<s>
In	O
physics	O
,	O
a	O
time	B-Algorithm
projection	I-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
(	O
TPC	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
particle	O
detector	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
electric	O
fields	O
and	O
magnetic	O
fields	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
sensitive	O
volume	O
of	O
gas	O
or	O
liquid	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
three-dimensional	O
reconstruction	O
of	O
a	O
particle	O
trajectory	O
or	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
time	B-Algorithm
projection	I-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
consists	O
of	O
a	O
gas-filled	O
detection	O
volume	O
in	O
an	O
electric	O
field	O
with	O
a	O
position-sensitive	O
electron	O
collection	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
other	O
means	O
of	O
position-sensitive	O
electron	O
amplification	O
and	O
detection	O
have	O
become	O
more	O
widely	O
used	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
increased	O
application	O
of	O
time	B-Algorithm
projection	I-Algorithm
chambers	I-Algorithm
in	O
nuclear	O
physics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1974	O
,	O
William	O
J	O
.	O
Willis	O
and	O
Veljko	O
Radeka	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
total	O
absorption	O
calorimetry	O
was	O
possible	O
in	O
liquid	O
argon	O
detectors	O
without	O
the	O
amplification	O
that	O
normally	O
occurs	O
in	O
a	O
gaseous	B-Algorithm
ionization	I-Algorithm
detector	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
critical	O
technology	O
enabled	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
a	O
time	B-Algorithm
projection	I-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
based	O
on	O
Nygren	O
's	O
original	O
design	O
,	O
but	O
using	O
liquid	O
argon	O
as	O
the	O
sensitive	O
medium	O
instead	O
of	O
gas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
,	O
Herbert	O
H	O
.	O
Chen	O
,	O
with	O
collaborators	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Irvine	O
and	O
the	O
California	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
,	O
proposed	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
uses	O
of	O
liquid	O
argon	O
in	O
a	O
time	B-Algorithm
projection	I-Algorithm
chamber	I-Algorithm
(	O
LArTPC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Argon	O
also	O
scintillates	B-Algorithm
when	O
an	O
energetic	O
charged	O
particle	O
passes	O
by	O
,	O
releasing	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
scintillation	B-Algorithm
photons	O
that	O
is	O
proportional	O
to	O
the	O
energy	O
deposited	O
in	O
the	O
argon	O
by	O
the	O
passing	O
particle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
light-collection	O
system	O
often	O
accompanies	O
the	O
basic	O
LArTPC	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
extracting	O
more	O
information	O
from	O
an	O
event	O
by	O
scintillation	B-Algorithm
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
play	O
an	O
important	O
role	O
in	O
triggering	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
collects	O
scintillation	B-Algorithm
light	O
only	O
nanoseconds	O
after	O
the	O
particle	O
passes	O
through	O
the	O
detector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
comparatively	O
(	O
on	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
1000	O
times	O
)	O
shorter	O
than	O
the	O
time	O
taken	O
by	O
the	O
freed	O
electrons	O
to	O
drift	O
to	O
the	O
wire	O
planes	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
often	O
sufficient	O
to	O
demarcate	O
the	O
collection	O
time	O
of	O
scintillation	B-Algorithm
photons	O
as	O
a	O
trigger	O
time	O
(	O
t0	O
)	O
for	O
an	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photomultiplier	B-Algorithm
tubes	I-Algorithm
,	O
light	O
guides	O
,	O
and	O
silicon	O
photomultipliers	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
instruments	O
used	O
to	O
collect	O
this	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
typical	O
LArTPC	O
,	O
each	O
wire	O
in	O
each	O
anode	O
plane	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
RC	B-Algorithm
circuit	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
the	O
wire	O
itself	O
located	O
between	O
the	O
resistor	O
and	O
capacitor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XENON	B-Protocol
and	O
LUX	O
series	O
of	O
detectors	O
represent	O
the	O
state-of	O
the	O
art	O
implementation	O
of	O
this	O
instrument	O
in	O
physics	O
.	O
</s>
