<s>
In	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
service	O
is	O
a	O
marketing	O
term	O
for	O
the	O
provisioning	B-Operating_System
,	O
over	O
a	O
single	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
connection	O
,	O
of	O
two	O
bandwidth-intensive	O
services	O
,	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
Internet	O
access	O
and	O
television	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
latency-sensitive	O
telephone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
focuses	O
on	O
a	O
supplier	O
convergence	O
rather	O
than	O
solving	O
technical	O
issues	O
or	O
a	O
common	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
standards	O
like	O
G.hn	B-General_Concept
might	O
deliver	O
all	O
these	O
services	O
on	O
a	O
common	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calls	O
at	O
home	O
are	O
routed	O
over	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
network	O
and	O
paid	O
at	O
a	O
flat	O
rate	O
per	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
interruption	O
or	O
authorization	O
for	O
the	O
shift	O
is	O
required	O
—	O
soft	B-Protocol
handoff	I-Protocol
takes	O
place	O
automatically	O
as	O
many	O
times	O
as	O
the	O
caller	O
enters	O
or	O
leaves	O
the	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
about	O
2000	O
,	O
cable	O
TV	O
companies	O
were	O
in	O
a	O
technical	O
position	O
to	O
offer	O
triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
over	O
one	O
physical	O
medium	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
their	O
customers	O
,	O
as	O
their	O
networks	O
already	O
had	O
sufficient	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
to	O
carry	O
hundreds	O
of	O
video	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cable	O
's	O
main	O
competition	O
for	O
television	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
came	O
from	O
satellites	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
not	O
compete	O
for	O
voice	O
and	O
interactive	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
due	O
to	O
the	O
latency	O
imposed	O
by	O
physical	O
laws	O
on	O
a	O
geosynchronous	O
satellite	O
—	O
sometimes	O
up	O
to	O
one	O
full	O
second	O
of	O
delay	O
between	O
speaking	O
and	O
being	O
heard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cable	O
's	O
main	O
competition	O
for	O
voice	O
and	O
Internet	O
access	O
came	O
from	O
telcos	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
not	O
yet	O
able	O
to	O
compete	O
for	O
television	O
in	O
most	O
markets	O
because	O
DSL	O
over	O
most	O
local	B-Architecture
loops	I-Architecture
could	O
not	O
provide	O
enough	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
interim	O
marketing	O
move	O
while	O
they	O
installed	O
fiber	B-Architecture
closer	I-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
customer	I-Architecture
,	O
telcos	O
such	O
as	O
AT&T	O
,	O
Verizon	O
,	O
&	O
Xfinity	O
did	O
co-promotion	O
deals	O
with	O
satellite	O
TV	O
providers	O
to	O
sell	O
television	O
,	O
telephone	O
,	O
and	O
Internet	O
access	O
services	O
bundled	O
for	O
billing	O
purposes	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
services	O
provided	O
through	O
a	O
satellite	O
link	O
and	O
the	O
services	O
provided	O
through	O
a	O
phone	O
line	O
are	O
not	O
technically	O
related	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telcos	O
that	O
own	O
wireless	O
phone	O
networks	O
also	O
included	O
those	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
such	O
billing-only	O
bundles	B-Architecture
because	O
most	O
cable	O
companies	O
do	O
not	O
own	O
wireless	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
triple-play	O
deployment	O
was	O
by	O
the	O
US	O
operator	O
Cox	O
Communications	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
delivered	O
via	O
a	O
Hybrid	B-Architecture
fiber-coaxial	I-Architecture
network	O
using	O
digital	B-General_Concept
and	O
analog	O
TV	O
set	O
top	O
boxes	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
telephony	O
devices	O
from	O
Arris	O
International	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
cable	O
modem	O
system	O
from	O
Motorola	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Providers	O
expect	O
that	O
an	O
integrated	O
solution	O
will	O
increase	O
opportunity	O
costs	O
for	O
customers	O
who	O
may	O
want	O
to	O
choose	O
between	O
service	O
providers	O
,	O
permit	O
more	O
cross-selling	O
,	O
and	O
hold	O
off	O
the	O
power	O
companies	O
deploying	O
G.hn	B-General_Concept
and	O
IEEE	O
P1901	O
technology	O
with	O
its	O
radically	O
superior	O
service	O
and	O
deployment	O
characteristics	O
for	O
at	O
least	O
another	O
decade	O
or	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Outside	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
notably	O
in	O
Ecuador	O
,	O
Pakistan	O
,	O
India	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
and	O
China	O
,	O
power	O
companies	O
have	O
generally	O
been	O
more	O
successful	O
in	O
leapfrogging	O
legacy	B-Device
technologies	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
and	O
Sweden	O
,	O
dark	B-Protocol
fiber	I-Protocol
is	O
available	O
reliably	O
to	O
homes	O
at	O
tariffed	O
rates	O
(	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
four	O
dark	B-Protocol
fibres	I-Protocol
are	O
deployed	O
to	O
each	O
home	O
)	O
supporting	O
speeds	O
in	O
excess	O
of	O
40	O
Gbit/s	O
—	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
local	O
caches	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
as	O
backhaul	B-General_Concept
cannot	O
typically	O
support	O
more	O
than	O
10	O
Mbit/s	O
connections	O
to	O
global	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2007	O
,	O
access	O
providers	O
in	O
Italy	O
have	O
been	O
participating	O
in	O
an	O
initiative	O
called	O
Fiber	O
for	O
Italy	O
,	O
which	O
aims	O
to	O
build	O
an	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
can	O
deliver	O
100	O
Mbit/s	O
symmetrical	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
to	O
consumers	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
delivery	O
of	O
triple	O
-	O
and	O
quad-play	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2007	O
cable	O
operators	O
scored	O
a	O
major	O
victory	O
when	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
(	O
FCC	O
)	O
overruled	O
two	O
state	O
public	O
service	O
commissions	O
by	O
ruling	O
that	O
incumbent	O
local	O
exchange	O
carriers	O
must	O
connect	O
to	O
VoIP	B-Application
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
telephone	O
local	O
exchange	O
carriers	O
(	O
LEC	O
)	O
,	O
triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
is	O
delivered	O
using	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
subscriber	B-Architecture
line	I-Architecture
(	O
DSL	O
)	O
technologies	O
(	O
called	O
fiber	B-Architecture
in	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
loop	I-Architecture
)	O
to	O
its	O
residential	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
configuration	O
uses	O
fiber	O
communications	O
to	O
reach	O
distant	O
locations	O
and	O
uses	O
DSL	O
over	O
an	O
existing	O
POTS	O
twisted	O
pair	O
cable	O
as	O
last	B-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
access	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
's	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cable	O
television	O
operators	O
use	O
a	O
similar	O
architecture	O
called	O
hybrid	B-Architecture
fibre	I-Architecture
coaxial	I-Architecture
(	O
HFC	O
)	O
to	O
provide	O
subscriber	O
homes	O
with	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
use	O
the	O
available	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
twisted	O
pair	O
for	O
the	O
last	B-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
transmission	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
DSL	O
over	O
twisted	O
pair	O
,	O
television	O
content	O
is	O
delivered	O
using	O
IPTV	O
where	O
the	O
content	O
is	O
streamed	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
in	O
an	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
transport	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
an	O
HFC	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
,	O
television	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
mixture	O
of	O
analog	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
television	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
set-top	O
box	O
(	O
STB	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
at	O
the	O
subscriber	O
's	O
home	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
subscriber	O
to	O
control	O
viewing	O
and	O
order	O
new	O
video	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
movies	O
on	B-Application
demand	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
is	O
provided	O
through	O
Asynchronous	O
Transfer	O
Mode	O
or	O
DOCSIS	B-Protocol
,	O
typically	O
provided	O
as	O
an	O
Ethernet	O
port	O
to	O
the	O
subscriber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voice	O
service	O
can	O
be	O
provided	O
using	O
a	O
traditional	O
plain	O
old	O
telephone	O
service	O
(	O
POTS	O
)	O
interface	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
legacy	O
telephone	O
network	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
delivered	O
using	O
voice	B-Application
over	I-Application
IP	I-Application
(	O
VoIP	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
HFC	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
,	O
voice	O
is	O
delivered	O
using	O
VoIP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
service	O
providers	O
are	O
also	O
rolling	O
out	O
Ethernet	O
to	O
the	O
home	O
networks	O
and	O
fiber	B-Architecture
to	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
home	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
support	O
triple-play	O
services	O
and	O
bypass	O
the	O
disadvantages	O
of	O
adapting	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
transmission	O
to	O
a	O
legacy	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
such	O
a	O
short	O
distance	O
,	O
DSL	O
can	O
deliver	O
much	O
higher	O
bitrates	O
than	O
is	O
possible	O
running	O
DSL	O
over	O
the	O
local	B-Architecture
loop	I-Architecture
from	O
the	O
nearest	O
central	O
office	O
(	O
as	O
is	O
common	O
with	O
basic	O
DSL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
has	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
quadruple	O
play	O
"	O
,	O
where	O
wireless	O
communications	O
is	O
introduced	O
as	O
another	O
medium	O
to	O
deliver	O
video	O
,	O
Internet	O
access	O
,	O
and	O
voice	O
telephone	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
both	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
and	O
GSM	O
standards	O
,	O
utilizing	O
3G	B-Architecture
,	O
4G	B-Architecture
,	O
or	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
allows	O
the	O
service	O
operators	O
to	O
enter	O
into	O
quadruple	O
play	O
and	O
gain	O
competitive	O
advantage	O
against	O
other	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
advanced	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
WiMax	O
or	O
802.16	O
has	O
allowed	O
new	O
market	O
entrants	O
to	O
achieve	O
triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
services	O
can	O
be	O
delivered	O
with	O
a	O
BPL	O
network	O
using	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
IEEE	O
P1901/G.hn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
devices	O
all	O
rely	O
on	O
AC	O
power	O
(	O
or	O
DC	O
power	O
via	O
802.3af	B-Device
or	O
802.3at	B-Device
which	O
rely	O
on	O
AC	O
power	O
at	O
the	O
PoE	B-Device
hub	O
)	O
,	O
connecting	O
them	O
with	O
only	O
one	O
cable	O
each	O
for	O
both	O
power	O
and	O
gigabit	O
data	O
cuts	O
wiring	O
costs	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
rooms	O
are	O
already	O
wired	O
for	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
challenges	O
in	O
offering	O
triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
are	O
mostly	O
associated	O
with	O
determining	O
the	O
right	O
business	O
model	O
,	O
backend	B-Architecture
processes	O
,	O
customer	O
care	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
economic	O
environment	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
right	O
billing	O
platform	O
to	O
address	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
subscriber	O
demographics	O
or	O
having	O
the	O
appropriate	O
subscriber	O
density	O
to	O
financially	O
justify	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
service	O
are	O
a	O
few	O
factors	O
that	O
affect	O
decisions	O
to	O
offer	O
triple	B-Architecture
play	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voice	O
services	O
are	O
greatly	O
affected	O
by	O
jitter	O
,	O
whereas	O
packet	B-Protocol
loss	I-Protocol
has	O
a	O
greater	O
effect	O
on	O
video	O
and	O
data	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
