<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
dialects	O
of	O
the	O
BASIC	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
can	O
fit	O
into	O
4	O
or	O
fewer	O
KBs	O
of	O
memory	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
designed	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
open	O
letter	O
published	O
by	O
Bill	O
Gates	O
complaining	O
about	O
users	O
pirating	O
Altair	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
which	O
sold	O
for	O
$150	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
completely	O
free	O
version	O
of	O
BASIC	O
that	O
would	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
early	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
specification	O
,	O
not	O
an	O
implementation	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
September	O
1975	O
issue	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Computer	O
Company	O
(	O
PCC	O
)	O
newsletter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
article	O
invited	O
programmers	O
to	O
implement	O
it	O
on	O
their	O
machines	O
and	O
send	O
the	O
resulting	O
assembler	B-Language
language	I-Language
implementation	O
back	O
for	O
inclusion	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
three	O
planned	O
newsletters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Li-Chen	O
Wang	O
,	O
author	O
of	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
copyleft	B-License
"	O
to	O
describe	O
this	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
community	O
response	O
was	O
so	O
overwhelming	O
that	O
the	O
newsletter	O
was	O
relaunched	O
as	O
Dr.	O
Dobb	O
's	O
Journal	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
regular	O
periodical	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
microcomputer	B-Architecture
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
small	O
size	O
and	O
free	O
source	O
code	O
made	O
these	O
implementations	O
invaluable	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
of	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
,	O
when	O
RAM	B-Architecture
was	O
expensive	O
and	O
typical	O
memory	B-Architecture
size	O
was	O
only	O
4	O
to	O
8KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
minimal	O
version	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Altair	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
would	O
also	O
run	O
in	O
4KB	O
machines	O
,	O
it	O
left	O
only	O
790	O
bytes	O
free	O
for	O
BASIC	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
free	O
space	O
was	O
a	O
significant	O
advantage	O
of	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
meet	O
these	O
strict	O
size	O
limits	O
,	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
dialects	O
generally	O
lacked	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
features	O
commonly	O
found	O
in	O
other	O
dialects	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
most	O
versions	O
lacked	O
string	O
variables	O
,	O
lacked	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
math	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
allowed	O
only	O
single-letter	O
variable	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
implementations	O
are	O
still	O
used	O
today	O
,	O
for	O
programming	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
such	O
as	O
the	O
Arduino	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
like	O
the	O
MITS	B-Architecture
Altair	I-Architecture
8800	I-Architecture
,	O
generally	O
had	O
no	O
built-in	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
beyond	O
front-panel	O
switches	O
and	O
LED	O
lamps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Useful	O
work	O
generally	O
required	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
an	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
expansion	B-Device
card	I-Device
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
terminal	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
video-based	O
terminals	O
were	O
very	O
expensive	O
,	O
costing	O
much	O
more	O
than	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
so	O
many	O
users	O
turned	O
to	O
mechanical	O
devices	O
like	O
the	O
Teletype	B-Application
Model	I-Application
33	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
early	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
this	O
provided	O
a	O
convenient	O
computer	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
format	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
users	O
to	O
write	O
programs	O
to	O
paper	O
tape	O
and	O
distribute	O
them	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
June	O
meeting	O
,	O
a	O
tape	O
containing	O
a	O
pre-release	O
version	O
of	O
Altair	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
disappeared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
next	O
meeting	O
,	O
50	O
copies	O
of	O
Altair	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
on	O
paper	O
tape	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
cardboard	O
box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Ed	O
Roberts	O
,	O
founder	O
of	O
MITS	O
,	O
learned	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
he	O
stated	O
"	O
Anyone	O
who	O
is	O
using	O
a	O
stolen	O
copy	O
of	O
MITS	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
should	O
identify	O
himself	O
for	O
what	O
he	O
is	O
,	O
a	O
thief.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
approached	O
Dennis	O
Allison	O
,	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Computer	O
Science	O
faculty	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
,	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
specification	O
for	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
BASIC	O
that	O
would	O
fit	O
in	O
2	O
to	O
3	O
kilobytes	O
of	O
memory	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
aid	O
porting	O
,	O
the	O
design	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
intermediate	O
language	O
(	O
IL	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
interpreter	B-Application
for	O
the	O
interpreter	B-Application
,	O
which	O
meant	O
only	O
a	O
small	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
code	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
ported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Allison	O
's	O
initial	O
design	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
September	O
1975	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
PCC	O
newsletter	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
an	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8080	I-General_Concept
version	O
of	O
the	O
IL	O
interpreter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
article	O
called	O
on	O
programmers	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
design	O
on	O
their	O
computer	O
and	O
send	O
the	O
resulting	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
version	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
PCC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
notable	O
early	O
versions	O
was	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
Extended	O
by	O
Dick	O
Whipple	O
and	O
John	O
Arnold	O
which	O
ran	O
in	O
3K	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
added	O
FOR	B-Language
...	I-Language
NXT	I-Language
loops	O
,	O
and	O
allowed	O
a	O
single	O
numeric	B-Algorithm
array	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
avoided	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
IL	O
and	O
wrote	O
it	O
directly	O
in	O
machine	B-Device
code	O
,	O
using	O
octal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
reprinted	O
the	O
original	O
article	O
on	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
from	O
PCC	O
,	O
included	O
the	O
complete	O
listing	O
of	O
Extended	O
TB	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
small	O
BASIC	O
programs	O
including	O
tips-and-tricks	O
from	O
Allison	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
1976	O
,	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
interpreters	B-Application
were	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8080	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
6800	I-Device
and	O
MOS	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
6502	I-General_Concept
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
May	O
1976	O
issue	O
of	O
Dr.	O
Dobbs	O
had	O
Li-Chen	O
Wang	O
's	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
for	O
the	O
8080	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
listing	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
usual	O
title	O
,	O
author	O
's	O
name	O
and	O
date	O
but	O
it	O
also	O
had	O
"	O
@COPYLEFT	B-License
ALL	I-License
WRONGS	I-License
RESERVED	I-License
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Roger	O
added	O
his	O
name	O
and	O
preserved	O
the	O
COPYLEFT	B-License
Notice	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
designed	O
to	O
use	O
as	O
little	O
memory	B-Architecture
as	O
possible	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
is	O
reflected	O
in	O
the	O
paucity	O
of	O
features	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
details	O
of	O
its	O
interpreter	B-Language
system	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
lacked	O
the	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
secondary	O
storage	O
for	O
a	O
BASIC	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
more	O
typical	O
of	O
timesharing	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
most	O
BASICs	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
,	O
Tiny	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
was	O
interactive	O
with	O
the	O
user	O
typing	O
statements	O
into	O
a	O
command	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
of	O
the	O
era	O
were	O
often	O
used	O
with	O
teletype	O
machines	O
or	O
"	O
dumb	O
"	O
terminals	O
,	O
direct	O
editing	O
of	O
existing	O
text	O
was	O
not	O
possible	O
and	O
the	O
editor	O
instead	O
used	O
takeout	O
characters	O
,	O
often	O
the	O
backslash	O
,	O
to	O
indicate	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
backed	O
up	O
to	O
edit	O
existing	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
program	O
was	O
present	O
in	O
memory	B-Architecture
and	O
the	O
user	O
types	O
in	O
the	O
command	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
enters	O
"	O
indirect	O
mode	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
syntax	O
,	O
as	O
simple	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
,	O
added	O
one	O
innovation	O
:	O
and	O
could	O
take	O
an	O
expression	O
rather	O
than	O
just	O
a	O
line	O
number	O
,	O
providing	O
an	O
assigned	O
GOTO	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
switch	O
statement	O
of	O
the	O
,	O
a	O
structure	O
then	O
supported	O
in	O
HP	B-Language
Time-Shared	I-Language
BASIC	I-Language
and	O
predating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
syntax	O
allowing	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
just	O
a	O
line	O
number	O
to	O
branch	O
to	O
)	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
supported	O
in	O
Dartmouth	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
at	O
this	O
time	O
but	O
had	O
been	O
introduced	O
by	O
Digital	O
and	O
copied	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Design	O
Note	O
specified	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
interpreter	B-Application
is	O
itself	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
interpreter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
designer	O
's	O
idea	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
application	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
goes	O
back	O
to	O
Val	O
Schorre	O
(	O
with	O
META	B-Application
II	I-Application
,	O
1964	O
)	O
and	O
Glennie	O
(	O
Syntax	O
Machine	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
choice	O
of	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
approach	O
economized	O
on	O
memory	B-Architecture
space	O
and	O
implementation	O
effort	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
BASIC	O
programs	O
run	O
thereon	O
were	O
executed	O
somewhat	O
slowly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dialects	O
that	O
used	O
the	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
included	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
Extended	O
,	O
Tom	O
Pittman	O
's	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
and	O
NIBL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
dialects	O
such	O
as	O
Denver	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
(	O
DTB	O
)	O
and	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
were	O
direct	O
interpreters	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
programmers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Fred	O
Greeb	O
with	O
DTB	O
,	O
treated	O
the	O
IL	O
(	O
Interpretive	B-Application
Language	I-Application
)	O
program	O
as	O
pseudocode	B-Language
for	O
the	O
algorithm	O
to	O
implement	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
;	O
Denver	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
did	O
not	O
use	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
,	O
but	O
it	O
did	O
closely	O
follow	O
the	O
IL	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
(	O
a	O
computed	O
GO	O
TO	O
)	O
is	O
as	O
legal	O
as	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
ON-GOTO	O
of	O
larger	O
BASIC	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
table	O
gives	O
a	O
partial	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
32	O
commands	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
in	O
which	O
the	O
first	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
interpreter	B-Application
was	O
written	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tom	O
Pittman	O
,	O
discussing	O
the	O
IL	O
,	O
says	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
TINY	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
interpreter	B-Application
was	O
designed	O
by	O
Dennis	O
Allison	O
as	O
a	O
recursive	B-Application
descent	I-Application
parser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IL	O
is	O
especially	O
suited	O
to	O
Recursive	B-Application
Descent	I-Application
parsing	I-Application
of	O
TINY	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
because	O
of	O
the	O
general	O
recursive	O
nature	O
of	O
its	O
procedures	O
and	O
the	O
simplicity	O
of	O
the	O
TINY	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
tokens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
it	O
is	O
necessary	O
to	O
add	O
additional	O
machine	B-Device
language	O
subroutines	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Defining	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
for	O
the	O
Homebrew	O
Computer	O
Club	O
,	O
Pittman	O
wrote	O
,	O
"	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
is	O
a	O
proper	O
subset	O
of	O
Dartmouth	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
statement	O
types	O
only	O
:	O
LET	O
,	O
PRINT	O
,	O
INPUT	O
,	O
IF	O
,	O
GOTO	O
,	O
GOSUB	O
,	O
RETURN	O
,	O
END	O
,	O
CLEAR	O
,	O
LIST	O
,	O
RUN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
specifies	O
line	O
numbers	O
less	O
than	O
256.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
then	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
describe	O
his	O
implementation	O
:	O
"	O
This	O
language	O
has	O
been	O
augmented	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
functions	O
RND	O
,	O
USR	O
,	O
and	O
PEEK	O
and	O
POKE	O
,	O
giving	O
the	O
user	O
access	O
to	O
all	O
his	O
system	O
components	O
in	O
the	O
6800	B-Device
from	O
the	O
BASIC	O
program.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
implementers	O
brought	O
their	O
own	O
experiences	O
with	O
HP	B-Language
Time-Shared	I-Language
BASIC	I-Language
or	O
DEC	B-Language
BASIC-PLUS	I-Language
to	O
their	O
designs	O
and	O
relaxed	O
the	O
formal	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
language	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
specification	O
,	O
a	O
newsletter	O
article	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
Design	O
Note	O
for	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
requested	O
only	O
this	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
but	O
6800TB	O
and	O
MINOL	O
added	O
a	O
function	O
to	O
return	O
memory	B-Architecture
size	O
:	O
TBX	O
had	O
,	O
DTB	O
and	O
PATB	O
had	O
,	O
L1B	O
had	O
,	O
and	O
NIBL	O
had	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
tokenization	O
,	O
to	O
save	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
TBX	O
,	O
DTB	O
,	O
and	O
MINOL	O
truncated	O
keywords	O
:	O
for	O
,	O
for	O
,	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
system	O
was	O
retained	O
in	O
Level	B-Language
I	I-Language
BASIC	I-Language
for	O
the	O
TRS-80	B-Device
,	O
which	O
used	O
PATB	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
also	O
later	O
found	O
in	O
Atari	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
and	O
the	O
BASIC	O
of	O
various	O
Sharp	B-Device
Pocket	I-Device
Computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
prominent	O
dialects	O
of	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
were	O
the	O
original	O
Design	O
Note	O
,	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
Extended	O
,	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
and	O
6800	B-Device
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
other	O
versions	O
of	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
existed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
first	O
published	O
in	O
a	O
newsletter	O
offshoot	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Computer	O
Company	O
,	O
a	O
newsletter	O
which	O
became	O
Dr.	O
Dobb	O
's	O
Journal	O
,	O
a	O
long-lived	O
computing	O
magazine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TBX	O
was	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Texas	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
SCELBAL	B-Language
and	O
6800	B-Device
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
were	O
announced	O
in	O
the	O
magazine	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
publish	O
their	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
of	O
the	O
many	O
versions	O
of	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
or	O
PATB	O
for	O
short	O
,	O
by	O
Li-Chen	O
Wang	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PATB	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
May	O
1976	O
edition	O
of	O
Dr.	O
Dobbs	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
custom	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
with	O
non-standard	O
mnemonics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
further	O
ports	O
that	O
worked	O
with	O
conventional	O
assemblers	B-Language
on	O
the	O
8080	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
interpreter	B-Application
occupied	O
1.77	O
kilobytes	O
of	O
memory	B-Architecture
and	O
assumed	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
Teletype	O
Machine	B-Device
(	O
TTY	O
)	O
for	O
user	O
input/output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
article	O
also	O
included	O
information	O
on	O
adding	O
additional	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
devices	I-General_Concept
,	O
using	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
VDM	O
video	O
display	O
by	O
Processor	O
Technology	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wang	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
use	O
word	O
copyleft	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
's	O
distribution	O
notice	O
,	O
he	O
had	O
written	O
"	O
@COPYLEFT	B-License
ALL	I-License
WRONGS	I-License
RESERVED	I-License
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
not	O
distributed	O
under	O
any	O
formal	O
form	O
of	O
copyleft	B-License
distribution	O
terms	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
presented	O
in	O
a	O
context	O
where	O
source	O
code	O
was	O
being	O
shared	O
and	O
modified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
Wang	O
had	O
earlier	O
contributed	O
edits	O
to	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
Extended	O
before	O
writing	O
his	O
own	O
interpreter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
changes	O
in	O
PATB	O
is	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
FOR	B-Language
...	I-Language
NEXT	I-Language
loop	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
the	O
upper	O
and	O
lower	O
bounds	O
of	O
the	O
loop	O
were	O
set	O
on	O
loop	O
entry	O
,	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
change	O
during	O
the	O
loop	O
,	O
so	O
if	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
bounds	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
variable	O
expression	O
;	O
changing	O
the	O
variable	O
did	O
not	O
change	O
the	O
bound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
changes	O
include	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
numeric	B-Algorithm
array	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
variable	O
name	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
for	O
not-equals	O
in	O
comparisons	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
reduce	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
memory	B-Architecture
required	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
only	O
three	O
messages	O
and	O
they	O
consisted	O
of	O
single	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
would	O
respond	O
with	O
for	O
syntax	O
errors	O
,	O
for	O
run-time	O
errors	O
like	O
GOTOs	O
to	O
a	O
line	O
that	O
did	O
n't	O
exist	O
or	O
numeric	B-Algorithm
overflows	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
out-of-memory	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wang	O
also	O
wrote	O
a	O
STARTREK	B-Application
program	O
in	O
his	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
that	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
July	O
1976	O
issue	O
of	O
the	O
People	O
's	O
Computer	O
Company	O
Newsletter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
later	O
adapted	O
the	O
language	O
into	O
3K	O
Control	O
Basic	O
for	O
Cromemco	O
,	O
adding	O
variable	O
names	O
of	O
the	O
form	O
letter-digit	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
A0	O
to	O
Z9	O
)	O
,	O
logic	O
functions	O
(AND( )	O
,	O
OR( )	O
,	O
XOR( )	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
CALL	O
command	O
to	O
execute	O
machine	B-Device
language	O
routines	O
,	O
more	O
PRINT-formatting	O
options	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
(GET( )	O
and	O
PUT( )	O
instead	O
of	O
PEEK	O
and	O
POKE	O
;	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
port	O
functions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
adapted	O
for	O
many	O
other	O
implementations	O
,	O
including	O
Level	B-Language
I	I-Language
BASIC	I-Language
(	O
1977	O
)	O
,	O
BASIC	O
for	O
the	O
Sharp	B-Device
PC-1211	I-Device
pocket	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
1980	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Astro	O
BASIC	O
(	O
1982	O
,	O
by	O
Jamie	O
Fenton	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	B-Architecture
was	O
addressable	O
as	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
a	O
two-dimensioned	O
array	O
of	O
high	O
and	O
low	O
bytes	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
"	O
(	O
0	O
,	O
0	O
)	O
"	O
to	O
"	O
(	O
255,255	O
)	O
"	O
)	O
;	O
executes	O
a	O
machine	B-Device
language	O
subroutine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspired	O
by	O
PCC	O
's	O
call	O
for	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASICs	I-Language
,	O
Robert	O
Uiterwyk	O
wrote	O
MICRO	O
BASIC	O
1.3	O
for	O
the	O
SWTPC	B-Device
6800	I-Device
system	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
SWTPC	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
June	O
1976	O
issue	O
of	O
the	O
SWTPC	O
newsletter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
later	O
expanded	O
the	O
language	O
to	O
4K	O
,	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
;	O
this	O
implementation	O
was	O
unique	O
among	O
BASIC	B-Language
interpreters	I-Language
by	O
using	O
Binary	O
Coded	O
Decimal	O
to	O
9	O
digits	O
of	O
precision	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
range	O
up	O
to	O
1099	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
being	O
published	O
for	O
free	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
Floppy	O
ROM	O
"	O
magazine	O
insert	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thomas	O
F	O
.	O
Waitman	O
wrote	O
a	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
in	O
1976	O
for	O
the	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
HP-2640	O
and	O
HP-2645	O
terminals	O
(	O
which	O
used	O
the	O
Intel	O
8008	O
and	O
8080	B-General_Concept
processors	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
Journal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
interpreter	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
by	O
John	O
Dickenson	O
,	O
Jerry	O
Barber	O
,	O
and	O
John	O
Teeter	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Idaho	O
on	O
a	O
contract	O
with	O
LLL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taking	O
5K	O
,	O
it	O
included	O
a	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
package	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
David	O
Mead	O
,	O
Hal	O
Brand	O
,	O
and	O
Frank	O
Olken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Altair	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
4K	O
BASIC	O
,	O
could	O
run	O
within	O
a	O
4KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
machine	B-Device
,	O
leaving	O
only	O
about	O
790	O
bytes	O
free	O
for	O
program	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
initiative	O
started	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
$150	O
charge	O
for	O
Altair	O
4K	O
BASIC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1975	O
,	O
Steve	O
Wozniak	O
joined	O
the	O
newly	O
formed	O
Homebrew	O
Computer	O
Club	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
fellow	O
members	O
Li-Chen	O
Wang	O
(	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
)	O
and	O
Tom	O
Pittman	O
(	O
6800	B-Device
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wozniak	O
concluded	O
that	O
his	O
machine	B-Device
would	O
have	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
BASIC	O
of	O
its	O
own	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
,	O
hopefully	O
,	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
for	O
the	O
MOS	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
6502	I-General_Concept
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
language	O
needed	O
4KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
he	O
made	O
that	O
the	O
minimum	O
memory	B-Architecture
for	O
the	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integer	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
was	O
originally	O
published	O
on	O
Compact	O
Cassette	O
in	O
1976	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1977	O
,	O
Radio	O
Shack	O
(	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
known	O
then	O
)	O
released	O
their	O
first	O
computer	O
,	O
the	O
TRS-80	B-Device
,	O
a	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
system	O
with	O
Level	B-Language
I	I-Language
BASIC	I-Language
in	O
a	O
4KB	O
ROM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tandy-employee	O
Steve	O
Leininger	O
had	O
written	O
the	O
first	O
draft	O
of	O
the	O
NIBL	O
(	O
National	O
Industrial	O
Basic	B-Language
Language	I-Language
)	O
interpreter	B-Application
for	O
the	O
SC/MP	B-Device
while	O
employed	O
at	O
National	O
Semiconductor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unable	O
to	O
take	O
that	O
source	O
code	O
with	O
him	O
,	O
he	O
adapted	O
Li-Chen	O
Wang	O
's	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
for	O
the	O
original	O
prototype	O
of	O
the	O
TRS-80	B-Device
Model	I-Device
I	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
extensively	O
revised	O
the	O
interpreter	B-Application
,	O
adding	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
support	O
,	O
simple	O
black-and-white	O
graphics	O
,	O
and	O
statements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
developed	O
in	O
1979	O
,	O
Sinclair	B-Language
4K	I-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
written	O
by	O
John	O
Grant	O
,	O
used	O
as	O
its	O
language	O
definition	O
the	O
1978	O
American	O
National	O
Standards	O
Institute	O
(	O
ANSI	O
)	O
Minimal	O
BASIC	O
standard	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
itself	O
an	O
incomplete	O
4KB	O
implementation	O
with	O
integer	O
arithmetic	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
implementations	O
have	O
been	O
adapted	O
for	O
processor	O
control	O
and	O
for	O
microcontrollers	B-Architecture
such	O
as	O
the	O
Arduino	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Arduino	O
BASIC	O
–	O
adapted	O
from	O
Gordon	O
Brandly	O
's	O
68000	B-Device
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
,	O
ported	O
to	O
C	B-Language
by	O
Mike	O
Field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyBasic	B-Language
Plus	O
–	O
adapted	O
from	O
Arduino	O
BASIC	O
by	O
Scott	O
Lawrence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Half-Byte	O
Tiny	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
–	O
adapted	O
from	O
Arduino	O
BASIC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tiny	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
on	O
the	O
micro:bit	O
–	O
adapted	O
from	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
Emmanuel	O
Chailloux	O
,	O
Pascal	O
Manoury	O
and	O
Bruno	O
Pagano	O
published	O
a	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
(	O
lacking	O
/	O
)	O
in	O
Developing	O
Applications	O
with	O
Objective	B-Language
Caml	I-Language
as	O
an	O
example	O
Objective	B-Language
Caml	I-Language
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Alex	O
Yang	O
published	O
an	O
implementation	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Sergey	O
Kuznetsov	O
published	O
a	O
version	O
in	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
Oscar	O
Toledo	O
Gutierrez	O
published	O
bootBASIC	O
,	O
which	O
fits	O
in	O
the	O
512	O
bytes	O
of	O
the	O
boot	O
sector	O
of	O
an	O
8086/8088	O
machine	B-Device
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
smallest	O
BASIC	O
implementation	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
table	O
compares	O
the	O
language	O
feature	O
of	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
implementations	O
against	O
other	O
prominent	O
BASICs	O
that	O
preceded	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Comparison	O
of	O
BASIC	O
Implementations	O
–	O
Tiny	B-Language
BASICs	I-Language
and	O
Other	O
BASICs	O
Programmer(s )	O
Processor	O
Type	O
INPUT	O
LET	O
PRINT	O
GOTO	O
IF	O
THEN	O
...	O
GOSUB	O
RETURN	O
END	O
RUN	O
LIST	O
CLEAR	O
NEW	O
REM	O
FOR/NEXT	O
READ/DATA/RESTORE	O
Added	O
BASIC	O
commands	O
Customizations	O
Expressions	O
relop	O
Functions	O
RND	O
Memory	B-Architecture
Function	O
Line	O
numbers	O
Statement	O
delimiter	O
Errors	O
Precision	O
Arithmetic	O
Variables	O
Arrays	O
Strings	O
(	O
Dartmouth	O
students	O
)	O
GE-225	O
Compile-and-go	O
 [ ! ] 	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
–	O
Z	O
,	O
A0	O
–	O
Z9	O
DIM	O
(	O
one	O
letter	O
name	O
,	O
two	O
dimensions	O
)	O
;	O
if	O
omitted	O
,	O
assumed	O
to	O
go	O
from	O
0	O
to	O
10	O
;	O
up	O
to	O
1500	O
elements	O
across	O
all	O
arrays	O
(	O
added	O
in	O
version	O
4	O
)	O
(	O
DEC	O
staff	O
)	O
PDP-8	O
Compile-and-go	O
INPUT	O
var-list	O
LET	O
var	O
=	O
expression	O
PRINT	O
expr-list	O
{	O
,	O
/	O
;	O
/	O
}	O
GO	O
TO	O
number	O
IF	O
expression	O
relop	O
expression	O
[	O
THEN/GO	O
TO ]	O
line-number	O
GOSUB	O
number	O
RETURN	O
END	O
RUN	O
LIST	O
(	O
first	O
(	O
,	O
last	O
)	O
)	O
NEW	O
[	O
prompts	O
for	O
program	O
name ]	O
REM	O
FOR/TO/STEP/NEXT	O
READ	O
,	O
DATA	O
,	O
RESTORE	O
STOP	O
,	O
OLD	O
,	O
SAVE	O
,	O
UNSAVE	O
DELETE	O
(	O
first	O
(	O
,	O
last	O
)	O
)	O
,	O
BYE	O
precedence	O
,	O
^	O
0	O
..	O
1	O
FNA	O
..	O
Z	O
ABS	O
,	O
INT	O
,	O
SGN	O
,	O
SQR	O
,	O
TAB	O
,	O
USR	O
RND(X )	O
<	O
0	O
,	O
new	O
using	O
X	O
as	O
seed	O
;	O
=	O
0	O
,	O
repeat	O
;	O
>0	O
,	O
next	O
1	O
to	O
65535	O
:	O
12	O
defined	O
40-bit	O
operand	O
floating	O
DIM	O
(	O
one	O
dimension	O
)	O
Dennis	O
Allison	O
Interpreter	B-Application
INPUT	O
var-list	O
LET	O
var	O
=	O
expression	O
PRINT	O
expr-list	O
GOTO	O
expression	O
IF	O
expression	O
relop	O
expression	O
THEN	O
statement	O
GOSUB	O
expression	O
RETURN	O
END	O
RUN	O
LIST	O
[	O
eq	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
NEW ]	O
precedence	O
< <= = >= > <> ><        1 to 255    8 defined  16-bit  ± 32767  A–Z         Dick Whipple & John Arnold  8080  Interpreter  IN  (LET )  var = expression ;}  GO TO  IF expression [no THEN] statement  GO SUB  RET  END  RUN  LST (first (, last )  )     NEW    FOR-NXT (no STEP )   DTA (array LET )       precedence  < <= = >= > <> >	O
<	O
TB( )	O
spaces	O
in	O
print	O
RN	O
(	O
random	O
0-10000	O
)	O
SZE	O
1	O
to	O
65535	O
$	O
14	O
defined	O
16-bit	O
±	O
32767	O
A	O
–	O
Z	O
DIM	O
,	O
1	O
-	O
or	O
2-dimensions	O
,	O
255x255	O
max	O
Fred	O
Greeb	O
8080	B-General_Concept
Interpreter	B-Application
IN	O
(	O
LET	O
)	O
var	O
=	O
expression	O
;}	O
GOTO	O
IF	O
expression	O
[	O
no	O
THEN ]	O
statement	O
GOSUB	O
RET	O
END	O
RUN	O
LIST	O
(	O
first	O
last	O
)	O
[	O
eq	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
NEW ]	O
TAPE	O
[SAVE],	O
LOAD	O
CLRS	O
 [ CLS ] 	O
precedence	O
< <= = >= > <> >	O
<	O
RND(0 )	O
,	O
RND(1 )	O
SIZE	O
2	O
to	O
255	O
:	O
20	O
defined	O
16-bit	O
±	O
32767	O
A	O
–	O
Z	O
,	O
A1	O
to	O
A6	O
to	O
Z6	O
DIM	O
,	O
1	O
dimension	O
Tom	O
Pittman	O
6800	B-Device
Interpreter	B-Application
INPUT	O
(	O
expression	O
)	O
var-list	O
LET	O
var	O
=	O
expression	O
PRINT	O
expr-list	O
{	O
,	O
/	O
;	O
}	O
GOTO	O
expression	O
IF	O
expression	O
relop	O
expression	O
THEN	O
statement	O
GOSUB	O
expression	O
RETURN	O
END	O
RUN	O
LIST	O
(	O
first	O
last	O
)	O
[	O
eq	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
NEW ]	O
REM	O
precedence	O
< <= = >= > <> ><  USR( )   RND( )     1 to 65535    53 defined  16-bit  ± 32767  A–Z         Eric T. Mueller  8080  Interpreter  IN    [ jumps back to start of direct statement]       END  RUN  LIST  CLEAR [only variables]  NEW              < = #     1 to 254  :  6 defined  8-bit  0 to 255  A–Z  (H,L )  memory location  single char     Li-Chen Wang  8080  Interpreter  INPUT [(expression )  var]*  (LET )  var = expression  PRINT expr-list  GOTO expression  IF expression [no THEN] statement  GOSUB expression  RETURN  STOP  RUN  LIST (start )     NEW  REM  FOR/TO/STEP/NEXT    STOP    precedence  < <= = >= > #  ABS( )   RND( )   SIZE  1 to 32767  ;  3 defined  16-bit  ± 32767  A–Z  @(1 array of 1 dimension )        Mark Alexander & Steve Leininger  SC/MP  Interpreter  INPUT ($ ) var  (LET )  var = expression  PR/PRINT expr-list  GOTO expression  IF expression (THEN )  statement  GOSUB expression  RETURN  END  RUN  LIST (start )   CLEAR [variables & stack]  NEW  REM  FOR/TO/STEP/NEXT    DO/UNTIL  Memory addressing (@ [PEEK/POKE], STAT, PAGE )   precedence  < <= = >= > <>  MOD( ) , AND, OR, NOT,  RND(A,Z )   TOP  0 to 32767  :  13 four-char defined  16-bit  ± 32767  A–Z  memory addressing       Steve Leininger  Z80  Interpreter  INPUT (#digit )  [(expression )  var]*  (LET )  var = expression  PRINT (#digit )  expr-list  GOTO number  IF expression THEN statement  GOSUB number  RETURN  END  RUN (start )   LIST (start )     NEW  REM  FOR/TO/STEP/NEXT  READ, DATA, RESTORE  STOP, CONT, ON-GOTO/GOSUB  CLOAD, CSAVE, CLS, SET, RESET  precedence  < <= = >= > <> ><  ABS( ) , INT( ) , MEM, POINT(X,Y )   RND( )   MEM  1 to 32767  :  3 defined  16-bit  ± 32767  A–Z  A(1 array of 1 dimension )        Robert Uiterwyk  6800  Interpreter  INPUT var-list  (LET )  var = expression  PRINT expr-list { , / ; }  GOTO expression  IF expression relop expression THEN statement  GOSUB expression  RETURN  END  RUN  LIST (first (, last )  )     NEW    FOR/TO/NEXT (no STEP )     TAB( )     precedence  < <= = >= > <> >	O
<	O
RND	O
,	O
SIZE	O
RND	O
[	O
returns	O
1-32762	O
]	O
SIZE	O
(	O
statement	O
that	O
prints	O
bytes	O
used	O
and	O
bytes	O
free	O
)	O
1	O
to	O
65535	O
17	O
defined	O
16-bit	O
[	O
later	O
BCD	O
!	O
]	O
</s>
<s>
±	O
32767	O
A	O
–	O
Z	O
DIM	O
(	O
two	O
dimensions	O
,	O
max	O
size	O
of	O
255	O
)	O
Mark	O
Arnold	O
&	O
Nat	O
Wadsworth	O
8008	O
Interpreter	B-Application
INPUT	O
var-list	O
(	O
LET	O
)	O
var	O
=	O
expression	O
PRINT	O
expr-list	O
{	O
,	O
/	O
;	O
/	O
}	O
GOTO	O
number	O
THEN	O
statement	O
GOSUB	O
number	O
RETURN	O
END	O
RUN	O
LIST	O
SCR[atch]	O
REM	O
FOR/TO/STEP/NEXT	O
SAVE	O
,	O
LOAD	O
UDF	O
 [ USR ] 	O
precedence	O
,	O
^	O
0	O
..	O
1	O
#	O
AND	O
OR	O
NOT	O
MOD	O
SGN	O
,	O
ABS	O
,	O
PEEK( )	O
,	O
LEN( )	O
RND(X )	O
0	O
..	O
X	O
(	O
or	O
X	O
..	O
0	O
!	O
)	O
</s>
