<s>
Turing	B-Language
is	O
a	O
high-level	B-Language
,	O
general-purpose	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
developed	O
in	O
1982	O
by	O
Ric	O
Holt	O
and	O
James	O
Cordy	O
,	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
in	O
Ontario	B-Architecture
,	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
is	O
a	O
descendant	O
of	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
Euclid	B-Language
,	O
and	O
SP/k	B-Language
that	O
features	O
a	O
clean	O
syntax	O
and	O
precise	O
machine-independent	B-Operating_System
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
4.1.0	O
is	O
the	O
latest	O
stable	O
version	O
of	O
Turing	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
4.1.1	O
and	O
Turing	B-Language
4.1.2	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
stand	O
alone	O
.exe	O
files	O
to	O
be	O
created	O
and	O
versions	O
before	O
Turing	B-Language
4.1.0	O
have	O
outdated	O
syntax	O
and	O
outdated	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Named	O
after	O
British	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Alan	O
Turing	B-Language
,	O
Turing	B-Language
is	O
used	O
primarily	O
as	O
a	O
teaching	O
language	O
at	O
the	O
high	O
school	O
and	O
university	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
other	O
versions	O
exist	O
,	O
Object-Oriented	B-Language
Turing	I-Language
and	O
Turing	B-Language
Plus	I-Language
,	O
a	O
systems	O
programming	O
variant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2001	O
,	O
"	O
Object	B-Language
Oriented	I-Language
Turing	B-Language
"	O
was	O
renamed	O
"	O
Turing	B-Language
"	O
and	O
the	O
original	O
Turing	B-Language
was	O
renamed	O
"	O
Classic	O
Turing	B-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
is	O
no	O
longer	O
supported	O
by	O
Holt	B-Language
Software	I-Language
Associates	I-Language
in	O
Toronto	O
,	O
Ontario	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
was	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
high	O
schools	O
in	O
Ontario	B-Architecture
as	O
an	O
introduction	O
to	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
28	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
Turing	B-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
previously	O
a	O
commercial	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
became	O
freeware	O
,	O
available	O
to	O
download	O
from	O
the	O
developer	O
's	O
website	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
for	O
personal	O
,	O
commercial	O
,	O
and	O
educational	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
makers	O
of	O
Turing	B-Language
,	O
Holt	B-Language
Software	I-Language
Associates	I-Language
,	O
have	O
since	O
ceased	O
operations	O
,	O
and	O
Turing	B-Language
has	O
seen	O
no	O
further	O
development	O
since	O
November	O
25	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
is	O
designed	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
very	O
lightweight	O
,	O
readable	O
,	O
intuitive	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
program	O
in	O
Turing	B-Language
with	O
syntax	O
highlighting	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
avoids	O
semicolons	O
and	O
braces	O
,	O
using	O
explicit	O
end	O
markers	O
for	O
most	O
language	O
constructs	O
instead	O
,	O
and	O
allows	O
declarations	O
anywhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
two	O
open	O
source	O
alternative	O
implementations	O
of	O
Turing	B-Language
:	O
Open	O
Turing	B-Language
,	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
interpreter	O
,	O
and	O
TPlus	O
,	O
a	O
native	O
compiler	O
for	O
the	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
programming	O
language	O
variant	O
Turing	B-Language
Plus	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenT	O
,	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
compiler	O
for	O
Turing	B-Language
,	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
in	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
Turing	B-Language
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Turing	B-Language
interpreter	O
for	O
Windows	O
written	O
by	O
Tristan	O
Hume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPlus	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
implementation	O
of	O
original	O
(	O
non-Object-Oriented	O
)	O
Turing	B-Language
with	O
systems	O
programming	O
extensions	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
and	O
ported	O
to	O
Linux	O
,	O
Solaris	O
and	O
Mac	O
OS	O
X	B-Operating_System
at	O
Queen	O
's	O
University	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPlus	O
implements	O
Turing+	O
(	O
Turing	B-Language
Plus	I-Language
)	O
,	O
a	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
programming	O
language	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
original	O
Turing	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
all	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
Turing	B-Language
Plus	I-Language
were	O
eventually	O
subsumed	O
into	O
the	O
present	O
Object-Oriented	B-Language
Turing	I-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing	B-Language
Plus	I-Language
extends	O
original	O
Turing	B-Language
with	O
processes	B-Operating_System
and	O
monitors	O
(	O
as	O
specified	O
by	O
C.A.R.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing+	O
(	O
Turing	B-Language
Plus	I-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
programming	O
language	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Turing	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
designed	O
by	O
James	O
Cordy	O
and	O
Ric	O
Holt	O
,	O
then	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
all	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
Turing+	O
were	O
eventually	O
subsumed	O
into	O
Object-Oriented	B-Language
Turing	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing+	O
extended	O
original	O
Turing	B-Language
with	O
processes	B-Operating_System
and	O
monitors	O
(	O
as	O
specified	O
by	O
C.A.R.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing+	O
was	O
explicitly	O
designed	O
to	O
replace	O
Concurrent	B-Language
Euclid	I-Language
in	O
systems-programming	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TUNIS	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
originally	O
written	O
in	O
Concurrent	B-Language
Euclid	I-Language
,	O
was	O
recoded	O
to	O
Turing+	O
in	O
its	O
MiniTunis	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turing+	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
implement	O
several	O
production	O
software	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
TXL	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object-Oriented	B-Language
Turing	I-Language
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
Turing	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
Turing	B-Language
Plus	I-Language
created	O
by	O
Ric	O
Holt	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
imperative	B-Application
,	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
and	O
concurrent	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
modules	B-Architecture
,	O
classes	O
,	O
single	O
inheritance	B-Language
,	O
processes	B-Operating_System
,	O
exception	B-General_Concept
handling	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
optional	O
machine-dependent	B-Architecture
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
an	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
under	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
and	O
a	O
demo	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
exist	O
for	O
Sun-4	B-Device
,	O
MIPS	B-Device
,	O
RS-6000	B-Device
,	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
