<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
is	O
an	O
embedded	O
,	O
component-based	B-Architecture
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
platform	O
for	O
low-power	O
wireless	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
(	O
WSNs	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
smartdust	B-Device
,	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
personal	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
building	O
automation	O
,	O
and	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
nesC	B-Device
,	O
as	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
cooperating	O
tasks	O
and	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
collaboration	O
between	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
Intel	O
Research	O
,	O
and	O
Crossbow	O
Technology	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
under	O
a	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
grown	O
into	O
an	O
international	O
consortium	O
,	O
the	O
TinyOS	B-Device
Alliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
space	O
,	O
being	O
implemented	O
in	O
ESTCube-1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
applications	O
are	O
written	O
in	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
nesC	B-Device
,	O
a	O
dialect	O
of	O
the	O
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
optimized	O
for	O
the	O
memory	O
limits	O
of	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
supplementary	O
tools	O
are	O
mainly	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
shell	B-Language
script	I-Language
front-ends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Associated	O
libraries	O
and	O
tools	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
nesC	B-Device
compiler	B-Language
and	O
Atmel	B-Architecture
AVR	I-Architecture
binutils	O
toolchains	O
,	O
are	O
mostly	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
programs	O
are	O
built	O
of	O
software	B-Architecture
components	I-Architecture
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
present	O
hardware	O
abstractions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Components	O
are	O
connected	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
using	O
interfaces	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
provides	O
interfaces	B-Application
and	O
components	O
for	O
common	O
abstractions	O
such	O
as	O
packet	O
communication	O
,	O
routing	O
,	O
sensing	O
,	O
actuation	O
and	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
is	O
fully	O
non-blocking	B-Architecture
:	O
it	O
has	O
one	O
call	B-General_Concept
stack	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
all	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
operations	O
that	O
last	O
longer	O
than	O
a	O
few	O
hundred	O
microseconds	O
are	O
asynchronous	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
callback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
enable	O
the	O
native	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
better	O
optimize	O
across	O
call	O
boundaries	O
,	O
TinyOS	B-Device
uses	O
nesC	B-Device
's	O
features	O
to	O
link	O
these	O
callbacks	O
,	O
called	O
events	O
,	O
statically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
being	O
non-blocking	B-Architecture
enables	O
TinyOS	B-Device
to	O
maintain	O
high	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
with	O
one	O
stack	O
,	O
it	O
forces	O
programmers	O
to	O
write	O
complex	O
logic	O
by	O
stitching	O
together	O
many	O
small	O
event	O
handlers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
larger	O
computations	O
,	O
TinyOS	B-Device
provides	O
tasks	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
Deferred	B-Device
Procedure	I-Device
Call	I-Device
and	O
interrupt	B-General_Concept
handler	I-General_Concept
bottom	O
halves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
TinyOS	B-Device
component	O
can	O
post	O
a	O
task	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
OS	O
will	O
schedule	O
to	O
run	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tasks	O
are	O
non-preemptive	O
and	O
run	O
in	O
first	B-Operating_System
in	I-Operating_System
,	I-Operating_System
first	I-Operating_System
out	I-Operating_System
order	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
simple	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
model	O
is	O
typically	O
sufficient	O
for	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
centric	O
applications	O
,	O
but	O
its	O
difficulty	O
with	O
CPU-heavy	O
applications	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
developing	O
a	O
thread	B-Operating_System
library	O
for	O
the	O
OS	O
,	O
named	O
TOSThreads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
code	O
is	O
statically	O
linked	O
with	O
program	O
code	O
and	O
is	O
compiled	B-Language
into	O
a	O
small	O
binary	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
custom	O
GNU	B-Application
toolchain	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Associated	O
utilities	O
are	O
provided	O
to	O
complete	O
a	O
development	O
platform	O
for	O
working	O
with	O
TinyOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
began	O
as	O
a	O
project	O
at	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
DARPA	O
NEST	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
2010	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.1.1	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
2008	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.1.0	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
July	O
2007	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.0.2	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
on	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.1	O
,	O
which	O
involves	O
slight	O
changes	O
to	O
a	O
few	O
interfaces	B-Application
,	O
begins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
2007	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.0.1	O
released	O
at	O
the	O
4th	O
TinyOS	B-Device
Technology	O
Exchange	O
in	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
MA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
2006	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.0	O
released	O
at	O
the	O
SenSys	O
conference	O
in	O
Boulder	O
,	O
CO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
July	O
2006	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.0	O
beta2	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
February	O
2006	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
2.0	O
beta1	O
released	O
at	O
the	O
3rd	O
TinyOS	B-Device
Technology	O
Exchange	O
in	O
Stanford	O
,	O
CA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
2005	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
1.1.15	O
,	O
the	O
last	O
1.1	O
version	O
,	O
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
2004	O
:	O
Working	O
group	O
forms	O
on	O
next	O
steps	O
for	O
TinyOS	B-Device
,	O
based	O
on	O
experiences	O
porting	O
to	O
new	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
2003	O
–	O
December	O
2005	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
begins	O
a	O
periodic	O
minor	O
release	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
2003	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
version	O
1.1	O
is	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
new	O
nesC	B-Device
features	O
including	O
data	O
race	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
2002	O
:	O
TinyOS	B-Device
version	O
1.0	O
,	O
implemented	O
in	O
nesC	B-Device
,	O
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
2002	O
:	O
Work	O
on	O
the	O
nesC	B-Device
programming	O
language	O
begins	O
as	O
a	O
collaboration	O
between	O
Intel	O
Research	O
and	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001	O
:	O
Berkeley	O
develops	O
the	O
mica	O
platform	O
and	O
releases	O
TinyOS	B-Device
version	O
0.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TinyOS	B-Device
version	O
0.43	O
is	O
made	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
via	O
SourceForge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pre-1.0	O
versions	O
of	O
TinyOS	B-Device
are	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
C	B-Language
and	O
Perl	B-Language
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999	O
:	O
First	O
TinyOS	B-Device
platform	O
(	O
WeC	O
)	O
and	O
OS	O
implementations	O
are	O
developed	O
at	O
Berkeley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2010	O
,	O
three	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environments	I-Application
(	O
IDEs	O
)	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
TinyOS	B-Device
,	O
as	O
plug-ins	B-Application
for	O
Eclipse	B-Application
:	O
</s>
