<s>
Toasternets	B-Application
were	O
an	O
early-1990s	O
instantiation	O
of	O
the	O
decentralized	B-Operating_System
Internet	O
,	O
featuring	O
open-standards-based	O
federated	O
services	O
,	O
radical	O
decentralization	B-Architecture
,	O
ad-hoc	B-Protocol
routing	I-Protocol
and	O
consisting	O
of	O
many	O
small	O
individual	O
and	O
collective	O
networks	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
cartel	O
of	O
large	O
commercial	O
Internet	O
Service	O
Provider	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
's	O
"	O
community	O
networks	O
"	O
and	O
decentralized	B-Operating_System
social	O
networks	O
are	O
the	O
closest	O
modern	O
inheritors	O
of	O
the	O
ethos	O
of	O
the	O
1991-1994	O
era	O
Toasternets	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
known	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
word	O
was	O
by	O
Robert	O
Ullmann	O
,	O
then	O
active	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	O
Engineering	O
Task	O
Force	O
developing	O
next-generation	O
Internet	O
addressing	O
and	O
routing	B-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
circulated	O
two	O
documents	O
,	O
entitled	O
Toasternet	B-Application
Part	O
I	O
(	O
December	O
1989	O
)	O
and	O
Toasternet	B-Application
Part	O
II	O
(	O
March	O
1992	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
IETF	O
mailing	O
list	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
published	O
RFCs	O
1475	O
and	O
1476	O
and	O
the	O
"	O
CATNIP	O
"	O
Internet-Draft	O
in	O
June	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
toasternet	B-Application
proponent	O
Tim	O
Pozar	O
described	O
them	O
thus	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Pozar	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
early	O
toasternet	B-Application
builders	O
Bill	O
Woodcock	O
and	O
John	O
Gilmore	O
were	O
participants	O
in	O
the	O
cooperative	O
The	O
Little	O
Garden	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
Internet	O
service	O
provider	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
west	O
coast	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Founded	O
and	O
led	O
by	O
Tom	O
Jennings	O
,	O
The	O
Little	O
Garden	O
(	O
named	O
for	O
the	O
Vietnamese	O
restaurant	O
where	O
its	O
foundational	O
meetings	O
were	O
held	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
Internet	O
Service	O
Provider	O
network	O
built	O
between	O
1992	O
and	O
1996	O
in	O
the	O
toasternet	B-Application
ethos	O
,	O
and	O
consisting	O
of	O
constituent	O
toasternet	B-Application
members	O
;	O
some	O
individual	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
collective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
initial	O
Little	O
Garden	O
members	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
become	O
founding	O
members	O
of	O
Packet	O
Clearing	O
House	O
,	O
the	O
not-for-profit	O
which	O
now	O
supports	O
core	O
Internet	O
infrastructure	O
globally	O
,	O
but	O
still	O
continues	O
to	O
promulgate	O
the	O
toasternet	B-Application
values	O
of	O
collaborative	O
competition	O
and	O
"	O
permissionless	O
"	O
new	O
market	O
entry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gareth	O
Bronwyn	O
,	O
also	O
writing	O
in	O
Wired	O
in	O
1993	O
,	O
defined	O
them	O
much	O
more	O
haphazardly	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
they	O
used	O
"	O
Cheap	O
Internet	B-Protocol
routers	I-Protocol
made	O
with	O
old	O
PCs	O
"	O
and	O
coining	O
the	O
umbrella	O
term	O
"	O
grunge	O
computing.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
worthy	O
of	O
note	O
that	O
,	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
1992	O
privatization	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
via	O
Al	O
Gore	O
's	O
National	O
Information	O
Infrastructure	O
plan	O
,	O
the	O
operation	O
of	O
toasternets	B-Application
was	O
not	O
actually	O
legal	O
,	O
since	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
was	O
supplied	O
to	O
authorized	O
parties	O
(	O
generally	O
defense	O
contractors	O
and	O
research	O
universities	O
)	O
by	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
Defense	O
Department	O
's	O
Advanced	O
Research	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
,	O
and	O
toasternets	B-Application
extended	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
beyond	O
the	O
parties	O
authorized	O
to	O
use	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
