<s>
Traceability	B-Device
is	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
trace	O
something	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traceability	B-Device
is	O
applicable	O
to	O
measurement	O
,	O
supply	O
chain	O
,	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
healthcare	O
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
measurement	O
traceability	B-Device
is	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
an	O
unbroken	O
chain	O
of	O
comparisons	O
relating	O
an	O
instrument	O
's	O
measurements	O
to	O
a	O
known	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calibration	B-General_Concept
to	O
a	O
traceable	B-Device
standard	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
determine	O
an	O
instrument	O
's	O
bias	O
,	O
precision	O
,	O
and	O
accuracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
national	O
standards	O
for	O
weights	O
and	O
measures	O
are	O
maintained	O
by	O
a	O
National	O
Metrological	O
Institute	O
(	O
NMI	O
)	O
which	O
provides	O
the	O
highest	O
level	O
of	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
calibration	B-General_Concept
/	O
measurement	O
traceability	B-Device
infrastructure	O
in	O
that	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
defined	O
by	O
NIST	O
,	O
"	O
Traceability	B-Device
of	O
measurement	O
requires	O
the	O
establishment	O
of	O
an	O
unbroken	O
chain	O
of	O
comparisons	O
to	O
stated	O
references	O
each	O
with	O
a	O
stated	O
uncertainty.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
clock	O
providing	O
is	O
traceable	B-Device
to	O
a	O
time	O
standard	O
such	O
as	O
Coordinated	O
Universal	O
Time	O
or	O
International	O
Atomic	O
Time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Global	O
Positioning	O
System	O
is	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
traceable	B-Device
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
product	O
's	O
supply	O
chain	O
,	O
traceability	B-Device
may	O
be	O
both	O
a	O
regulatory	O
and	O
an	O
ethical	O
or	O
environmental	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traceability	B-Device
is	O
increasingly	O
becoming	O
a	O
core	O
criterion	O
for	O
sustainability	O
efforts	O
related	O
to	O
supply	O
chains	O
wherein	O
knowing	O
the	O
producer	O
,	O
workers	O
and	O
other	O
links	O
stands	O
as	O
a	O
necessary	O
factor	O
that	O
underlies	O
credible	O
claims	O
of	O
social	O
,	O
economic	O
,	O
or	O
environmental	O
impacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
regard	O
to	O
materials	O
,	O
traceability	B-Device
refers	O
to	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
associate	O
a	O
finished	O
part	O
with	O
destructive	O
test	O
results	O
performed	O
on	O
material	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
ingot	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
heat	O
treatment	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
associate	O
a	O
finished	O
part	O
with	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
test	O
performed	O
on	O
a	O
sample	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
melt	O
identified	O
by	O
the	O
unique	O
lot	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Material	O
traceability	B-Device
is	O
important	O
to	O
the	O
aerospace	O
,	O
nuclear	O
,	O
and	O
process	O
industry	O
because	O
they	O
frequently	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
high	O
strength	O
materials	O
that	O
look	O
identical	O
to	O
commercial	O
low	O
strength	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
logistics	O
,	O
traceability	B-Device
refers	O
to	O
the	O
capability	O
for	O
tracing	O
goods	O
along	O
the	O
distribution	O
chain	O
on	O
a	O
batch	O
number	O
or	O
series	O
number	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traceability	B-Device
is	O
an	O
important	O
aspect	O
for	O
example	O
in	O
the	O
automotive	O
industry	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
makes	O
recalls	O
possible	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
the	O
food	O
industry	O
where	O
it	O
contributes	O
to	O
food	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
standards	O
for	O
traceability	B-Device
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
successful	O
deployments	O
in	O
many	O
industries	O
and	O
there	O
are	O
now	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
products	O
that	O
are	O
certified	O
as	O
being	O
compatible	O
with	O
these	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
food	O
processing	O
(	O
meat	O
processing	O
,	O
fresh	O
produce	O
processing	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
traceability	B-Device
refers	O
to	O
the	O
recording	O
through	O
means	O
of	O
barcodes	O
or	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
&	O
other	O
tracking	O
media	O
,	O
all	O
movement	O
of	O
product	O
and	O
steps	O
within	O
the	O
production	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
traceability	B-Device
has	O
been	O
closely	O
adhered	O
to	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
identify	O
,	O
by	O
precise	O
date/time	O
&	O
exact	O
location	O
which	O
goods	O
must	O
be	O
recalled	O
,	O
and	O
which	O
are	O
safe	O
,	O
potentially	O
saving	O
millions	O
of	O
dollars	O
in	O
the	O
recall	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traceability	B-Device
within	O
the	O
food	O
processing	O
industry	O
is	O
also	O
utilised	O
to	O
identify	O
key	O
high	O
production	O
&	O
quality	O
areas	O
of	O
a	O
business	O
,	O
versus	O
those	O
of	O
low	O
return	O
,	O
and	O
where	O
points	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
process	O
may	O
be	O
improved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
food	O
processing	O
software	O
,	O
traceability	B-Device
systems	O
imply	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
unique	O
piece	O
of	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
order	O
date/time	O
or	O
a	O
serialized	O
sequence	O
number	O
,	O
generally	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
barcode	O
/	O
RFID	B-Application
)	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
traced	O
through	O
the	O
entire	O
production	O
flow	O
,	O
linking	O
all	O
sections	O
of	O
the	O
business	O
,	O
including	O
suppliers	O
&	O
future	O
sales	O
through	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messages	O
and	O
files	O
at	O
any	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
audited	O
for	O
correctness	O
and	O
completeness	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
traceability	B-Device
software	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
particular	O
transaction	O
and/or	O
product	O
within	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
food	O
systems	O
,	O
ISO	O
22005	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
ISO	O
22000	O
family	O
of	O
standards	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
define	O
the	O
principles	O
for	O
food	O
traceability	B-Device
and	O
specifies	O
the	O
basic	O
requirements	O
for	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
feed	O
and	O
food	O
traceability	B-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
European	O
Union	O
's	O
General	O
Food	O
Law	O
came	O
into	O
force	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
making	O
traceability	B-Device
compulsory	O
for	O
food	O
and	O
feed	O
operators	O
and	O
requiring	O
those	O
businesses	O
to	O
implement	O
traceability	B-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
India	O
has	O
started	O
taking	O
initiatives	O
for	O
setting	O
up	O
traceability	B-Device
systems	O
at	O
Government	O
and	O
Corporate	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GrapeNet	O
is	O
an	O
internet	O
based	O
traceability	B-Device
software	O
system	O
for	O
monitoring	O
fresh	O
grapes	O
exported	O
from	O
India	O
to	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uruguay	O
has	O
also	O
designed	O
a	O
system	O
called	O
Traceability	B-Device
&	O
Electronic	O
Information	O
System	O
of	O
the	O
Beef	O
Industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
supporting	O
legal	O
and	O
sustainable	O
forest	O
supply	O
chains	O
,	O
traceability	B-Device
has	O
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
last	O
decade	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
tool	O
to	O
verify	O
claims	O
and	O
assure	O
buyers	O
about	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
their	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Full	O
traceability	B-Device
offers	O
advantages	O
for	O
multiple	O
partners	O
along	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
beyond	O
certification	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Enhanced	O
traceability	B-Device
ensures	O
that	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
data	O
is	O
100%	O
accurate	O
from	O
the	O
forest	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
export	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
systems	O
and	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
traceability	B-Device
(	O
or	O
requirements	O
traceability	B-Device
)	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
link	O
product	O
requirements	O
back	O
to	O
stakeholders	O
 '	O
rationales	O
and	O
forward	O
to	O
corresponding	O
design	O
artifacts	O
,	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
test	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traceability	B-Device
supports	O
numerous	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
activities	O
such	O
as	O
change	O
impact	O
analysis	O
,	O
compliance	O
verification	O
or	O
traceback	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
regression	O
test	O
selection	O
,	O
and	O
requirements	O
validation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
usually	O
accomplished	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
matrix	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
verification	B-Application
and	I-Application
validation	I-Application
of	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternate	O
automated	O
approaches	O
for	O
generating	O
traces	O
using	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
methods	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
transaction	O
processing	O
software	O
,	O
traceability	B-Device
implies	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
unique	O
piece	O
of	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
order	O
date/time	O
or	O
a	O
serialized	O
sequence	O
number	O
)	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
traced	O
through	O
the	O
entire	O
software	O
flow	O
of	O
all	O
relevant	O
application	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Messages	O
and	O
files	O
at	O
any	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
audited	O
for	O
correctness	O
and	O
completeness	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
traceability	B-Device
key	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
particular	O
transaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
technologies	O
facilitate	O
the	O
traceability	B-Device
tools	O
of	O
patients	O
and	O
medications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
World	O
Health	O
Organization	O
has	O
recognized	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
traceability	B-Device
for	O
medical	O
products	O
of	O
human	O
origin	O
(	O
MPHO	O
)	O
and	O
urged	O
member	O
states	O
"	O
to	O
encourage	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
globally	O
consistent	O
coding	O
systems	O
to	O
facilitate	O
national	O
and	O
international	O
traceability	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
