<s>
A	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
converts	O
energy	O
from	O
one	O
form	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
a	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
converts	O
a	O
signal	O
in	O
one	O
form	O
of	O
energy	O
to	O
a	O
signal	O
in	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transducers	B-Algorithm
are	O
often	O
employed	O
at	O
the	O
boundaries	O
of	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
measurement	O
,	O
and	O
control	O
systems	O
,	O
where	O
electrical	O
signals	O
are	O
converted	O
to	O
and	O
from	O
other	O
physical	O
quantities	O
(	O
energy	O
,	O
force	O
,	O
torque	O
,	O
light	O
,	O
motion	O
,	O
position	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
of	O
converting	O
one	O
form	O
of	O
energy	O
to	O
another	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
transduction	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanical	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
,	O
so-called	O
as	O
they	O
convert	O
physical	O
quantities	O
into	O
mechanical	O
outputs	O
or	O
vice	O
versa	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Electrical	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
however	O
convert	O
physical	O
quantities	O
into	O
electrical	O
outputs	O
or	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
linear	B-Algorithm
variable	I-Algorithm
differential	I-Algorithm
transformer	I-Algorithm
(	O
LVDT	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
used	O
to	O
measure	O
displacement	O
(	O
position	O
)	O
changes	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
electrical	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transducers	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
categorized	O
by	O
which	O
direction	O
information	O
passes	O
through	O
them	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sensor	O
is	O
a	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
that	O
receives	O
and	O
responds	O
to	O
a	O
signal	O
or	O
stimulus	O
from	O
a	O
physical	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
moving	O
or	O
controlling	O
a	O
mechanism	O
or	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
mechanism	O
by	O
which	O
a	O
control	O
system	O
acts	O
upon	O
an	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
printer	O
driver	O
,	O
robot	B-Algorithm
control	O
system	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
human	O
,	O
or	O
any	O
other	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bidirectional	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
(	O
can	O
)	O
convert	O
physical	O
phenomena	O
to	O
electrical	O
signals	O
and	O
also	O
convert	O
electrical	O
signals	O
into	O
physical	O
phenomena	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
an	O
inherently	O
bidirectional	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
antenna	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
convert	O
radio	O
waves	O
(	O
electromagnetic	O
waves	O
)	O
into	O
an	O
electrical	O
signal	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
by	O
a	O
radio	O
receiver	O
,	O
or	O
translate	O
an	O
electrical	O
signal	O
from	O
a	O
transmitter	O
into	O
radio	O
waves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
are	O
voice	B-Device
coils	I-Device
,	O
which	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
loudspeakers	O
to	O
translate	O
an	O
electrical	O
audio	O
signal	O
into	O
sound	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
dynamic	O
microphones	B-Application
to	O
translate	O
sound	O
waves	O
into	O
an	O
audio	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
are	O
ultrasound	B-Algorithm
transceivers	I-Algorithm
that	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
instance	O
in	O
medical	O
ultrasound	B-Application
(	O
echo	O
)	O
scans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
require	O
an	O
external	O
power	O
source	O
to	O
operate	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
called	O
an	O
excitation	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
in	O
contrast	O
,	O
generate	O
electric	O
current	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
an	O
external	O
stimulus	O
which	O
serves	O
as	O
the	O
output	O
signal	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
of	O
an	O
additional	O
energy	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
specifications	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
rate	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
range	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
the	O
ratio	O
between	O
the	O
largest	O
amplitude	B-Application
signal	O
and	O
the	O
smallest	O
amplitude	B-Application
signal	O
the	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
can	O
effectively	O
translate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transducers	B-Algorithm
with	O
larger	O
dynamic	O
range	O
are	O
more	O
"	O
sensitive	O
"	O
and	O
precise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Repeatability	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
to	O
produce	O
an	O
identical	O
output	O
when	O
stimulated	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noise	B-Algorithm
:	O
All	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
add	O
some	O
random	O
noise	B-Algorithm
to	O
their	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
electrical	O
transducers	B-Algorithm
this	O
may	O
be	O
electrical	O
noise	B-Algorithm
due	O
to	O
thermal	O
motion	O
of	O
charges	O
in	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noise	B-Algorithm
corrupts	O
small	O
signals	O
more	O
than	O
large	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hysteresis	O
:	O
This	O
is	O
a	O
property	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
depends	O
not	O
only	O
on	O
its	O
current	O
input	O
but	O
its	O
past	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
which	O
uses	O
a	O
gear	O
train	O
may	O
have	O
some	O
backlash	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
if	O
the	O
direction	O
of	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
reverses	O
,	O
there	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
dead	O
zone	O
before	O
the	O
output	O
of	O
the	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
reverses	O
,	O
caused	O
by	O
play	O
between	O
the	O
gear	O
teeth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electromechanical	O
input	O
feeds	O
meters	O
and	O
sensors	O
,	O
while	O
electromechanical	O
output	O
devices	O
are	O
generically	O
called	O
actuators	B-Algorithm
)	O
:	O
</s>
