
same	O
about	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
"	O
oversized	O
role	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
promotes	O
immediacy	O
over	O
newsworthiness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
World	O
leaders	O
and	O
their	O
diplomats	O
have	O
taken	O
note	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
rapid	O
expansion	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
increasingly	O
utilizing	O
Twitter	B-Application
diplomacy	I-Application
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
engage	O
with	O
foreign	O
publics	O
and	O
their	O
own	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
US	O
Ambassador	O
to	O
Russia	O
,	O
Michael	O
A	O
.	O
McFaul	O
has	O
been	O
attributed	O
as	O
a	O
pioneer	O
of	O
international	O
Twitter	B-Application
diplomacy	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
used	O
Twitter	B-Application
after	O
becoming	O
ambassador	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
posting	O
in	O
English	O
and	O
Russian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2013	O
study	O
by	O
website	O
Twiplomacy	O
found	O
that	O
153	O
of	O
the	O
193	O
countries	O
represented	O
at	O
the	O
United	O
Nations	O
had	O
established	O
government	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
study	O
also	O
found	O
that	O
those	O
accounts	O
amounted	O
to	O
505	O
Twitter	B-Application
handles	I-Application
used	O
by	O
world	O
leaders	O
and	O
their	O
foreign	O
ministers	O
,	O
with	O
their	O
tweets	O
able	O
to	O
reach	O
a	O
combined	O
audience	O
of	O
over	O
106	O
million	O
followers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
an	O
analysis	O
of	O
accounts	O
,	O
the	O
heads	O
of	O
state	O
of	O
125	O
countries	O
and	O
139	O
other	O
leading	O
politicians	O
have	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
that	O
have	O
between	O
them	O
sent	O
more	O
than	O
350,000	O
tweets	O
and	O
have	O
almost	O
52	O
million	O
followers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
more	O
than	O
twenty	O
Roman	O
Catholic	O
cardinals	O
managed	O
active	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
,	O
nine	O
of	O
whom	O
were	O
cardinal	O
electors	O
for	O
the	O
2013	O
Papal	O
conclave	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pope	O
Benedict	O
XVI	O
's	O
Twitter	B-Application
account	I-Application
was	O
set	O
up	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
,	O
his	O
successor	O
,	O
Pope	O
Francis	O
,	O
has	O
18.9	O
million	O
followers	O
of	O
his	O
Twitter	B-Application
account	I-Application
(	O
@Pontifex	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
banned	O
completely	O
in	O
Russia	O
,	O
Iran	O
,	O
China	O
and	O
North	O
Korea	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
intermittently	O
blocked	O
in	O
numerous	O
countries	O
including	O
Egypt	O
,	O
Iraq	O
,	O
Nigeria	O
,	O
Turkey	O
,	O
Venezuela	O
and	O
Turkmenistan	O
on	O
different	O
bases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
cooperated	O
with	O
the	O
Israeli	O
government	O
to	O
remove	O
certain	O
content	O
originating	O
outside	O
Israel	O
from	O
tweets	O
seen	O
in	O
Israel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
11th	O
biannual	O
transparency	O
report	O
published	O
on	O
September	O
19	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
said	O
that	O
Turkey	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
among	O
countries	O
where	O
about	O
90	O
percent	O
of	O
removal	O
requests	O
came	O
from	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Russia	O
,	O
France	O
and	O
Germany	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
between	O
July	O
1	O
and	O
December	O
31	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
"	O
We	O
received	O
legal	O
demands	O
relating	O
to	O
27,283	O
accounts	O
from	O
47	O
different	O
countries	O
,	O
including	O
Bulgaria	O
,	O
Kyrgyzstan	O
,	O
Macedonia	O
,	O
and	O
Slovenia	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
curfew	O
in	O
Jammu	O
and	O
Kashmir	O
after	O
revocation	O
of	O
its	O
autonomous	O
status	O
on	O
August	O
5	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Indian	O
government	O
approached	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
block	O
accounts	O
accused	O
of	O
spreading	O
anti-India	O
content	O
;	O
by	O
October	O
25	O
,	O
nearly	O
one	O
million	O
tweets	O
had	O
been	O
removed	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
shortly	O
after	O
Russia	O
's	O
censorship	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
a	O
Tor	B-Application
Onion	I-Application
service	O
link	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
platform	O
to	O
allow	O
people	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
website	O
,	O
even	O
in	O
countries	O
with	O
heavy	O
Internet	O
censorship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
removed	O
more	O
than	O
88,000	O
propaganda	O
accounts	O
linked	O
to	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
removed	O
tweets	O
from	O
accounts	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
Russian	O
Internet	O
Research	O
Agency	O
that	O
had	O
tried	O
to	O
influence	O
public	O
opinion	O
during	O
and	O
after	O
the	O
2016	O
US	O
election	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
removed	O
175,000	O
propaganda	O
accounts	O
that	O
were	O
spreading	O
biased	O
political	O
narratives	O
for	O
the	O
Chinese	O
Communist	O
Party	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
Russia	O
Party	O
,	O
or	O
Turkey	O
's	O
President	O
Erdogan	O
,	O
identified	O
based	O
on	O
centralized	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
removed	O
accounts	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
governments	O
of	O
Armenia	O
,	O
Egypt	O
,	O
Cuba	O
,	O
Serbia	O
,	O
Honduras	O
,	O
Indonesia	O
and	O
Iran	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
suspended	O
Pakistani	O
accounts	O
tied	O
to	O
government	O
officials	O
for	O
posting	O
tweets	O
about	O
the	O
Kashmir	O
conflict	O
between	O
India	O
and	O
Pakistan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
removed	O
accounts	O
in	O
India	O
that	O
criticized	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
Narendra	O
Modi	O
's	O
government	O
for	O
its	O
conduct	O
during	O
Indian	O
farmers	O
 '	O
protests	O
in	O
2020	O
–	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
new	O
policy	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
would	O
label	O
tweets	O
containing	O
misinformation	O
going	O
forward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
removed	O
accounts	O
which	O
defended	O
President	O
Rodrigo	O
Duterte	O
's	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
COVID-19	O
in	O
the	O
Philippines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
then	O
Chief	O
Technology	O
Officer	O
and	O
future	O
CEO	B-Application
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
Parag	O
Agrawal	O
,	O
when	O
asked	O
by	O
MIT	O
Technology	O
Review	O
about	O
balancing	O
the	O
protection	O
of	O
free	O
speech	O
as	O
a	O
core	O
value	O
and	O
the	O
endeavour	O
to	O
combat	O
misinformation	O
,	O
said	O
:	O
"	O
Our	O
role	O
is	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
bound	O
by	O
the	O
First	O
Amendment	O
,	O
but	O
our	O
role	O
is	O
to	O
serve	O
a	O
healthy	O
public	O
conversation	O
…	O
focus	O
less	O
on	O
thinking	O
about	O
free	O
speech	O
,	O
but	O
thinking	O
about	O
how	O
the	O
times	O
have	O
changed.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
stopped	O
enforcing	O
its	O
policy	O
on	O
labeling	O
tweets	O
with	O
misleading	O
information	O
about	O
coronavirus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
means	O
to	O
moderate	O
misinformation	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
crowd-sourced	O
Birdwatch	O
program	O
in	O
January	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trusted	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
program	O
will	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
monitor	O
tweets	O
and	O
replies	O
that	O
may	O
include	O
misinformation	O
and	O
countermessages	O
providing	O
fact-checking	O
as	O
to	O
have	O
Twitter	B-Application
tag	O
these	O
messages	O
appropriately	O
from	O
the	O
Birdwatch	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
an	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
Birdwatch	O
moderation	O
tool	O
,	O
meant	O
to	O
limit	O
the	O
visibility	O
of	O
contributors	O
 '	O
identities	O
by	O
creating	O
aliases	O
for	O
their	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
expanded	O
access	O
to	O
notes	O
made	O
by	O
the	O
Birdwatch	O
moderators	O
,	O
giving	O
a	O
randomized	O
set	O
of	O
US	O
users	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
view	O
the	O
notes	O
attached	O
to	O
tweets	O
and	O
rate	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Court	O
cases	O
and	O
lawsuits	O
Twitter	B-Application
Inc	O
.	O
v	O
.	O
Taamneh	O
,	O
alongside	O
Gonzalez	O
v	O
.	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
is	O
currently	O
pending	O
before	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
during	O
its	O
2022	O
–	O
2023	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
v	O
.	O
Taamnah	O
,	O
the	O
case	O
asks	O
if	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
other	O
social	O
media	O
services	O
are	O
liable	O
for	O
user-generated	O
terrorism	O
content	O
under	O
the	O
Antiterrorism	O
and	O
Effective	O
Death	O
Penalty	O
Act	O
of	O
1996	O
and	O
are	O
beyond	O
their	O
Section	O
230	O
protections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
shareholder	O
Doris	O
Shenwick	O
filed	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
claiming	O
executives	O
misled	O
investors	O
over	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
growth	O
prospects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
agreed	O
to	O
pay	O
$809.5	O
million	O
to	O
settle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
agreed	O
to	O
pay	O
$150	O
million	O
to	O
settle	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
started	O
by	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Justice	O
and	O
the	O
Federal	O
Trade	O
Commission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lawsuit	O
concerned	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
use	O
of	O
email	O
addresses	O
and	O
phone	O
numbers	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
to	O
target	O
advertisements	O
at	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
3	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
eve	O
of	O
expected	O
lay-offs	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
employees	O
based	O
San	O
Francisco	O
and	O
Cambridge	O
filed	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
District	O
Court	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
TV	O
more	O
interactive	O
,	O
with	O
such	O
use	O
growing	O
in	O
popularity	O
around	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Social	O
Web	O
Makes	O
TV	O
Viewers	O
'	O
Chatterboxers	O
 '	O
"	O
,	O
Sky	O
News	O
,	O
March	O
15	O
,	O
2012	O
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
been	O
successfully	O
used	O
to	O
encourage	O
people	O
to	O
watch	O
live	O
TV	O
events	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Oscars	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Super	O
Bowl	O
and	O
the	O
MTV	O
Video	O
Music	O
Awards	O
;	O
however	O
this	O
strategy	O
has	O
proven	O
less	O
effective	O
with	O
regularly	O
scheduled	O
TV	O
shows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2012	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Nielsen	O
entered	O
a	O
multi-year	O
agreement	O
to	O
produce	O
social	O
TV	O
ratings	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
commercially	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
fall	O
2013	O
season	O
as	O
the	O
Nielsen	O
Twitter	B-Application
TV	O
Rating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advertising	O
Age	O
said	O
Twitter	B-Application
had	O
become	O
the	O
new	O
TV	O
Guide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
in	O
February	O
2013	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
acquired	O
Bluefin	O
Labs	O
for	O
an	O
estimated	O
US$50	O
million	O
to	O
$100	O
million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Founded	O
in	O
2008	O
at	O
the	O
MIT	O
Media	O
Lab	O
,	O
Bluefin	O
is	O
a	O
data	B-Application
miner	I-Application
whose	O
analysis	O
tells	O
which	O
brands	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
TV	O
shows	O
and	O
companies	O
)	O
are	O
chatted	O
about	O
the	O
most	O
in	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MIT	O
Technology	O
Review	O
said	O
that	O
Bluefin	O
gives	O
Twitter	B-Application
part	O
of	O
the	O
US$72	O
billion	O
television	O
advertising	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2013	O
,	O
it	O
launched	O
Twitter	B-Application
Amplify	O
—	O
an	O
advertising	O
product	O
for	O
media	O
and	O
consumer	O
brands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Amplify	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
runs	O
video	O
highlights	O
from	O
major	O
live	O
broadcasts	O
,	O
with	O
advertisers	O
 '	O
names	O
and	O
messages	O
playing	O
before	O
the	O
clip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
Comcast	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
partnered	O
with	O
Twitter	B-Application
to	O
implement	O
its	O
"	O
See	O
It	O
"	O
feature	O
within	O
the	O
service	O
,	O
allowing	O
posts	O
promoting	O
programs	O
on	O
selected	O
NBCUniversal	O
channels	O
to	O
contain	O
direct	O
links	O
to	O
TV	O
Everywhere	O
streaming	O
to	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
acquired	O
SecondSync	O
and	O
Parisian	O
social	O
TV	O
firm	O
Mesagraph	O
,	O
and	O
partnered	O
with	O
research	O
company	O
Kantar	O
(	O
which	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
working	O
with	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
analytics	O
tools	O
for	O
the	O
British	O
TV	O
industry	O
since	O
August	O
2013	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
strengthened	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
dominance	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
second	O
screen	O
"	O
–	O
TV	O
viewers	O
using	O
tablets	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
share	O
their	O
TV	O
experience	O
on	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
additional	O
analytic	O
tools	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
able	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
firm	O
's	O
offering	O
to	O
advertisers	O
,	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
only	O
promote	O
a	O
tweet	O
onto	O
the	O
timelines	O
of	O
users	O
who	O
were	O
watching	O
a	O
certain	O
programme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2014	O
,	O
ITV	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
broadcaster	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
to	O
sign	O
up	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
Amplify	O
and	O
Twitter	B-Application
introduced	O
one-tap	O
video	O
playback	O
across	O
its	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
to	O
further	O
enhance	O
the	O
consumer	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
acquired	O
its	O
Amplify	O
partner	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
SnappyTV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
Amplify	O
partner	O
is	O
London-based	O
Grabyo	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
has	O
also	O
struck	O
numerous	O
deals	O
with	O
broadcasters	O
and	O
rights	O
holders	O
to	O
share	O
video	O
content	O
across	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2017	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
wind	O
down	O
SnappyTV	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
company	O
,	O
and	O
integrate	O
its	O
features	O
into	O
the	O
Media	O
Studio	O
suite	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
11	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
with	O
the	O
most	O
followers	O
were	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
DeGeneres	O
said	O
she	O
wanted	O
to	O
pay	O
homage	O
to	O
Meryl	O
Streep	O
's	O
record	O
17	O
Oscar	B-Application
nominations	O
by	O
setting	O
a	O
new	O
record	O
with	O
her	O
,	O
and	O
invited	O
other	O
Oscar	B-Application
celebrities	O
to	O
join	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
photo	O
of	O
twelve	O
celebrities	O
broke	O
the	O
previous	O
retweet	B-General_Concept
record	O
within	O
forty	O
minutes	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
retweeted	O
over	O
1.8	O
million	O
times	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
hour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
record	O
was	O
broken	O
when	O
Yusaku	O
Maezawa	O
announced	O
a	O
giveaway	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
in	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
accumulating	O
4.4	O
million	O
retweets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
tweeted	O
moment	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
occurred	O
on	O
August	O
2	O
,	O
2013	O
;	O
during	O
a	O
Japanese	O
television	O
airing	O
of	O
the	O
Studio	O
Ghibli	O
film	O
Castle	O
in	O
the	O
Sky	O
,	O
fans	O
simultaneously	O
tweeted	O
the	O
word	O
—	O
the	O
incantation	O
for	O
a	O
destruction	O
spell	O
used	O
during	O
its	O
climax	O
,	O
after	O
it	O
was	O
uttered	O
in	O
the	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
discussed	O
event	O
in	O
Twitter	B-Application
history	O
occurred	O
on	O
October	O
24	O
,	O
2015	O
;	O
the	O
hashtag	O
(	O
"	O
#ALDubEBTamangPanahon	O
"	O
)	O
for	O
Tamang	O
Panahon	O
,	O
a	O
live	O
special	O
episode	O
of	O
the	O
Filipino	O
variety	O
show	O
Eat	O
Bulaga	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most-discussed	O
sporting	O
event	O
in	O
Twitter	B-Application
history	O
was	O
the	O
2014	B-Application
FIFA	I-Application
World	I-Application
Cup	I-Application
semi-final	O
between	O
Brazil	O
and	O
Germany	O
on	O
July	O
8	O
,	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
