<s>
A	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
TPS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
system	O
,	O
or	O
software/hardware	O
combination	O
,	O
that	O
supports	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
system	I-Application
was	O
SABRE	B-Application
,	O
made	O
by	O
IBM	O
for	O
American	O
Airlines	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
operational	O
in	O
1964	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
to	O
process	O
up	O
to	O
83,000	O
transactions	O
a	O
day	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
ran	O
on	O
two	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SABRE	B-Application
was	O
migrated	O
to	O
IBM	B-Application
System/360	I-Application
computers	O
in	O
1972	O
,	O
and	O
became	O
an	O
IBM	O
product	O
first	O
as	O
Airline	B-Application
control	I-Application
Program	I-Application
(	O
ACP	O
)	O
and	O
later	O
as	O
Transaction	B-Operating_System
Processing	I-Operating_System
Facility	I-Operating_System
(	O
TPF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
Enterprise	O
NonStop	B-Architecture
system	O
(	O
formerly	O
Tandem	O
NonStop	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	B-Application
system	O
designed	O
for	O
Online	B-General_Concept
Transaction	I-General_Concept
Processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
)	O
introduced	O
in	O
1976	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
Transaction	B-Operating_System
Processing	I-Operating_System
Facility	I-Operating_System
(	O
TPF	O
)	O
–	O
1960	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
other	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
systems	I-Application
TPF	O
is	O
a	O
dedicated	O
operating	O
system	O
for	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
on	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
z	I-Device
mainframes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
Airline	B-Application
Control	I-Application
Program	I-Application
(	O
ACP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Management	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
IMS	O
)	O
–	O
1966	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
joint	O
hierarchical	O
database	O
and	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
with	O
extensive	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Runs	O
on	O
OS/360	B-Application
and	I-Application
successors	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Customer	I-Application
Information	I-Application
Control	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
CICS	B-Application
)	O
–	O
1969	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
manager	I-General_Concept
designed	O
for	O
rapid	O
,	O
high-volume	O
online	O
processing	O
,	O
CICS	B-Application
originally	O
used	O
standard	O
system	O
datasets	O
,	O
but	O
now	O
has	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
IBM	B-Application
Db2	I-Application
relational	O
database	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Runs	O
on	O
OS/360	B-Application
and	I-Application
successors	I-Application
and	O
DOS/360	B-Application
and	I-Application
successors	I-Application
,	O
IBM	B-Application
AIX	I-Application
,	O
VM	B-Application
,	O
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-mainframe	O
versions	O
are	O
called	O
TXSeries	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tuxedo	B-Application
–	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transactions	O
for	O
Unix	O
,	O
Extended	O
for	O
Distributed	O
Operations	O
developed	O
by	O
AT&T	O
Corporation	O
,	O
now	O
owned	O
by	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tuxedo	B-Application
is	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
TPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
monitor	I-General_Concept
for	O
UNIVAC	B-Device
1100/2200	I-Device
series	I-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Burroughs	O
Corporation	O
supported	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
capabilities	O
in	O
its	O
MCP	B-Application
operating	O
systems	O
using	O
GEMCOS	O
(	O
Generalized	O
Message	O
Control	O
System	O
of	O
1976	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2012	O
UNISYS	O
ClearPath	B-Device
Enterprise	I-Device
Servers	I-Device
include	O
Transaction	B-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
"	O
an	O
extremely	O
flexible	O
,	O
high-performance	O
message	O
and	O
application	O
control	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Provides	O
an	O
environment	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
controlling	O
online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
)	O
applications	O
on	O
the	O
VMS	O
operating	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Runs	O
on	O
VAX/VMS	B-Operating_System
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
(	O
DEC	O
)	O
Message	O
Control	O
System	O
(	O
MCS-10	O
)	O
for	O
PDP-10	B-Device
TOPS-10	B-Operating_System
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Honeywell	O
Multics	B-Application
Transaction	B-General_Concept
Processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transaction	B-Operating_System
Management	I-Operating_System
eXecutive	I-Operating_System
(	O
TMX	O
)	O
was	O
NCR	O
Corporation	O
's	O
proprietary	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
system	I-Application
running	O
on	O
NCR	O
Tower	O
5000-series	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
Enterprise	O
NonStop	B-Architecture
system	O
–	O
1976	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NonStop	B-Architecture
is	O
an	O
integrated	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	B-Application
system	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transarc	O
Encina	B-Application
–	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Encina	B-Application
was	O
discontinued	O
as	O
a	O
product	O
and	O
folded	O
into	O
IBM	O
's	O
TXSeries	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Encina	B-Application
support	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
is	O
distinct	O
from	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
contrasted	O
with	O
other	O
computer	O
processing	O
models	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
is	O
execution	O
of	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
programs	O
(	O
jobs	O
)	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
without	O
manual	O
intervention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Transaction	B-Application
Processing	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
TPS	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
information	O
system	O
that	O
collects	O
,	O
stores	O
,	O
modifies	O
,	O
and	O
retrieves	O
the	O
data	O
transactions	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
systems	I-Application
also	O
attempt	O
to	O
provide	O
predictable	O
response	O
times	O
to	O
requests	O
,	O
although	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
as	O
critical	O
as	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
run	O
arbitrary	O
programs	O
as	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
,	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
allows	O
only	O
predefined	O
,	O
structured	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
features	O
are	O
considered	O
important	O
in	O
evaluating	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
systems	I-Application
are	O
usually	O
measured	O
by	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
transactions	O
they	O
can	O
process	O
in	O
a	O
given	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
handle	O
hardware	B-Architecture
or	O
software	B-Application
problems	O
without	O
corrupting	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
users	O
of	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
systems	I-Application
are	O
casual	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
should	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
add	O
,	O
replace	O
,	O
or	O
update	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	B-Application
components	O
without	O
shutting	O
down	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transactions	O
may	O
be	O
collected	O
and	O
processed	O
as	O
in	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
method	O
as	O
the	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
did	O
not	O
yet	O
exist	O
to	O
allow	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Databases	O
offer	O
fast	O
retrieval	O
times	O
for	O
non-structured	O
requests	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
typical	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Databases	O
for	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
constructed	O
using	O
hierarchical	O
,	O
network	O
,	O
or	O
relational	O
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
top-to-bottom-like	O
structure	O
consists	O
of	O
nodes	B-Data_Structure
and	O
branches	O
;	O
each	O
child	O
node	O
has	O
branches	O
and	O
is	O
only	O
linked	O
to	O
one	O
higher	O
level	O
parent	O
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
structure	O
:	O
network	O
structures	O
also	O
organizes	O
data	O
using	O
nodes	B-Data_Structure
and	O
branches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
hierarchical	O
structure	O
,	O
each	O
child	O
node	O
can	O
be	O
linked	O
to	O
multiple	O
,	O
higher	O
parent	O
nodes	B-Data_Structure
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
features	O
are	O
desirable	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
system	O
used	O
in	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
systems	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	O
backup	B-Protocol
:	O
Backup	B-Protocol
should	O
be	O
scheduled	O
between	O
low	O
times	O
of	O
activity	O
to	O
prevent	O
lag	O
of	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
normalization	B-Application
:	O
This	O
lowers	O
redundant	O
information	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
improve	O
concurrency	O
,	O
this	O
also	O
improves	O
backups	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
keeps	O
tables	O
small	O
and	O
also	O
improves	O
backup	B-Protocol
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Good	O
hardware	B-Architecture
configuration	O
:	O
Hardware	B-Architecture
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
handle	O
many	O
users	O
and	O
provide	O
quick	O
response	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
business	O
organizations	O
have	O
become	O
very	O
dependent	O
on	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
breakdown	O
may	O
disrupt	O
the	O
business	O
 '	O
regular	O
routine	O
and	O
stop	O
its	O
operation	O
for	O
a	O
certain	O
amount	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
prevent	O
data	O
loss	O
and	O
minimize	O
disruptions	O
well-designed	O
backup	B-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
recovery	I-Protocol
procedures	O
must	O
exist	O
and	O
be	O
adhered	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
back-up	B-Protocol
procedures	O
:	O
grandfather-father-son	O
and	O
partial	O
backups	B-Protocol
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
procedure	O
involves	O
taking	O
complete	O
backups	B-Protocol
of	O
all	O
data	O
at	O
regular	O
intervalsdaily	O
,	O
weekly	O
,	O
monthly	O
,	O
or	O
whatever	O
is	O
appropriate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
generations	O
of	O
backup	B-Protocol
are	O
retained	O
,	O
often	O
three	O
which	O
gives	O
rise	O
to	O
the	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
recent	O
backup	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
son	O
,	O
the	O
previous	O
the	O
father	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
oldest	O
backup	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
grandfather	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
batch	O
transaction	B-Application
processing	I-Application
system	I-Application
with	O
a	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
system	O
fails	O
during	O
a	O
batch	O
run	O
,	O
the	O
master	O
file	O
is	O
recreated	O
by	O
restoring	O
the	O
son	O
backup	B-Protocol
and	O
then	O
restarting	O
the	O
batch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
son	O
backup	B-Protocol
fails	O
,	O
is	O
corrupted	O
or	O
destroyed	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
previous	O
generation	O
of	O
backup	B-Protocol
(	O
the	O
father	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
if	O
that	O
fails	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
generation	O
of	O
backup	B-Protocol
previous	O
to	O
the	O
father	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Partial	O
backups	B-Protocol
generally	O
contain	O
only	O
records	O
that	O
have	O
changed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
full	B-Protocol
backup	I-Protocol
could	O
be	O
performed	O
weekly	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
partial	O
backups	B-Protocol
taken	O
nightly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recovery	O
using	O
this	O
scheme	O
involves	O
restoring	O
the	O
last	O
full	B-Protocol
backup	I-Protocol
and	O
then	O
restoring	O
all	O
partial	O
backups	B-Protocol
in	O
order	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
up-to-date	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
process	O
is	O
quicker	O
than	O
taking	O
only	O
complete	O
backups	B-Protocol
,	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
longer	O
recovery	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
