<s>
A	O
traffic	B-General_Concept
enforcement	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
,	O
speed	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
,	O
road	B-General_Concept
safety	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
,	O
road	B-General_Concept
rule	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
,	O
photo	B-General_Concept
radar	I-General_Concept
,	O
photo	O
enforcement	O
,	O
Gatso	O
,	O
safety	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
,	O
bus	O
lane	O
camera	O
,	O
flash	O
for	O
cash	O
,	O
Safe-T-Cam	B-General_Concept
,	O
No	O
contact	O
apprehension	O
camera	O
depending	O
on	O
use	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
camera	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
mounted	O
beside	O
or	O
over	O
a	O
road	O
or	O
installed	O
in	O
an	O
enforcement	O
vehicle	O
to	O
detect	O
motoring	O
offenses	O
,	O
including	O
speeding	B-Application
,	O
vehicles	O
going	O
through	O
a	O
red	O
traffic	O
light	O
,	O
vehicles	O
going	O
through	O
a	O
toll	O
booth	O
without	O
paying	O
,	O
unauthorized	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
bus	O
lane	O
,	O
or	O
for	O
recording	O
vehicles	O
inside	O
a	O
congestion	O
charge	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
worldwide	O
review	O
of	O
studies	O
found	O
that	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
led	O
to	O
a	O
reduction	O
of	O
"	O
11%	O
to	O
44%	O
for	O
fatal	O
and	O
serious	O
injury	O
crashes	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
British	O
Medical	O
Journal	O
recently	O
reported	O
that	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
effective	O
at	O
reducing	O
accidents	O
and	O
injuries	O
in	O
their	O
vicinity	O
and	O
recommended	O
wider	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
automatic	B-Application
number-plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
systems	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
detection	O
of	O
average	O
speeds	O
and	O
raise	O
concerns	O
over	O
loss	O
of	O
privacy	O
and	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
governments	O
to	O
establish	O
mass	O
surveillance	O
of	O
vehicle	O
movements	O
and	O
therefore	O
by	O
association	O
also	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
the	O
vehicle	O
's	O
owner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
in	O
Melbourne	O
(	O
Australia	O
)	O
,	O
Melbourne	O
Airport	O
introduced	O
seven	O
automatic	B-Application
number-plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
ANPR	B-Application
)	O
cameras	O
in	O
their	O
bus	O
forecourt	O
to	O
monitor	O
bus	O
lanes	O
and	O
provide	O
charging	O
points	O
based	O
on	O
vehicle	O
type	O
and	O
the	O
dwell	O
time	O
of	O
each	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
system	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
several	O
Sensor	O
Dynamics	O
based	O
ANPR	B-Application
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
traffic	O
camera	O
that	O
takes	O
an	O
image	O
of	O
a	O
vehicle	O
that	O
goes	O
through	O
an	O
intersection	O
where	O
the	O
light	O
is	O
red	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
also	O
utilized	O
in	O
capturing	O
texting-while-driving	O
violators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speed	B-General_Concept
enforcement	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
to	O
monitor	O
compliance	O
with	O
speed	B-Application
limits	I-Application
,	O
which	O
may	O
use	O
Doppler	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
,	O
LIDAR	O
,	O
stereo	B-Algorithm
vision	I-Algorithm
or	O
automatic	B-Application
number-plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fixed	O
or	O
mobile	B-Algorithm
speed	I-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
systems	O
that	O
measure	O
the	O
time	O
taken	O
by	O
a	O
vehicle	O
to	O
travel	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
fairly	O
distant	O
sites	O
(	O
from	O
several	O
hundred	O
meters	O
to	O
several	O
hundred	O
kilometers	O
apart	O
)	O
are	O
called	O
automatic	B-Application
number-plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
ANPR	B-Application
)	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
current	O
designs	O
of	O
noise	O
camera	O
follow	O
the	O
same	O
basic	O
construction	O
:	O
a	O
microphone	O
linked	O
to	O
an	O
ANPR	B-Application
video	O
camera	O
,	O
mounted	O
at	O
a	O
fixed	O
location	O
or	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	O
tripod	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ANPR	B-Application
camera	O
is	O
triggered	O
when	O
the	O
microphone	O
detects	O
a	O
passing	O
vehicle	O
emitting	O
a	O
sound	O
signal	O
above	O
a	O
pre-set	O
decibel	O
limit	O
,	O
capturing	O
the	O
vehicle	O
registration	O
and	O
giving	O
police	O
or	O
local	O
government	O
recourse	O
to	O
warn	O
,	O
fine	O
or	O
prosecute	O
the	O
registered	O
owner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	B-Application
number-plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
purposes	O
unrelated	O
to	O
enforcement	O
of	O
traffic	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
all-weather	O
,	O
24-hour	O
,	O
automatic	B-Application
number	I-Application
plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
system	O
SAFE-T-CAM	B-General_Concept
was	O
developed	O
in	O
Australia	O
for	O
the	O
Roads	O
and	O
Traffic	O
Authority	O
(	O
RTA	O
)	O
by	O
Telstra	O
as	O
the	O
prime	O
contractor	O
and	O
ICONIX	O
and	O
CSIRO	O
as	O
sub-contractors	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Australia	O
's	O
SAFE-T-CAM	B-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
ANPR	B-Application
technology	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
monitor	O
long	O
distance	O
truck	O
drivers	O
to	O
detect	O
avoidance	O
of	O
legally	O
prescribed	O
driver	O
rest	O
periods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
's	O
police	O
ANPR	B-Application
system	O
logs	O
all	O
the	O
vehicles	O
passing	O
particular	O
points	O
in	O
the	O
national	O
road	O
network	O
,	O
allowing	O
authorities	O
to	O
track	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
vehicles	O
and	O
individuals	O
across	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
they	O
complained	O
formally	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
discovered	O
they	O
were	O
stopped	O
when	O
their	O
car	O
was	O
picked	O
up	O
by	O
roadside	O
ANPR	B-Application
CCTV	O
cameras	O
;	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
flagged	O
in	O
the	O
Police	O
National	O
Computer	O
database	O
when	O
they	O
were	O
seen	O
near	O
EDO	O
MBM	O
demonstrations	O
in	O
Brighton	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
point	O
out	O
that	O
the	O
Catts	O
had	O
been	O
suspected	O
of	O
no	O
crime	O
,	O
however	O
the	O
police	O
ANPR	B-Application
system	O
led	O
to	O
them	O
being	O
targeted	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
association	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Metropolitan	O
Manila	O
Development	O
Authority	O
(	O
MMDA	O
)	O
implemented	O
the	O
No	O
Contact	O
Apprehension	O
Policy	O
in	O
apprehending	O
traffic	O
violations	O
such	O
as	O
disregarding	O
traffic	O
control	O
signs	O
and	O
other	O
violations	O
via	O
their	O
closed-circuit	O
television	O
camera	O
or	O
other	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
and/or	O
other	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	B-Application
number-plate	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
systems	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
multiple	O
purposes	O
,	O
including	O
identifying	O
untaxed	O
and	O
uninsured	O
vehicles	O
,	O
stolen	O
cars	O
and	O
potentially	O
mass	O
surveillance	O
of	O
motorists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Algorithm
speed	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
hand-held	O
,	O
tripod	O
mounted	O
,	O
or	O
vehicle-mounted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aside	O
from	O
the	O
issues	O
of	O
legality	O
in	O
some	O
countries	O
and	O
states	O
and	O
of	O
sometime	O
opposition	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
is	O
very	O
well	O
documented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
While	O
this	O
report	O
fully	O
lays	O
out	O
the	O
background	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
speed	B-Application
limits	I-Application
,	O
its	O
job	O
is	O
not	O
to	O
justify	O
why	O
the	O
national	O
limits	O
are	O
what	O
they	O
are	O
;	O
a	O
review	O
of	O
speed	B-Application
limits	I-Application
to	O
see	O
whether	O
they	O
are	O
soundly	O
based	O
is	O
for	O
another	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
a	O
decision	O
on	O
whether	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
funded	O
must	O
be	O
taken	O
at	O
a	O
local	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
should	O
never	O
be	O
the	O
only	O
weapon	O
in	O
the	O
road	O
safety	O
armoury	O
,	O
but	O
neither	O
should	O
they	O
be	O
absent	O
from	O
the	O
battle.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2010	O
Cochrane	O
Review	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
prevention	O
of	O
road	O
traffic	O
injuries	O
and	O
deaths	O
reported	O
that	O
all	O
28	O
studies	O
accepted	O
by	O
the	O
authors	O
found	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
a	O
reduction	O
in	O
all	O
crashes	O
,	O
injury	O
crashes	O
,	O
and	O
death	O
or	O
severe	O
injury	O
crashes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
28	O
studies	O
found	O
a	O
lower	O
number	O
of	O
crashes	O
in	O
the	O
speed	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
areas	O
after	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
the	O
authors	O
conceded	O
that	O
the	O
magnitude	O
of	O
the	O
benefit	O
from	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
"	O
is	O
currently	O
not	O
deducible	O
"	O
due	O
to	O
limitations	O
in	O
the	O
methodological	O
rigor	O
of	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
28	O
studies	O
cited	O
,	O
and	O
recommended	O
that	O
"	O
more	O
studies	O
of	O
a	O
scientifically	O
rigorous	O
and	O
homogenous	O
nature	O
are	O
necessary	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
answer	O
to	O
the	O
magnitude	O
of	O
effect.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2010	O
report	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
Effectiveness	O
of	O
Speed	B-General_Concept
Cameras	I-General_Concept
A	O
review	O
of	O
evidence	O
"	O
,	O
by	O
Richard	O
Allsop	O
concludes	O
"	O
The	O
findings	O
of	O
this	O
review	O
for	O
the	O
RAC	O
Foundation	O
,	O
though	O
reached	O
independently	O
,	O
are	O
essentially	O
consistent	O
with	O
the	O
Cochrane	O
Review	O
conclusions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
the	O
Nottingham	O
Safety	B-General_Concept
Camera	I-General_Concept
Pilot	O
achieved	O
"	O
virtually	O
complete	O
compliance	O
"	O
on	O
the	O
major	O
ring	O
road	O
into	O
the	O
city	O
using	O
average	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
across	O
all	O
Nottinghamshire	O
SPECS	O
installations	O
,	O
KSI	O
(	O
Killed	O
/	O
Seriously	O
Injured	O
)	O
figures	O
have	O
fallen	O
by	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
65%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
the	O
British	O
Medical	O
Journal	O
reported	O
that	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
effective	O
at	O
reducing	O
accidents	O
and	O
injuries	O
and	O
recommended	O
wider	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2005	O
the	O
British	O
Medical	O
Journal	O
again	O
reported	O
that	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
an	O
effective	O
intervention	O
in	O
reducing	O
road	O
traffic	O
collisions	O
and	O
related	O
casualties	O
,	O
noting	O
however	O
that	O
most	O
studies	O
to	O
date	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
satisfactory	O
control	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
Northumbria	O
Police	O
's	O
Acting	O
Chief	O
Inspector	O
of	O
motor	O
patrols	O
suggested	O
that	O
cameras	O
did	O
n't	O
reduce	O
casualties	O
but	O
did	O
raise	O
revenue	O
–	O
an	O
official	O
statement	O
from	O
the	O
police	O
force	O
later	O
re-iterated	O
that	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
do	O
reduce	O
casualties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2005	O
the	O
Department	O
for	O
Transport	O
published	O
a	O
four-year	O
report	O
into	O
Safety	B-General_Concept
Camera	I-General_Concept
Partnerships	O
which	O
concluded	O
that	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
22%	O
reduction	O
in	O
personal	O
injury	O
collisions	O
and	O
42%	O
fewer	O
people	O
being	O
killed	O
or	O
seriously	O
injured	O
following	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Times	O
reported	O
that	O
this	O
research	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
department	O
had	O
been	O
previous	O
exaggerating	O
the	O
safety	O
benefits	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
but	O
that	O
the	O
results	O
were	O
still	O
'	O
impressive	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
report	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
RAC	O
Foundation	O
in	O
2010	O
estimated	O
that	O
an	O
additional	O
800	O
more	O
people	O
a	O
year	O
could	O
be	O
killed	O
or	O
seriously	O
injured	O
on	O
the	O
UK	O
's	O
roads	O
if	O
all	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
scrapped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
survey	O
conducted	O
by	O
The	O
Automobile	O
Association	O
in	O
May	O
2010	O
indicated	O
that	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
supported	O
by	O
75%	O
of	O
their	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
town	O
of	O
Swindon	O
abandoned	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
fixed	O
cameras	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
questioning	O
their	O
cost	O
effectiveness	O
with	O
the	O
cameras	O
being	O
replaced	O
by	O
vehicle	O
activated	O
warning	O
signs	O
and	O
enforcement	O
by	O
police	O
using	O
mobile	B-Algorithm
speed	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
:	O
in	O
the	O
nine	O
months	O
following	O
the	O
switch-off	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
small	O
reduction	O
in	O
accident	O
rates	O
which	O
had	O
changed	O
slightly	O
in	O
similar	O
periods	O
before	O
and	O
after	O
the	O
switch	O
off	O
(	O
Before	O
:	O
1	O
fatal	O
,	O
1	O
serious	O
and	O
13	O
slight	O
accidents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
journalist	O
George	O
Monbiot	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
results	O
were	O
not	O
statistically	B-General_Concept
significant	I-General_Concept
highlighting	O
earlier	O
findings	O
across	O
the	O
whole	O
of	O
Wiltshire	O
that	O
there	O
had	O
been	O
a	O
33%	O
reduction	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
killed	O
and	O
seriously	O
injured	O
generally	O
and	O
a	O
68%	O
reduction	O
at	O
camera	O
sites	O
during	O
the	O
previous	O
3	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
town	O
had	O
the	O
fewest	O
accident	O
rates	O
per	O
1,000	O
registered	O
vehicles	O
:	O
a	O
result	O
linked	O
by	O
the	O
Local	O
Authority	O
Member	O
for	O
Council	O
Transformation	O
,	O
Transport	O
and	O
Strategic	O
Planning	O
to	O
the	O
removal	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
and	O
resultant	O
additional	O
funding	O
for	O
road	O
safety	O
,	O
alongside	O
close	O
working	O
with	O
the	O
police	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Scotland	O
,	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
average	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
significantly	O
reduced	O
speeding	B-Application
on	O
the	O
A9	O
and	O
A96	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
conducted	O
in	O
Alabama	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
2016	O
reveals	O
that	O
Red	B-General_Concept
Light	I-General_Concept
Cameras	I-General_Concept
(	O
RLCs	O
)	O
seem	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
slight	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
clearance	O
lost	O
time	O
;	O
the	O
intersections	O
equipped	O
with	O
RLCs	O
are	O
half	O
a	O
second	O
less	O
in	O
use	O
compared	O
with	O
those	O
without	O
cameras	O
;	O
and	O
highway	O
capacity	O
manual	O
estimates	O
a	O
shorter	O
lost	O
time	O
and	O
thus	O
may	O
overestimate	O
the	O
intersection	O
's	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pictures	O
from	O
the	O
San	O
Diego	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
systems	O
were	O
ruled	O
inadmissible	O
as	O
court	O
evidence	O
in	O
September	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
US	O
states	O
and	O
provinces	O
of	O
Canada	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Alberta	B-Protocol
,	O
operate	O
"	O
owner	O
liability	O
"	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
registered	O
owner	O
of	O
the	O
vehicle	O
who	O
is	O
legally	O
responsible	O
for	O
paying	O
all	O
such	O
fines	O
,	O
regardless	O
who	O
was	O
driving	O
the	O
vehicle	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
offense	O
,	O
although	O
they	O
do	O
release	O
the	O
owner	O
from	O
liability	O
by	O
identifying	O
the	O
actual	O
driver	O
and	O
that	O
person	O
pays	O
the	O
fine	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
most	O
such	O
jurisdictions	O
,	O
convictions	O
for	O
such	O
traffic	O
offenses	O
do	O
not	O
result	O
in	O
additional	O
consequences	O
for	O
either	O
drivers	O
or	O
owners	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
demerit	O
points	O
)	O
besides	O
the	O
immediate	O
financial	O
consideration	O
of	O
the	O
fine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
been	O
done	O
because	O
in	O
those	O
states	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
tickets	O
are	O
criminal	O
violations	O
,	O
and	O
criminal	O
charges	O
must	O
always	O
name	O
the	O
actual	O
violator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Arizona	O
and	O
Virginia	B-Application
,	O
tickets	O
issued	O
by	O
cameras	O
are	O
unenforceable	O
due	O
to	O
there	O
being	O
no	O
penalty	O
for	O
ignoring	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
states	O
have	O
outlawed	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
traffic	B-General_Concept
enforcement	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2000	O
,	O
two	O
motorists	O
who	O
were	O
caught	O
speeding	B-Application
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
challenged	O
the	O
Road	O
Traffic	O
Act	O
1988	O
,	O
which	O
required	O
the	O
keeper	O
of	O
a	O
car	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
driver	O
at	O
a	O
particular	O
time	O
as	O
being	O
in	O
contradiction	O
to	O
the	O
Human	O
Rights	O
Act	O
1998	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
it	O
amounted	O
to	O
a	O
'	O
compulsory	O
confession	O
 '	O
,	O
also	O
that	O
since	O
the	O
camera	O
partnerships	O
included	O
the	O
police	O
,	O
local	O
authorities	O
,	O
Magistrates	O
Courts	O
Service	O
(	O
MCS	O
)	O
and	O
Crown	O
Prosecution	O
Service	O
(	O
CPS	O
)	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
financial	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
fine	O
revenue	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
not	O
get	O
a	O
fair	O
trial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
the	O
European	O
Court	O
of	O
Human	O
Rights	O
found	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
breach	O
of	O
article	O
6	O
in	O
requiring	O
the	O
keepers	O
of	O
cars	O
caught	O
speeding	B-Application
on	O
camera	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Speed	B-General_Concept
Camera	I-General_Concept
Contractor	O
Xerox	O
Corporation	O
admitted	O
that	O
cameras	O
they	O
had	O
deployed	O
in	O
Baltimore	O
city	O
were	O
producing	O
erroneous	O
speed	O
readings	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
1	O
out	O
of	O
every	O
20	O
citations	O
issued	O
at	O
some	O
locations	O
were	O
due	O
to	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Fort	O
Dodge	O
,	O
Iowa	O
,	O
speed	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
contractor	O
Redspeed	O
discovered	O
a	O
location	O
where	O
drivers	O
of	O
school	O
buses	O
,	O
big	O
panel	O
trucks	O
and	O
similar	O
vehicles	O
have	O
been	O
clocked	O
speeding	B-Application
by	O
the	O
city	O
's	O
mobile	B-Algorithm
speed	I-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
and	O
radar	B-Application
unit	O
even	O
though	O
they	O
were	O
obeying	O
the	O
25mph	O
speed	B-Application
limit	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
verification	O
photos	O
are	O
recorded	O
on	O
a	O
time	O
sequence	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
calculation	O
of	O
actual	O
speed	O
,	O
these	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
challenge	O
the	O
accuracy	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
court	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorists	O
in	O
Prince	O
George	O
's	O
County	O
,	O
Maryland	O
,	O
have	O
successfully	O
challenged	O
tickets	O
from	O
Optotraffic	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
where	O
they	O
were	O
incorrectly	O
ticketed	O
at	O
over	O
15mph	O
over	O
the	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Highway	O
Traffic	O
Safety	O
Administration	O
standards	O
for	O
"	O
across	O
the	O
road	O
radar	B-Application
"	O
state	O
that	O
"	O
If	O
the	O
ATR	O
device	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
considered	O
for	O
unattended	O
operation	O
,	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
shall	O
provide	O
a	O
secondary	O
method	O
for	O
verifying	O
that	O
the	O
evidential	O
recorded	O
image	O
properly	O
identifies	O
the	O
target	O
vehicle	O
and	O
reflects	O
this	O
vehicle	O
’s	O
true	O
speed	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
§	O
5.18.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2011	O
Edmonton	O
,	O
Alberta	B-Protocol
cancelled	O
all	O
100,000	O
"	O
Speed	O
On	O
Green	O
"	O
tickets	O
issued	O
in	O
the	O
previous	O
14	O
months	O
due	O
to	O
concerns	O
about	O
camera	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
websites	O
,	O
like	O
Photo	B-General_Concept
Radar	I-General_Concept
Scam	O
and	O
BantheCams.org,	O
have	O
been	O
created	O
in	O
reaction	O
to	O
the	O
rising	O
use	O
of	O
traffic	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Groups	O
like	O
NHTSA	O
(	O
National	O
Highway	O
Traffic	O
Safety	O
Administration	O
)	O
have	O
encouraged	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
automated	B-General_Concept
speed	I-General_Concept
enforcement	I-General_Concept
to	O
help	O
improve	O
general	O
road	O
safety	O
and	O
to	O
decrease	O
crash	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
a	O
campaign	O
was	O
set	O
up	O
against	O
a	O
speed	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
on	O
a	O
dual	O
carriageway	O
in	O
Poole	O
,	O
Dorset	O
in	O
a	O
30mph	O
area	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
generated	O
£1.3	O
m	O
of	O
fines	O
every	O
year	O
since	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
Coalition	O
government	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
'	O
Labour	O
's	O
13-year	O
war	O
on	O
the	O
motorist	O
is	O
over	O
 '	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
new	O
government	O
'	O
pledged	O
to	O
scrap	O
public	O
funding	O
for	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
 '	O
In	O
July	O
Mike	O
Penning	O
,	O
the	O
Road	O
safety	O
minister	O
reduced	O
the	O
Road	O
Safety	O
Grant	O
for	O
the	O
current	O
year	O
to	O
Local	O
Authorities	O
from	O
£95	O
million	O
to	O
£57	O
million	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
local	O
authorities	O
had	O
relied	O
too	O
heavily	O
on	O
safety	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
for	O
far	O
too	O
long	O
and	O
that	O
he	O
was	O
pleased	O
that	O
some	O
councils	O
were	O
now	O
focusing	O
on	O
other	O
road	O
safety	O
measures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
Oxfordshire	O
,	O
UK	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
switched	O
off	O
because	O
of	O
lack	O
of	O
finance	O
due	O
to	O
government	O
funding	O
policy	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
speed	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
systems	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
were	O
in	O
Friendswood	O
,	O
Texas	O
in	O
1986	O
and	O
La	O
Marque	O
,	O
Texas	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
Hawaii	O
experimented	O
with	O
speed	B-Application
limit	I-Application
enforcement	O
vans	O
but	O
they	O
were	O
withdrawn	O
months	O
later	O
due	O
to	O
public	O
outcry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2002	O
Australian	O
survey	O
found	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
community	O
generally	O
believes	O
that	O
enforcement	O
intensities	O
should	O
either	O
stay	O
the	O
same	O
or	O
increase	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
40%	O
of	O
those	O
surveyed	O
saying	O
that	O
they	O
thought	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
road	O
should	O
be	O
increased	O
,	O
43%	O
saying	O
that	O
they	O
thought	O
the	O
number	O
should	O
stay	O
the	O
same	O
,	O
and	O
13%	O
saying	O
that	O
they	O
thought	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
should	O
be	O
decreased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
Virginia	B-Application
legislature	O
declined	O
to	O
reauthorize	O
its	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
enforcement	O
law	O
after	O
a	O
study	O
questioned	O
their	O
effectiveness	O
,	O
only	O
to	O
reverse	O
itself	O
in	O
2007	O
and	O
allow	O
cameras	O
to	O
return	O
to	O
any	O
city	O
with	O
a	O
population	O
greater	O
than	O
10,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2007	O
literature	O
review	O
of	O
the	O
benefits	O
and	O
barriers	O
to	O
implementation	O
of	O
automated	B-General_Concept
speed	I-General_Concept
enforcement	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
a	O
petition	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
the	O
town	O
of	O
College	O
Station	O
,	O
Texas	O
which	O
requested	O
that	O
all	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
be	O
dismantled	O
and	O
removed	O
from	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
town	O
's	O
intersections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
an	O
extensive	O
battle	O
between	O
the	O
College	O
Station	O
city	O
council	O
and	O
the	O
opposing	O
sides	O
,	O
both	O
for	O
and	O
against	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
voters	O
voted	O
to	O
eliminate	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
throughout	O
the	O
entire	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
November	O
the	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
taken	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
4	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
an	O
ordinance	O
authorizing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
town	O
of	O
Sykesville	O
,	O
Maryland	O
was	O
put	O
to	O
a	O
referendum	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
321	O
out	O
of	O
529	O
voters	O
(	O
60.4	O
%	O
)	O
voted	O
against	O
the	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brake	O
just	O
before	O
a	O
camera	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
travel	O
past	O
its	O
sensor	O
below	O
the	O
speed	B-Application
limit	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
GPS	O
navigation	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Waze	B-Application
,	O
which	O
contain	O
databases	O
of	O
known	O
camera	O
locations	O
to	O
alert	O
them	O
in	O
advance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
GPS	O
devices	O
to	O
locate	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
is	O
illegal	O
in	O
some	O
jurisdictions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Install	O
active	O
laser	O
jammer	O
or	O
radar	B-Application
jammer	O
devices	O
which	O
actively	O
transmit	O
signals	O
that	O
interfere	O
with	O
the	O
measuring	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
a	O
fast	O
driving	O
Swiss	O
driver	O
reportedly	O
avoided	O
several	O
older	O
model	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
was	O
detected	O
by	O
a	O
new	O
model	O
,	O
as	O
traveling	O
at	O
300km/h	O
(	O
186mph	O
)	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
speeding	B-Application
fine	O
to	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
avoid	O
detection	O
by	O
changing	O
lanes	O
when	O
SPECS	O
average	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
were	O
in	O
use	O
as	O
they	O
measured	O
a	O
vehicle	O
's	O
speed	O
over	O
distance	O
in	O
one	O
lane	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
speed	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
dates	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
late	O
19th	O
century	O
:	O
the	O
1894	O
science	O
fiction	O
novel	O
A	O
Journey	O
in	O
Other	O
Worlds	O
,	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
,	O
includes	O
a	O
description	O
of	O
"	O
instantaneous	O
kodaks	O
"	O
used	O
by	O
police	O
to	O
enforce	O
speed	B-Application
limits	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
systems	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
used	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
to	O
take	O
their	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gatsometer	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
red	B-General_Concept
light	I-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
in	O
1965	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
radar	B-Application
for	O
use	O
with	O
road	O
traffic	O
in	O
1971	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
mobile	O
speed	O
traffic	O
camera	O
in	O
1982	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
began	O
to	O
be	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
can	O
be	O
fitted	O
with	O
a	O
network	O
connection	O
to	O
transfer	O
images	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
processing	O
location	O
automatically	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
have	O
advantages	O
over	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
in	O
speed	O
of	O
issuing	O
fines	O
,	O
maintenance	O
and	O
operational	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
