<s>
A	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
(	O
TM	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
database	O
that	O
stores	O
"	O
segments	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
sentences	O
,	O
paragraphs	O
or	O
sentence-like	O
units	O
(	O
headings	O
,	O
titles	O
or	O
elements	O
in	O
a	O
list	O
)	O
that	O
have	O
previously	O
been	O
translated	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
aid	O
human	O
translators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
stores	O
the	O
source	O
text	O
and	O
its	O
corresponding	O
translation	O
in	O
language	O
pairs	O
called	O
“	O
translation	O
units	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
programs	O
that	O
use	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
are	O
sometimes	O
known	O
as	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
(	O
TMM	O
)	O
or	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
systems	O
(	O
TM	O
systems	O
,	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
a	O
Translation	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
(	O
TMS	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
another	O
type	O
of	O
software	O
focused	O
on	O
managing	O
process	O
of	O
translation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
are	O
typically	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
a	O
dedicated	O
computer	B-Application
assisted	I-Application
translation	I-Application
(	O
CAT	O
)	O
tool	O
,	O
word	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
program	O
,	O
terminology	B-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
multilingual	O
dictionary	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
raw	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
indicates	O
that	O
many	O
companies	O
producing	O
multilingual	O
documentation	O
are	O
using	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
breaks	O
the	O
source	O
text	O
(	O
the	O
text	O
to	O
be	O
translated	O
)	O
into	O
segments	O
,	O
looks	O
for	O
matches	O
between	O
segments	O
and	O
the	O
source	O
half	O
of	O
previously	O
translated	O
source-target	O
pairs	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
presents	O
such	O
matching	O
pairs	O
as	O
translation	O
full	O
and/or	O
partial	O
matches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
systems	O
search	O
for	O
100%	O
matches	O
only	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
to	O
say	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
only	O
retrieve	O
segments	O
of	O
text	O
that	O
match	O
entries	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
exactly	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
employ	O
fuzzy	B-Algorithm
matching	I-Algorithm
algorithms	O
to	O
retrieve	O
similar	O
segments	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
presented	O
to	O
the	O
translator	O
with	O
differences	O
flagged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
note	O
that	O
typical	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
systems	O
only	O
search	O
for	O
text	O
in	O
the	O
source	O
segment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
flexibility	O
and	O
robustness	O
of	O
the	O
matching	O
algorithm	O
largely	O
determine	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
although	O
for	O
some	O
applications	O
the	O
recall	O
rate	O
of	O
exact	O
matches	O
can	O
be	O
high	O
enough	O
to	O
justify	O
the	O
100%	O
-match	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
work	O
best	O
on	O
texts	O
which	O
are	O
highly	O
repetitive	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
technical	O
manuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
,	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
have	O
not	O
been	O
considered	O
appropriate	O
for	O
literary	O
or	O
creative	O
texts	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
simple	O
reason	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
so	O
little	O
repetition	O
in	O
the	O
language	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
are	O
most	O
suitable	O
for	O
translating	O
technical	O
documentation	O
and	O
documents	O
containing	O
specialized	O
vocabularies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accelerating	O
the	O
overall	O
translation	O
process	O
;	O
since	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
"	O
remember	O
"	O
previously	O
translated	O
material	O
,	O
translators	O
have	O
to	O
translate	O
it	O
only	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
large	O
documentation	O
projects	O
,	O
savings	O
(	O
in	O
time	O
or	O
money	O
)	O
thanks	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
TM	O
package	O
may	O
already	O
be	O
apparent	O
even	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
translation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
project	O
,	O
but	O
normally	O
such	O
savings	O
are	O
only	O
apparent	O
when	O
translating	O
subsequent	O
versions	O
of	O
a	O
project	O
that	O
was	O
translated	O
before	O
using	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
problems	O
hindering	O
wider	O
use	O
of	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
"	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
premise	O
that	O
sentences	O
used	O
in	O
previous	O
translations	O
can	O
be	O
"	O
recycled	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
do	O
not	O
easily	O
fit	O
into	O
existing	O
translation	O
or	O
localization	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
do	O
not	O
presently	O
support	O
all	O
documentation	O
formats	O
,	O
and	O
filters	O
may	O
not	O
exist	O
to	O
support	O
all	O
file	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
learning	O
curve	O
associated	O
with	O
using	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
programs	O
must	O
be	O
customized	O
for	O
greatest	O
effectiveness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cases	O
where	O
all	O
or	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
translation	O
process	O
is	O
outsourced	O
or	O
handled	O
by	O
freelance	O
translators	O
working	O
off-site	O
,	O
the	O
off-site	O
workers	O
require	O
special	O
tools	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
texts	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
manager	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Full	O
versions	O
of	O
many	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
can	O
cost	O
from	O
US$500	O
to	O
US$	O
2,500	O
per	O
seat	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
represent	O
a	O
considerable	O
investment	O
(	O
although	O
lower	O
cost	O
programs	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
costs	O
involved	O
in	O
importing	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
past	O
translations	O
into	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
database	O
,	O
training	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
any	O
add-on	O
products	O
may	O
also	O
represent	O
a	O
considerable	O
investment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maintenance	O
of	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
databases	O
still	O
tends	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
manual	O
process	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
and	O
failure	O
to	O
maintain	O
them	O
can	O
result	O
in	O
significantly	O
decreased	O
usability	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
TM	O
matches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
stated	O
previously	O
,	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
managers	I-General_Concept
may	O
not	O
be	O
suitable	O
for	O
text	O
that	O
lacks	O
internal	O
repetition	O
or	O
which	O
does	O
not	O
contain	O
unchanged	O
portions	O
between	O
revisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	O
text	O
is	O
generally	O
best	O
suited	O
for	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
while	O
marketing	O
or	O
creative	O
texts	O
will	O
be	O
less	O
suitable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Desktop	O
:	O
Desktop	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
tools	O
are	O
typically	O
what	O
individual	O
translators	O
use	O
to	O
complete	O
translations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server-based	O
or	O
Centralised	O
:	O
Centralized	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
systems	O
store	O
TM	O
on	O
a	O
central	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
summary	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
functions	O
of	O
a	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Import	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
done	O
from	O
a	O
raw	O
format	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
an	O
external	O
source	O
text	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
importing	O
into	O
a	O
TM	O
along	O
with	O
its	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
another	O
format	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
import	B-General_Concept
:	O
the	O
native	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
format	O
is	O
the	O
one	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
TM	O
to	O
save	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Import	B-General_Concept
and	O
export	O
should	O
be	O
inverses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
tools	O
often	O
provide	O
automatic	O
retrieval	O
and	O
substitution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
if	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
are	O
shared	O
before	O
the	O
final	O
translation	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
opportunity	O
for	O
mistakes	O
by	O
one	O
translator	O
to	O
be	O
corrected	O
by	O
other	O
team	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Text	O
memory	O
"	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
proposed	O
Lisa	B-General_Concept
OSCAR	O
xml:tm	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	O
memory	O
comprises	O
author	O
memory	O
and	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
'	O
exact	O
 '	O
or	O
'	O
perfect	O
 '	O
matching	O
to	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
xml:tm	O
can	O
also	O
provide	O
mechanisms	O
for	O
in-document	O
leveraged	O
and	O
fuzzy	B-Algorithm
matching	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
1978	O
article	O
he	O
gave	O
fully	O
demonstration	O
of	O
what	O
we	O
call	O
TM	O
systems	O
today	O
:	O
Any	O
new	O
text	O
would	O
be	O
typed	O
into	O
a	O
word	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
station	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
being	O
typed	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
would	O
check	O
this	O
text	O
against	O
the	O
earlier	O
texts	O
stored	O
in	O
its	O
memory	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
its	O
translation	O
into	O
all	O
the	O
other	O
official	O
languages	O
[	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Community ]	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
...	O
One	O
advantage	O
over	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
proper	O
would	O
be	O
that	O
all	O
the	O
passages	O
so	O
retrieved	O
would	O
be	O
grammatically	O
correct	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
after	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
,	O
did	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
so-called	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
come	O
into	O
being	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aim	O
of	O
Bilingual	O
Knowledge	O
Bank	O
is	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
corpus-based	O
general-purpose	O
knowledge	O
source	O
for	O
applications	O
in	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
and	O
computer-aided	B-Application
translation	I-Application
(	O
Sadler	O
&	O
Vendelman	O
,	O
1987	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
note	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
TM	O
tool	O
called	O
Trados	B-Application
(	O
SDL	B-Application
Trados	I-Application
nowadays	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
tool	O
,	O
when	O
opening	O
the	O
source	O
file	O
and	O
applying	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
so	O
that	O
any	O
"	O
100%	O
matches	O
"	O
(	O
identical	O
matches	O
)	O
or	O
"	O
fuzzy	O
matches	O
"	O
(	O
similar	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
identical	O
matches	O
)	O
within	O
the	O
text	O
are	O
instantly	O
extracted	O
and	O
placed	O
within	O
the	O
target	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
matches	O
"	O
suggested	O
by	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
either	O
accepted	O
or	O
overridden	O
with	O
new	O
alternatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
translation	O
unit	O
is	O
manually	O
updated	O
,	O
then	O
it	O
is	O
stored	O
within	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
for	O
future	O
use	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
repetition	O
in	O
the	O
current	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
similar	O
way	O
,	O
all	O
segments	O
in	O
the	O
target	O
file	O
without	O
a	O
"	O
match	O
"	O
would	O
be	O
translated	O
manually	O
and	O
then	O
automatically	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
services	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
professional	O
and	O
"	O
hybrid	O
"	O
translation	O
services	O
provided	O
by	O
sites	O
like	O
Gengo	O
and	O
Ackuna	O
,	O
incorporate	O
databases	O
of	O
TM	O
data	O
supplied	O
by	O
translators	O
and	O
volunteers	O
to	O
make	O
more	O
efficient	O
connections	O
between	O
languages	O
provide	O
faster	O
translation	O
services	O
to	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
recent	O
development	O
is	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
'	O
text	O
memory	O
 '	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
proposed	O
LISA	B-General_Concept
OSCAR	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	O
memory	O
within	O
xml:tm	O
comprises	O
'	O
author	O
memory	O
 '	O
and	O
'	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
uses	O
the	O
information	O
from	O
author	O
memory	O
to	O
implement	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
matching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Translation	B-Language
Memory	I-Language
eXchange	I-Language
(	O
TMX	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
standard	O
that	O
enables	O
the	O
interchange	O
of	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
between	O
translation	O
suppliers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TMX	O
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
the	O
translation	O
community	O
as	O
the	O
best	O
way	O
of	O
importing	O
and	O
exporting	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
LISA	B-General_Concept
standard	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
revised	O
and	O
republished	O
as	O
ISO	O
30042	O
,	O
allows	O
for	O
the	O
interchange	O
of	O
terminology	O
data	O
including	O
detailed	O
lexical	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universal	B-General_Concept
Terminology	I-General_Concept
eXchange	I-General_Concept
(	O
UTX	O
)	O
format	O
is	O
a	O
standard	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
user	O
dictionaries	O
of	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
general	O
,	O
human-readable	O
glossaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segmentation	B-Language
Rules	I-Language
eXchange	I-Language
(	O
SRX	B-Language
)	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
TMX	O
standard	O
so	O
that	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
data	O
that	O
is	O
exchanged	O
between	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
more	O
effectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
originally	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
for	O
the	O
exchange	O
of	O
lexical	O
data	O
between	O
proprietary	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
lexicons	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
evolved	O
into	O
a	O
more	O
general	O
standard	O
for	O
terminology	O
exchange	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
xml:tm	O
(	O
XML-based	O
Text	O
Memory	O
)	O
approach	O
to	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
text	O
memory	O
which	O
comprises	O
author	O
and	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
xml:tm	O
has	O
been	O
donated	O
to	O
Lisa	B-General_Concept
OSCAR	O
by	O
XML-INTL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gettext	B-Application
Portable	I-Application
Object	I-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
often	O
not	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
format	O
,	O
Gettext	B-Application
PO	O
files	O
are	O
bilingual	O
files	O
that	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
processes	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memories	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
a	O
PO	O
translation	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
system	O
will	O
consist	O
of	O
various	O
separate	O
files	O
in	O
a	O
directory	O
tree	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
tools	O
that	O
work	O
with	O
PO	O
files	O
include	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Gettext	I-Application
Tools	O
and	O
the	O
Translate	B-Language
Toolkit	I-Language
.	O
</s>
