<s>
In	O
vehicle	O
dynamics	O
,	O
a	O
tire	B-Application
model	I-Application
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
multibody	B-Algorithm
simulation	I-Algorithm
used	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
tires	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
current	O
vehicle	O
simulator	O
models	O
,	O
the	O
tire	B-Application
model	I-Application
is	O
the	O
weakest	O
and	O
most	O
difficult	O
part	O
to	O
simulate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tire	B-Application
models	I-Application
can	O
be	O
classified	O
on	O
their	O
accuracy	O
and	O
complexity	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
spectrum	O
that	O
goes	O
from	O
more	O
simple	O
empirical	O
models	O
to	O
more	O
complex	O
physical	O
models	O
that	O
are	O
theoretically	O
grounded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Theoretically-based	O
models	O
can	O
be	O
in	O
turn	O
classified	O
from	O
more	O
approximative	O
to	O
more	O
complex	O
ones	O
,	O
going	O
for	O
example	O
from	O
the	O
solid	O
model	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
rigid	O
ring	O
model	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
flexural	O
(	O
elastic	O
)	O
ring	O
model	O
(	O
like	O
the	O
Fiala	O
model	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
most	O
complex	O
ones	O
based	O
on	O
finite	B-Application
element	I-Application
methods	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fully	O
physics-based	O
tire	B-Application
models	I-Application
have	O
been	O
typically	O
too	O
computational	O
expensive	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
realtime	O
driving	O
simulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
to	O
since	O
CDTire/3D	O
,	O
a	O
physics-based	O
tire	B-Application
model	I-Application
,	O
cannot	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
realtime	O
,	O
for	O
realtime	O
applications	O
typically	O
an	O
equivalent	O
semi-empirical	O
"	O
magic	O
formula	O
"	O
type	O
of	O
model	O
,	O
called	O
CDTire/Realtime	O
,	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
it	O
through	O
experiments	O
and	O
a	O
regression	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Springer	O
Vieweg	O
,	O
Wiesbaden	O
,	O
however	O
a	O
brand	O
new	O
tire	B-Application
model	I-Application
called	O
the	O
Curve	O
Approximation	O
Tire	B-Application
model	I-Application
is	O
showing	O
great	O
results	O
using	O
curve	O
approximation	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
slightly	O
less	O
accurate	O
version	O
of	O
FTire	O
,	O
a	O
physics-based	O
tire	B-Application
model	I-Application
,	O
was	O
adapted	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
typical	O
tire	B-Application
model	I-Application
sampling	O
rate	O
used	O
in	O
automotive	O
simulators	O
is	O
1	O
kHz	O
.	O
</s>
