<s>
In	O
broadcasting	O
,	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
is	O
the	O
recording	O
of	O
programming	O
to	O
a	O
storage	O
medium	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
or	O
listened	O
to	O
after	O
the	O
live	O
broadcasting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
this	O
refers	O
to	O
TV	O
programming	O
but	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
radio	O
shows	O
via	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorder	I-Application
(	O
DVR	O
)	O
has	O
made	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
easier	O
,	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
electronic	B-Device
program	I-Device
guide	I-Device
(	O
EPG	B-Device
)	O
and	O
recording	O
shows	O
onto	O
a	O
hard	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
DVRs	O
have	O
other	O
possible	O
time-shifting	B-Device
methods	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
start	O
watching	O
the	O
recorded	O
show	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
recording	O
is	O
not	O
yet	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
was	O
done	O
with	O
a	O
video	O
cassette	O
recorder	O
(	O
VCR	O
)	O
and	O
its	O
timer	O
function	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
VCR	O
tunes	O
into	O
the	O
appropriate	O
station	O
and	O
records	O
the	O
show	O
onto	O
video	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Freesat+	B-Device
,	O
Freeview+	O
,	O
Sky+	O
,	O
V+	B-Device
,	O
TiVo	B-Application
,	O
YouView	O
and	O
BT	O
Vision	O
services	O
in	O
Ireland	O
and	O
the	O
UK	O
allow	O
one	O
to	O
timeshift	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DStv	O
,	O
based	O
in	O
South	O
Africa	O
,	O
offers	O
PVR	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
to	O
countries	O
across	O
Africa	O
which	O
allow	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
of	O
live	O
and	O
recorded	O
television	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
remote	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorders	I-Application
ReplayTV	B-Device
and	O
TiVo	B-Application
,	O
launched	O
at	O
the	O
1999	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
,	O
Nevada	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
possible	O
in	O
practice	O
for	O
consumers	O
to	O
purchase	O
devices	O
that	O
supported	O
pausing	O
live	O
television	O
broadcasts	O
and	O
"	O
chase	B-Device
play	I-Device
"	O
(	O
playing	O
back	O
a	O
delayed	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
recorded	O
live	O
stream	O
while	O
simultaneously	O
continuing	O
to	O
record	O
the	O
live	O
stream	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
legal	O
issue	O
involved	O
in	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
concerns	O
"	O
fair	O
use	O
"	O
law	O
and	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
found	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
Sony	O
;	O
the	O
majority	O
decision	O
held	O
that	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
was	O
a	O
fair	O
use	O
,	O
represented	O
no	O
substantial	O
harm	O
to	O
the	O
copyright	O
holder	O
and	O
would	O
not	O
contribute	O
to	O
a	O
diminished	O
marketplace	O
for	O
its	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RCA	O
mentioned	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
in	O
its	O
marketing	O
as	O
a	O
reason	O
to	O
buy	O
VCRs	O
,	O
even	O
while	O
an	O
on-screen	O
disclaimer	O
mentioned	O
the	O
Betamax	O
case	O
and	O
cautioned	O
that	O
"	O
Such	O
recordings	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
made	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1985	O
cable	O
movie	O
channels	O
encouraged	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
by	O
broadcasting	O
films	O
subscribers	O
wanted	O
for	O
their	O
home	O
libraries	O
overnight	O
,	O
so	O
their	O
VCRs	O
could	O
record	O
them	O
while	O
they	O
slept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
providers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
satellite	O
TV	O
companies	O
,	O
have	O
introduced	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorder	I-Application
(	O
DVR	O
)	O
features	O
,	O
thereby	O
allowing	O
consumers	O
to	O
skip	O
over	O
advertising	O
entirely	O
when	O
watching	O
a	O
program	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
recorded	O
to	O
their	O
DVR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
legality	O
of	O
this	O
service	O
,	O
for	O
which	O
an	O
extra	O
fee	O
can	O
be	O
assessed	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
challenged	O
by	O
television	O
broadcasters	O
,	O
who	O
assert	O
that	O
this	O
form	O
of	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
is	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
their	O
copyright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
published	O
in	O
2019	O
found	O
that	O
time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
does	O
not	O
affect	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
audience	O
for	O
a	O
program	O
which	O
watches	O
it	O
live	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Time	B-Device
shifting	I-Device
did	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
increase	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
overall	O
viewership	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
