<s>
Traffic-sign	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
(	O
TSR	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
technology	O
by	O
which	O
a	O
vehicle	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
recognize	O
the	O
traffic	O
signs	O
put	O
on	O
the	O
road	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
to	O
detect	O
the	O
traffic	O
signs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
convention	O
has	O
broadly	O
classified	O
the	O
road	O
signs	O
into	O
seven	O
categories	O
designated	O
with	O
letters	O
A	O
to	O
H	O
.	O
This	O
standardization	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
main	O
drive	O
for	O
helping	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
traffic-sign	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
systems	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
globally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traffic-sign	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
first	O
appeared	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
speed	O
limit	O
sign	O
recognition	O
,	O
in	O
2008	O
for	O
the	O
2009	O
Vauxhall	O
Insignia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
basic	O
use	O
cases	O
of	O
a	O
traffic-sign	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
system	O
is	O
for	O
speed	O
limits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
traffic-sign	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
systems	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
using	O
convolutional	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
mainly	O
driven	O
by	O
the	O
requirements	O
of	O
autonomous	O
vehicles	O
and	O
self-driving	O
cars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
convolutional	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
trained	O
to	O
take	O
in	O
these	O
predefined	O
traffic	O
signs	O
and	O
'	O
learn	O
 '	O
using	O
Deep	B-Algorithm
Learning	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
neural	O
net	O
in	O
turn	O
uses	O
Image	B-Algorithm
Processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
Computer	B-Application
Vision	I-Application
to	O
train	O
the	O
network	O
with	O
its	O
potential	O
outcomes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self	O
driving	O
car	O
companies	O
including	O
Waymo	O
and	O
Uber	B-Application
are	O
generating	O
and	O
outsourcing	O
traffic-sign	O
data	O
sets	O
along	O
with	O
map	O
and	O
navigation	O
companies	O
like	O
Tom	O
Tom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
and	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
techniques	O
make	O
this	O
goal	O
highly	O
efficient	O
and	O
achievable	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
diverse	O
algorithms	O
for	O
traffic-sign	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
major	O
algorithms	O
for	O
character	O
recognition	O
includes	O
Haar-like	B-Algorithm
features	I-Algorithm
,	O
Freeman	O
Chain	B-Algorithm
code	I-Algorithm
,	O
AdaBoost	B-Algorithm
detection	O
and	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haar-like	B-Algorithm
features	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
cascaded	O
classifiers	O
which	O
can	O
then	O
help	O
detect	O
the	O
sign	O
board	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
incorporated	O
into	O
traffic-sign	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polygonal	O
approximation	O
of	O
digital	O
curves	O
using	O
Ramer	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
Douglas	I-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
Peucker	I-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
sign	O
boards	O
and	O
methods	O
like	O
Support	B-Algorithm
Vector	I-Algorithm
Machines	I-Algorithm
and	O
Byte-MCT	O
with	O
an	O
AdaBoost	B-Algorithm
classifier	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
methods	O
to	O
detect	O
traffic	O
signs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
a	O
vehicle	O
travelling	O
from	O
Northern	O
Ireland	O
to	O
Ireland	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
differentiate	O
the	O
km/h	O
speed	O
limit	O
signage	O
in	O
Ireland	O
from	O
the	O
mph	O
speed	O
limit	O
signage	O
still	O
used	O
in	O
Northern	O
Ireland	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
particularly	O
important	O
when	O
traffic	B-General_Concept
sign	I-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
is	O
linked	O
to	O
Intelligent	O
speed	O
assistance	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jaguar	B-Device
,	O
</s>
