<s>
A	O
touchscreen	B-Device
or	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
is	O
the	O
assembly	O
of	O
both	O
an	O
input	O
( 	O
 '	O
touch	B-Device
panel	I-Device
 '	O
)	O
and	O
output	O
( 	O
 '	O
display	O
 '	O
)	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
touch	B-Device
panel	I-Device
is	O
normally	O
layered	O
on	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
an	O
electronic	B-Device
visual	I-Device
display	I-Device
of	O
an	O
electronic	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
display	O
is	O
often	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
or	O
OLED	B-Device
display	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
can	O
give	O
input	O
or	O
control	O
the	O
information	O
processing	O
system	O
through	O
simple	O
or	O
multi-touch	B-Application
gestures	O
by	O
touching	O
the	O
screen	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
stylus	B-Device
or	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
fingers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
touchscreens	B-Device
use	O
ordinary	O
or	O
specially	O
coated	O
gloves	O
to	O
work	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
may	O
only	O
work	O
using	O
a	O
special	O
stylus	B-Device
or	O
pen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
to	O
react	O
to	O
what	O
is	O
displayed	O
and	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
software	O
allows	O
,	O
to	O
control	O
how	O
it	O
is	O
displayed	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
zooming	B-Application
to	O
increase	O
the	O
text	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
touchscreen	B-Device
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
interact	O
directly	O
with	O
what	O
is	O
displayed	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
using	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
touchpad	B-Application
,	O
or	O
other	O
such	O
devices	O
(	O
other	O
than	O
a	O
stylus	B-Device
,	O
which	O
is	O
optional	O
for	O
most	O
modern	O
touchscreens	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
common	O
in	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
,	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
electronic	O
voting	O
machines	O
,	O
automated	O
teller	O
machines	O
and	O
point-of-sale	O
(	O
POS	O
)	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
play	O
a	O
prominent	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
digital	O
appliances	O
such	O
as	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
(	O
PDAs	B-Application
)	O
and	O
some	O
e-readers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
also	O
important	O
in	O
educational	O
settings	O
such	O
as	O
classrooms	O
or	O
on	O
college	O
campuses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
popularity	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
and	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
information	B-Device
appliances	I-Device
is	O
driving	O
the	O
demand	O
and	O
acceptance	O
of	O
common	O
touchscreens	B-Device
for	O
portable	O
and	O
functional	O
electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
medical	O
field	O
,	O
heavy	O
industry	O
,	O
automated	O
teller	O
machines	O
(	O
ATMs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
kiosks	O
such	O
as	O
museum	O
displays	O
or	O
room	O
automation	O
,	O
where	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
mouse	B-Device
systems	O
do	O
not	O
allow	O
a	O
suitably	O
intuitive	O
,	O
rapid	O
,	O
or	O
accurate	O
interaction	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
the	O
display	O
's	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
sensor	O
and	O
its	O
accompanying	O
controller-based	O
firmware	B-Application
have	O
been	O
made	O
available	O
by	O
a	O
wide	O
array	O
of	O
after-market	O
system	O
integrators	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
by	O
display	O
,	O
chip	O
,	O
or	O
motherboard	B-Device
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Display	O
manufacturers	O
and	O
chip	O
manufacturers	O
have	O
acknowledged	O
the	O
trend	O
toward	O
acceptance	O
of	O
touchscreens	B-Device
as	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
component	O
and	O
have	O
begun	O
to	O
integrate	O
touchscreens	B-Device
into	O
the	O
fundamental	O
design	O
of	O
their	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
predecessor	O
of	O
the	O
modern	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
includes	O
stylus	B-Device
based	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1946	O
,	O
a	O
patent	O
was	O
filed	O
by	O
Philco	O
Company	O
for	O
a	O
stylus	B-Device
designed	O
for	O
sports	O
telecasting	O
which	O
,	O
when	O
placed	O
against	O
an	O
intermediate	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
would	O
amplify	O
and	O
add	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
which	O
operated	O
independently	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
produced	O
from	O
the	O
screen	O
was	O
patented	O
by	O
AT&T	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
touchscreen	B-Device
utilized	O
a	O
matrix	O
of	O
collimated	O
lights	O
shining	O
orthogonally	O
across	O
the	O
touch	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
beam	O
is	O
interrupted	O
by	O
a	O
stylus	B-Device
,	O
the	O
photodetectors	O
which	O
no	O
longer	O
are	O
receiving	O
a	O
signal	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
determine	O
where	O
the	O
interruption	O
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
iterations	O
of	O
matrix	O
based	O
touchscreens	B-Device
built	O
upon	O
this	O
by	O
adding	O
more	O
emitters	O
and	O
detectors	B-Application
to	O
improve	O
resolution	O
,	O
pulsing	O
emitters	O
to	O
improve	O
optical	O
signal	O
to	O
noise	O
ratio	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
nonorthogonal	O
matrix	O
to	O
remove	O
shadow	O
readings	O
when	O
using	O
multi-touch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
finger	O
driven	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Eric	O
Johnson	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
Royal	O
Radar	O
Establishment	O
located	O
in	O
Malvern	O
,	O
England	O
,	O
who	O
described	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
in	O
a	O
short	O
article	O
published	O
in	O
1965	O
and	O
then	O
more	O
fully	O
—	O
with	O
photographs	O
and	O
diagrams	O
—	O
in	O
an	O
article	O
published	O
in	O
1967	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frank	O
Beck	O
and	O
Bent	O
Stumpe	O
,	O
engineers	O
from	O
CERN	O
(	O
European	O
Organization	O
for	O
Nuclear	O
Research	O
)	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
transparent	O
touchscreen	B-Device
in	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
Stumpe	O
's	O
work	O
at	O
a	O
television	O
factory	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-1960s	O
,	O
another	O
precursor	O
of	O
touchscreens	B-Device
,	O
an	O
ultrasonic-curtain-based	O
pointing	O
device	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
a	O
terminal	O
display	O
,	O
had	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
around	O
at	O
Telefunken	O
for	O
an	O
air	O
traffic	O
control	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
team	O
had	O
already	O
invented	O
and	O
marketed	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
RKS100-86	O
for	O
the	O
SIG100-86	O
a	O
couple	O
of	O
years	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
filed	O
for	O
a	O
patent	O
on	O
an	O
optical	O
touchscreen	B-Device
that	O
became	O
a	O
standard	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Magnavox	O
Plato	O
IV	O
Student	O
Terminal	O
and	O
thousands	O
were	O
built	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
touchscreens	B-Device
had	O
a	O
crossed	O
array	O
of	O
16×16	O
infrared	O
position	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
each	O
composed	O
of	O
an	O
LED	O
on	O
one	O
edge	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
a	O
matched	O
phototransistor	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
edge	O
,	O
all	O
mounted	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
a	O
monochrome	O
plasma	O
display	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
touchscreen	B-Device
was	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
HP-150	B-Device
starting	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HP	B-Device
150	I-Device
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
earliest	O
commercial	O
touchscreen	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
mounted	O
their	O
infrared	O
transmitters	O
and	O
receivers	O
around	O
the	O
bezel	O
of	O
a	O
9-inch	O
Sony	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1977	O
,	O
an	O
American	O
company	O
,	O
Elographics	O
–	O
in	O
partnership	O
with	O
Siemens	O
–	O
began	O
work	O
on	O
developing	O
a	O
transparent	O
implementation	O
of	O
an	O
existing	O
opaque	O
touchpad	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
U.S.	O
patent	O
3	O
,	O
911	O
,	O
215	O
,	O
October	O
7	O
,	O
1975	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
Elographics	O
 '	O
founder	O
George	O
Samuel	O
Hurst	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
resistive	O
technology	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
was	O
first	O
shown	O
on	O
the	O
World	O
's	O
Fair	O
at	O
Knoxville	O
in	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Fujitsu	O
released	O
a	O
touch	O
pad	O
for	O
the	O
Micro	B-Device
16	I-Device
to	O
accommodate	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
kanji	O
characters	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
stored	O
as	O
tiled	B-Application
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
Sega	O
released	O
the	O
Terebi	O
Oekaki	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Sega	O
Graphic	O
Board	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
SG-1000	B-Operating_System
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
and	O
SC-3000	O
home	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
graphic	O
touch	O
tablet	B-Device
was	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
Sega	O
AI	O
computer	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touch-sensitive	B-Device
control-display	O
units	O
(	O
CDUs	O
)	O
were	O
evaluated	O
for	O
commercial	O
aircraft	O
flight	O
decks	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
research	O
showed	O
that	O
a	O
touch	O
interface	O
would	O
reduce	O
pilot	O
workload	O
as	O
the	O
crew	O
could	O
then	O
select	O
waypoints	O
,	O
functions	O
and	O
actions	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
be	O
"	O
head	O
down	O
"	O
typing	O
latitudes	O
,	O
longitudes	O
,	O
and	O
waypoint	O
codes	O
on	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
finished	O
device	O
was	O
dubbed	O
the	O
ECC	O
for	O
"	O
Electronic	O
Control	O
Center	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
digital	O
computer	O
and	O
software	O
control	O
system	O
hardwired	O
to	O
various	O
peripheral	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
servos	O
,	O
solenoids	B-Algorithm
,	O
antenna	O
and	O
a	O
monochrome	O
CRT	O
touchscreen	B-Device
that	O
functioned	O
both	O
as	O
display	O
and	O
sole	O
method	O
of	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ECC	O
replaced	O
the	O
traditional	O
mechanical	O
stereo	O
,	O
fan	O
,	O
heater	O
and	O
air	O
conditioner	O
controls	B-Device
and	O
displays	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
providing	O
very	O
detailed	O
and	O
specific	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
vehicle	O
's	O
cumulative	O
and	O
current	O
operating	O
status	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ECC	O
was	O
standard	O
equipment	O
on	O
the	O
1985	O
–	O
1989	O
Buick	O
Riviera	O
and	O
later	O
the	O
1988	O
–	O
1989	O
Buick	O
Reatta	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
unpopular	O
with	O
consumers	O
—	O
partly	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
technophobia	O
of	O
some	O
traditional	O
Buick	O
customers	O
,	O
but	O
mostly	O
because	O
of	O
costly	O
technical	O
problems	O
suffered	O
by	O
the	O
ECC	O
's	O
touchscreen	B-Device
which	O
would	O
render	O
climate	O
control	O
or	O
stereo	O
operation	O
impossible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-touch	B-Application
technology	I-Application
began	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
's	O
Input	O
Research	O
Group	O
developed	O
the	O
first	O
human-input	O
multi-touch	B-Application
system	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
frosted-glass	O
panel	O
with	O
a	O
camera	O
placed	O
behind	O
the	O
glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Toronto	O
group	O
,	O
including	O
Bill	O
Buxton	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
multi-touch	B-Application
tablet	B-Device
that	O
used	O
capacitance	O
rather	O
than	O
bulky	O
camera-based	O
optical	B-Algorithm
sensing	I-Algorithm
systems	O
(	O
see	O
History	O
of	O
multi-touch	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
graphical	O
point-of-sale	O
(	O
POS	O
)	O
software	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
on	O
the	O
16-bit	O
Atari	B-Device
520ST	I-Device
color	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
a	O
color	O
touchscreen	B-Device
widget-driven	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
the	O
first	O
touchscreen	B-Device
was	O
developed	O
for	O
proximity	O
sensing	O
and	O
accurate	O
operation	O
through	O
very	O
thick	O
glass	O
and	O
double-glazing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enabled	O
touchscreens	B-Device
to	O
be	O
operated	O
through	O
shop	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
Casio	O
launched	O
the	O
Casio	B-Device
PB-1000	I-Device
pocket	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
4×4	O
matrix	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
16	O
touch	O
areas	O
in	O
its	O
small	O
LCD	B-Device
graphic	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
had	O
a	O
bad	O
reputation	O
of	O
being	O
imprecise	O
until	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
user-interface	B-Application
books	O
would	O
state	O
that	O
touchscreen	B-Device
selections	O
were	O
limited	O
to	O
targets	O
larger	O
than	O
the	O
average	O
finger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Errors	O
were	O
common	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
parallax	B-Device
or	O
calibration	B-General_Concept
problems	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
user	O
frustration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
the	O
selection	O
of	O
small	O
targets	O
,	O
down	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
pixel	O
on	O
a	O
640×480	O
Video	B-Protocol
Graphics	I-Protocol
Array	I-Protocol
(	O
VGA	B-Protocol
)	O
screen	O
(	O
a	O
standard	O
of	O
that	O
time	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
1990	O
)	O
gave	O
a	O
review	O
of	O
academic	O
research	O
on	O
single	O
and	O
multi-touch	B-Application
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
describing	O
gestures	O
such	O
as	O
rotating	O
knobs	O
,	O
adjusting	O
sliders	O
,	O
and	O
swiping	O
the	O
screen	O
to	O
activate	O
a	O
switch	O
(	O
or	O
a	O
U-shaped	O
gesture	O
for	O
a	O
toggle	O
switch	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HCIL	O
team	O
developed	O
and	O
studied	O
small	O
touchscreen	B-Device
keyboards	B-Device
(	O
including	O
a	O
study	O
that	O
showed	O
users	O
could	O
type	O
at	O
25	O
on	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
keyboard	B-Device
)	O
,	O
aiding	O
their	O
introduction	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
designed	O
and	O
implemented	O
multi-touch	B-Application
gestures	O
such	O
as	O
selecting	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
a	O
line	O
,	O
connecting	O
objects	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
tap-click	O
"	O
gesture	O
to	O
select	O
while	O
maintaining	O
location	O
with	O
another	O
finger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
HCIL	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
slider	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
cited	O
as	O
prior	O
art	O
in	O
the	O
lock	O
screen	O
patent	O
litigation	O
between	O
Apple	O
and	O
other	O
touchscreen	B-Device
mobile	O
phone	O
vendors	O
(	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
–	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
Sun	O
Star7	O
prototype	O
PDA	B-Application
implemented	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
with	O
inertial	O
scrolling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
IBM	O
released	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Simon	I-Device
the	O
first	O
touchscreen	B-Device
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
attempt	O
at	O
a	O
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
with	O
touchscreen	B-Device
controls	B-Device
was	O
Sega	O
's	O
intended	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
Game	O
Gear	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
device	O
was	O
ultimately	O
shelved	O
and	O
never	O
released	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
expensive	O
cost	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
technology	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
mobile	O
phone	O
with	O
a	O
capacitive	O
touchscreen	B-Device
was	O
LG	O
Prada	O
released	O
in	O
May	O
2007	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
before	O
the	O
first	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2009	O
,	O
touchscreen-enabled	O
mobile	O
phones	O
were	O
becoming	O
trendy	O
and	O
quickly	O
gaining	O
popularity	O
in	O
both	O
basic	O
and	O
advanced	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Q4	O
2009	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
majority	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
not	O
all	O
mobile	O
phones	O
)	O
shipped	O
with	O
touchscreens	B-Device
over	O
non-touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
would	O
not	O
be	O
popularly	O
used	O
for	O
video	O
games	O
until	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Device
DS	I-Device
in	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
recently	O
,	O
most	O
consumer	O
touchscreens	B-Device
could	O
only	O
sense	O
one	O
point	O
of	O
contact	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
few	O
have	O
had	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
sense	O
how	O
hard	O
one	O
is	O
touching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
changed	O
with	O
the	O
commercialization	O
of	O
multi-touch	B-Application
technology	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
being	O
released	O
with	O
a	O
force-sensitive	O
display	O
in	O
April	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
93%	O
of	O
touchscreens	B-Device
shipped	O
were	O
resistive	O
and	O
only	O
4%	O
were	O
projected	O
capacitance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
3%	O
of	O
touchscreens	B-Device
shipped	O
were	O
resistive	O
and	O
90%	O
were	O
projected	O
capacitance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
technologies	O
with	O
different	O
methods	O
of	O
sensing	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
resistive	B-Device
touchscreen	I-Device
panel	O
comprises	O
several	O
thin	O
layers	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
two	O
transparent	O
electrically	O
resistive	O
layers	O
facing	O
each	O
other	O
with	O
a	O
thin	O
gap	O
between	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
an	O
object	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
fingertip	O
or	O
stylus	B-Device
tip	O
,	O
presses	O
down	O
onto	O
the	O
outer	O
surface	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
layers	O
touch	O
to	O
become	O
connected	O
at	O
that	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resistive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
also	O
suffer	O
from	O
poorer	O
contrast	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
having	O
additional	O
reflections	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
that	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
Nintendo	O
in	O
the	O
DS	B-Device
family	O
,	O
the	O
3DS	B-Operating_System
family	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
Wii	B-Device
U	I-Device
GamePad	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
simple	O
structure	O
,	O
resistive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
are	O
mainly	O
used	O
for	O
single	O
touch	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-touch	B-Application
versions	O
are	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Surface	O
acoustic	O
wave	O
(	O
SAW	O
)	O
technology	O
uses	O
ultrasonic	B-Application
waves	O
that	O
pass	O
over	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
change	O
in	O
ultrasonic	B-Application
waves	O
is	O
processed	O
by	O
the	O
controller	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
touch	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Surface	O
acoustic	O
wave	O
touchscreen	B-Device
panels	O
can	O
be	O
damaged	O
by	O
outside	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contaminants	O
on	O
the	O
surface	O
can	O
also	O
interfere	O
with	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
capacitive	O
touchscreen	B-Device
panel	O
consists	O
of	O
an	O
insulator	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
glass	O
,	O
coated	O
with	O
a	O
transparent	O
conductor	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
indium	O
tin	O
oxide	O
(	O
ITO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
touchscreens	B-Device
use	O
silver	O
instead	O
of	O
ITO	O
,	O
as	O
ITO	O
causes	O
several	O
environmental	O
problems	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
indium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
controller	O
is	O
typically	O
a	O
complementary	O
metal	O
–	O
oxide	O
–	O
semiconductor	O
(	O
CMOS	O
)	O
application-specific	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
ASIC	O
)	O
chip	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
usually	O
sends	O
the	O
signals	O
to	O
a	O
CMOS	O
digital	B-Architecture
signal	I-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
(	O
DSP	O
)	O
for	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
a	O
resistive	B-Device
touchscreen	I-Device
,	O
some	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
a	O
finger	O
through	O
electrically	O
insulating	O
material	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
gloves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
disadvantage	O
especially	O
affects	O
usability	O
in	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
touch	O
tablet	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
and	O
capacitive	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
cold	O
weather	O
when	O
people	O
may	O
be	O
wearing	O
gloves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
overcome	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
capacitive	O
stylus	B-Device
,	O
or	O
a	O
special-application	O
glove	O
with	O
an	O
embroidered	O
patch	O
of	O
conductive	O
thread	O
allowing	O
electrical	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
fingertip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
low-quality	O
switching-mode	O
power	O
supply	O
unit	O
with	O
an	O
accordingly	O
unstable	O
,	O
noisy	O
voltage	O
may	O
temporarily	O
interfere	O
with	O
the	O
precision	O
,	O
accuracy	O
and	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
capacitive	O
touch	B-Device
screens	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
capacitive	O
display	O
manufacturers	O
continue	O
to	O
develop	O
thinner	O
and	O
more	O
accurate	O
touchscreens	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
are	O
now	O
being	O
produced	O
with	O
'	O
in-cell	O
'	O
technology	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Samsung	O
's	O
Super	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
screens	O
,	O
that	O
eliminates	O
a	O
layer	O
by	O
building	O
the	O
capacitors	O
inside	O
the	O
display	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
reduces	O
the	O
visible	O
distance	O
between	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
finger	O
and	O
what	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
touching	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
reducing	O
the	O
thickness	O
and	O
weight	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
desirable	O
in	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Part	O
of	O
the	O
challenge	O
of	O
making	O
a	O
practical	O
capacitive	B-Device
sensor	I-Device
is	O
to	O
design	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
printed	O
circuit	O
traces	O
which	O
direct	O
fringing	O
fields	O
into	O
an	O
active	O
sensing	O
area	O
accessible	O
to	O
a	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
it	O
has	O
no	O
moving	O
parts	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
moderately	O
durable	O
but	O
has	O
limited	O
resolution	O
,	O
is	O
prone	O
to	O
false	O
signals	O
from	O
parasitic	O
capacitive	O
coupling	O
,	O
and	O
needs	O
calibration	B-General_Concept
during	O
manufacture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
therefore	O
most	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
simple	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
industrial	O
controls	B-Device
and	O
kiosks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
limits	O
applications	O
to	O
those	O
where	O
the	O
finger	O
directly	O
touches	O
the	O
sensing	B-Application
element	I-Application
or	O
is	O
sensed	O
through	O
a	O
relatively	O
thin	O
non-conductive	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
modern	O
PCT	O
touch	B-Device
screens	I-Device
are	O
composed	O
of	O
thousands	O
of	O
discrete	O
keys	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
PCT	O
touch	B-Device
screens	I-Device
are	O
made	O
of	O
an	O
x/y	O
matrix	O
of	O
rows	O
and	O
columns	O
of	O
conductive	O
material	O
,	O
layered	O
on	O
sheets	O
of	O
glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
either	O
by	O
etching	B-Algorithm
a	O
single	O
conductive	O
layer	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
grid	O
pattern	O
of	O
electrodes	O
,	O
by	O
etching	B-Algorithm
two	O
separate	O
,	O
perpendicular	O
layers	O
of	O
conductive	O
material	O
with	O
parallel	O
lines	O
or	O
tracks	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
grid	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
forming	O
an	O
x/y	O
grid	O
of	O
fine	O
,	O
insulation	O
coated	O
wires	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreen	B-Device
width	O
is	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
resistance	O
of	O
the	O
conductive	O
material	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
width	O
is	O
increased	O
,	O
eventually	O
the	O
resistance	O
becomes	O
too	O
great	O
for	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
to	O
work	O
properly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Infinitely	O
"	O
wide	O
touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
possible	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
when	O
using	O
diagonal	O
wiring	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
track	O
lengths	O
are	O
independent	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
width	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
traditional	O
capacitive	O
touch	O
technology	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
for	O
a	O
PCT	O
system	O
to	O
sense	O
a	O
passive	B-Device
stylus	I-Device
or	O
gloved	O
finger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
environmental	O
factors	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
a	O
problem	O
with	O
'	O
fine	O
wire	O
 '	O
based	O
touchscreens	B-Device
due	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
wire	O
based	O
touchscreens	B-Device
have	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
'	O
parasitic	O
 '	O
capacitance	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
greater	O
distance	O
between	O
neighbouring	O
conductors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mutual	O
capacitive	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
,	O
a	O
capacitor	O
is	O
inherently	O
formed	O
by	O
the	O
row	O
trace	O
and	O
column	O
trace	O
at	O
each	O
intersection	O
of	O
the	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bringing	O
a	O
finger	O
or	O
conductive	O
stylus	B-Device
close	O
to	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
changes	O
the	O
local	O
electrostatic	O
field	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
reduces	O
the	O
mutual	O
capacitance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mutual	O
capacitance	O
allows	O
multi-touch	B-Application
operation	O
where	O
multiple	O
fingers	O
,	O
palms	O
or	O
styli	O
can	O
be	O
accurately	O
tracked	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-capacitance	O
sensors	B-Application
can	O
have	O
the	O
same	O
X-Y	O
grid	O
as	O
mutual	O
capacitance	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
but	O
the	O
columns	O
and	O
rows	O
operate	O
independently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enables	O
"	O
Self	O
Capacitance	O
"	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
multi-touch	B-Application
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-capacitive	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
layers	O
are	O
used	O
on	O
mobile	O
phones	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
Sola	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S4	I-Application
,	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Note	I-Application
3	I-Application
,	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S5	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Alpha	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mutual	O
capacitance	O
is	O
mainly	O
used	O
for	O
multitouch	B-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
touchscreen	B-Device
manufacturers	O
use	O
both	O
self	O
and	O
mutual	O
capacitance	O
technologies	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
product	O
,	O
thereby	O
combining	O
their	O
individual	O
benefits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Capacitive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
do	O
not	O
necessarily	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
operated	O
by	O
a	O
finger	O
,	O
but	O
until	O
recently	O
the	O
special	O
styli	O
required	O
could	O
be	O
quite	O
expensive	O
to	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
consist	O
of	O
an	O
electrically	O
conductive	O
shaft	O
with	O
a	O
soft	O
conductive	O
rubber	O
tip	O
,	O
thereby	O
resistively	O
connecting	O
the	O
fingers	O
to	O
the	O
tip	O
of	O
the	O
stylus	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
infrared	O
touchscreen	B-Device
uses	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
X-Y	O
infrared	O
LED	O
and	O
photodetector	O
pairs	O
around	O
the	O
edges	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
to	O
detect	O
a	O
disruption	O
in	O
the	O
pattern	O
of	O
LED	O
beams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
helps	O
the	O
sensors	B-Application
pick	O
up	O
the	O
exact	O
location	O
of	O
the	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
benefit	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
system	O
is	O
that	O
it	O
can	O
detect	O
essentially	O
any	O
opaque	O
object	O
including	O
a	O
finger	O
,	O
gloved	O
finger	O
,	O
stylus	B-Device
or	O
pen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
generally	O
used	O
in	O
outdoor	O
applications	O
and	O
POS	O
systems	O
that	O
cannot	O
rely	O
on	O
a	O
conductor	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
bare	O
finger	O
)	O
to	O
activate	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
,	O
infrared	O
touchscreens	B-Device
do	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
patterning	O
on	O
the	O
glass	O
which	O
increases	O
durability	O
and	O
optical	O
clarity	O
of	O
the	O
overall	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Infrared	O
touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
sensitive	O
to	O
dirt	O
and	O
dust	O
that	O
can	O
interfere	O
with	O
the	O
infrared	O
beams	O
,	O
and	O
suffer	O
from	O
parallax	B-Device
in	O
curved	O
surfaces	O
and	O
accidental	O
press	O
when	O
the	O
user	O
hovers	O
a	O
finger	O
over	O
the	O
screen	O
while	O
searching	O
for	O
the	O
item	O
to	O
be	O
selected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
PixelSense	B-General_Concept
tablets	B-Device
use	O
this	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	O
touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
a	O
relatively	O
modern	O
development	O
in	O
touchscreen	B-Device
technology	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
(	O
such	O
as	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
)	O
are	O
placed	O
around	O
the	O
edges	O
(	O
mostly	O
the	O
corners	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
touch	O
blocks	O
some	O
lights	O
from	O
the	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
location	O
and	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
touching	O
object	O
can	O
be	O
calculated	O
(	O
see	O
visual	O
hull	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
is	O
growing	O
in	O
popularity	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
scalability	O
,	O
versatility	O
,	O
and	O
affordability	O
for	O
larger	O
touchscreens	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
in	O
2002	O
by	O
3M	O
,	O
this	O
system	O
detects	O
a	O
touch	O
by	O
using	O
sensors	B-Application
to	O
measure	O
the	O
piezoelectricity	O
in	O
the	O
glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
to	O
this	O
technology	O
is	O
that	O
a	O
touch	O
at	O
any	O
one	O
position	O
on	O
the	O
surface	O
generates	O
a	O
sound	O
wave	O
in	O
the	O
substrate	O
which	O
then	O
produces	O
a	O
unique	O
combined	O
signal	O
as	O
measured	O
by	O
three	O
or	O
more	O
tiny	O
transducers	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
edges	O
of	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
touchscreen	B-Device
used	O
by	O
Elo	O
is	O
made	O
of	O
ordinary	O
glass	O
,	O
giving	O
good	O
durability	O
and	O
optical	O
clarity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
principal	O
ways	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projected	O
Capacitance	O
touchscreens	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
very	O
simple	O
way	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
Projected	O
Capacitance	O
touchscreen	B-Device
is	O
to	O
sandwich	O
an	O
x/y	O
or	O
diagonal	O
matrix	O
of	O
fine	O
,	O
insulation	O
coated	O
wires	O
between	O
two	O
layers	O
of	O
clear	O
polyester	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
,	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
sensors	B-Application
detects	O
a	O
finger	O
touching	O
or	O
almost	O
touching	O
the	O
display	O
,	O
thereby	O
interrupting	O
infrared	O
light	O
beams	O
projected	O
over	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
each	O
case	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
determines	O
the	O
intended	O
command	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
controls	B-Device
showing	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
the	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
multi-touch	B-Application
screens	O
facilitated	O
the	O
tracking	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
finger	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
;	O
thus	O
,	O
operations	O
that	O
require	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
finger	O
are	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
devices	O
also	O
allow	O
multiple	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
growing	O
use	O
of	O
touchscreens	B-Device
,	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
technology	O
is	O
routinely	O
absorbed	O
into	O
the	O
products	O
that	O
incorporate	O
it	O
and	O
is	O
nearly	O
eliminated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreen	B-Device
technology	O
has	O
demonstrated	O
reliability	O
and	O
is	O
found	O
in	O
airplanes	O
,	O
automobiles	O
,	O
gaming	O
consoles	O
,	O
machine	O
control	O
systems	O
,	O
appliances	O
,	O
and	O
handheld	B-Application
display	O
devices	O
including	O
cellphones	O
;	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
market	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
was	O
projected	O
to	O
produce	O
US$5	O
billion	O
by	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
accurately	O
point	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
itself	O
is	O
also	O
advancing	O
with	O
the	O
emerging	O
graphics	B-Device
tablet-screen	I-Device
hybrids	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polyvinylidene	O
fluoride	O
(	O
PVDF	O
)	O
plays	O
a	O
major	O
role	O
in	O
this	O
innovation	O
due	O
its	O
high	O
piezoelectric	O
properties	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
the	O
tablet	B-Device
to	O
sense	O
pressure	O
,	O
making	O
such	O
things	O
as	O
digital	O
painting	O
behave	O
more	O
like	O
paper	O
and	O
pencil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TapSense	O
,	O
announced	O
in	O
October	O
2011	O
,	O
allows	O
touchscreens	B-Device
to	O
distinguish	O
what	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
hand	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
input	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
fingertip	O
,	O
knuckle	O
and	O
fingernail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
touchscreens	B-Device
to	O
be	O
effective	O
input	O
devices	O
,	O
users	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
accurately	O
select	O
targets	O
and	O
avoid	O
accidental	O
selection	O
of	O
adjacent	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
interfaces	I-Device
should	O
reflect	O
technical	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
ergonomics	O
,	O
cognitive	O
psychology	O
and	O
human	O
physiology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guidelines	O
for	O
touchscreen	B-Device
designs	O
were	O
first	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
early	O
research	O
and	O
actual	O
use	O
of	O
older	O
systems	O
,	O
typically	O
using	O
infrared	O
grids	O
—	O
which	O
were	O
highly	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
fingers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
,	O
makers	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
promulgated	O
standards	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
vary	O
between	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
significant	O
variation	O
in	O
size	O
based	O
on	O
technology	O
changes	O
,	O
so	O
are	O
unsuitable	O
from	O
a	O
human	O
factors	O
perspective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
more	O
important	O
is	O
the	O
accuracy	O
humans	O
have	O
in	O
selecting	O
targets	O
with	O
their	O
finger	O
or	O
a	O
pen	O
stylus	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
are	O
subconsciously	O
aware	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
and	O
take	O
more	O
time	O
to	O
select	O
targets	O
which	O
are	O
smaller	O
or	O
at	O
the	O
edges	O
or	O
corners	O
of	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
user	O
inaccuracy	O
is	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
parallax	B-Device
,	O
visual	O
acuity	O
and	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
feedback	O
loop	O
between	O
the	O
eyes	O
and	O
fingers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
and	O
portable	O
touchscreen	B-Device
devices	O
hold	O
them	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
ways	O
,	O
and	O
routinely	O
change	O
their	O
method	O
of	O
holding	O
and	O
selection	O
to	O
suit	O
the	O
position	O
and	O
type	O
of	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
four	O
basic	O
types	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
interaction	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
devices	O
are	O
often	O
placed	O
on	O
surfaces	O
(	O
desks	O
or	O
tables	O
)	O
and	O
tablets	B-Device
especially	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
stands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
often	O
used	O
with	O
haptic	B-Device
response	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
technology	O
is	O
the	O
vibratory	O
feedback	O
provided	O
when	O
a	O
button	O
on	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
is	O
tapped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haptics	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
experience	O
with	O
touchscreens	B-Device
by	O
providing	O
simulated	O
tactile	O
feedback	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
designed	O
to	O
react	O
immediately	O
,	O
partly	O
countering	O
on-screen	O
response	O
latency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Glasgow	O
(	O
Brewster	O
,	O
Chohan	O
,	O
and	O
Brown	O
,	O
2007	O
;	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
Hogan	O
)	O
demonstrates	O
that	O
touchscreen	B-Device
users	O
reduce	O
input	O
errors	O
(	O
by	O
20%	O
)	O
,	O
increase	O
input	O
speed	O
(	O
by	O
20%	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
lower	O
their	O
cognitive	O
load	O
(	O
by	O
40%	O
)	O
when	O
touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
combined	O
with	O
haptics	O
or	O
tactile	O
feedback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
top	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
a	O
study	O
conducted	O
in	O
2013	O
by	O
Boston	O
College	O
explored	O
the	O
effects	O
that	O
touchscreens	B-Device
haptic	B-Device
stimulation	O
had	O
on	O
triggering	O
psychological	O
ownership	O
of	O
a	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
research	O
concluded	O
that	O
a	O
touchscreens	B-Device
ability	O
to	O
incorporate	O
high	O
amounts	O
of	O
haptic	B-Device
involvement	O
resulted	O
in	O
customers	O
feeling	O
more	O
endowment	O
to	O
the	O
products	O
they	O
were	O
designing	O
or	O
buying	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
also	O
reported	O
that	O
consumers	O
using	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
were	O
willing	O
to	O
accept	O
a	O
higher	O
price	O
point	O
for	O
the	O
items	O
they	O
were	O
purchasing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreen	B-Device
technology	O
has	O
become	O
integrated	O
into	O
many	O
aspects	O
of	O
customer	O
service	O
industry	O
in	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
restaurant	O
industry	O
is	O
a	O
good	O
example	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
implementation	O
into	O
this	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chain	O
restaurants	O
such	O
as	O
Taco	O
Bell	O
,	O
Panera	O
Bread	O
,	O
and	O
McDonald	O
's	O
offer	O
touchscreens	B-Device
as	O
an	O
option	O
when	O
customers	O
are	O
ordering	O
items	O
off	O
the	O
menu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
touchscreens	B-Device
is	O
a	O
development	O
for	O
this	O
industry	O
,	O
customers	O
may	O
choose	O
to	O
bypass	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
and	O
order	O
from	O
a	O
traditional	O
cashier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
sit	O
down	O
to	O
a	O
table	O
embedded	O
with	O
touchscreens	B-Device
and	O
order	O
off	O
an	O
extensive	O
menu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
types	O
of	O
touchscreens	B-Device
fit	O
under	O
the	O
Point	O
of	O
Sale	O
(	O
POS	O
)	O
systems	O
mentioned	O
in	O
the	O
lead	O
section	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extended	O
use	O
of	O
gestural	B-General_Concept
interfaces	I-General_Concept
without	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
rest	O
their	O
arm	O
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
gorilla	O
arm	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unsupported	O
touchscreens	B-Device
are	O
still	O
fairly	O
common	O
in	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
ATMs	O
and	O
data	O
kiosks	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
not	O
an	O
issue	O
as	O
the	O
typical	O
user	O
only	O
engages	O
for	O
brief	O
and	O
widely	O
spaced	O
periods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
can	O
suffer	O
from	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
fingerprints	O
on	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
oleophobic	O
coatings	O
,	O
which	O
lessen	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
oil	O
residue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
option	O
is	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
matte-finish	O
anti-glare	O
screen	B-General_Concept
protector	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
creates	O
a	O
slightly	O
roughened	O
surface	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
easily	O
retain	O
smudges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Capacitive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
do	O
not	O
work	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
when	O
the	O
user	O
wears	O
gloves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
glove	O
and	O
the	O
material	O
they	O
are	O
made	O
of	O
play	O
a	O
significant	O
role	O
on	O
that	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
to	O
pick	O
up	O
a	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
devices	O
have	O
a	O
mode	O
which	O
increases	O
the	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
touchscreen	B-Device
to	O
be	O
used	O
more	O
reliably	O
with	O
gloves	O
,	O
but	O
can	O
also	O
result	O
in	O
unreliable	O
and	O
phantom	O
inputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
thin	O
glove	O
such	O
as	O
medical	O
glove	O
is	O
thin	O
enough	O
for	O
user	O
to	O
wear	O
when	O
using	O
touchscreens	B-Device
;	O
mostly	O
apply	O
for	O
medical	O
technology	O
and	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
