<s>
Tick	O
–	O
tock	B-Device
was	O
a	O
production	O
model	O
adopted	O
in	O
2007	O
by	O
chip	O
manufacturer	O
Intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
this	O
model	O
,	O
every	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
change	O
(	O
tock	B-Device
)	O
was	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
die	O
shrink	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
technology	O
(	O
tick	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
process	B-Device
–	I-Device
architecture	I-Device
–	I-Device
optimization	I-Device
model	I-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
2016	O
and	O
is	O
like	O
a	O
tick	B-Device
–	I-Device
tock	I-Device
cycle	I-Device
followed	O
by	O
an	O
optimization	O
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
general	O
engineering	O
model	O
,	O
tick	O
–	O
tock	B-Device
is	O
a	O
model	O
that	O
refreshes	O
one	O
side	O
of	O
a	O
binary	O
system	O
each	O
release	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
"	O
tick	O
"	O
represented	O
a	O
shrinking	O
of	O
the	O
process	O
technology	O
of	O
the	O
previous	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
(	O
sometimes	O
introducing	O
new	O
instructions	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
Broadwell	B-General_Concept
,	O
released	O
in	O
late	O
2014	O
)	O
and	O
every	O
"	O
tock	B-Device
"	O
designated	O
a	O
new	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Intel	O
created	O
a	O
"	O
tock	B-Device
refresh	O
"	O
of	O
a	O
tock	B-Device
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
smaller	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
not	O
considered	O
a	O
new	O
generation	O
in	O
and	O
of	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2016	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
in	O
a	O
Form	O
10-K	O
report	O
that	O
it	O
deprecated	O
the	O
tick	B-Device
–	I-Device
tock	I-Device
cycle	I-Device
in	O
favor	O
of	O
a	O
three-step	O
process	B-Device
–	I-Device
architecture	I-Device
–	I-Device
optimization	I-Device
model	I-Device
,	O
under	O
which	O
three	O
generations	O
of	O
processors	O
are	O
produced	O
under	O
a	O
single	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
third	O
generation	O
out	O
of	O
three	O
focusing	O
on	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
optimization	O
of	O
the	O
Skylake	B-Architecture
architecture	O
was	O
Kaby	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
then	O
announced	O
a	O
second	O
optimization	O
,	O
Coffee	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
,	O
making	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
four	O
generations	O
at	O
14nm	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Pentium	O
4	O
/	O
Core	B-Device
roadmap	O
Change(step )	O
Fabri­cationprocess	O
Micro-architecture	B-General_Concept
Code	O
namesfor	O
step	O
IntelGenerationDesktop	O
IntelGenerationXeon	O
Intel	O
Microcodeshortcut(s )	O
Desktop/WSIntel	O
Releases	O
Linux	O
CPU	O
Microcodes	O
To	O
fix	O
Meltdown	O
&	O
Spectre	O
Bugs	O
by	O
Lawrence	O
Abrams	O
on	O
January	O
11	O
,	O
2018Linux*	O
Processor	O
Microcode	O
Data	O
File	O
Version	O
20180312	O
on	O
3/12/2018	O
Intel	O
Microcodeshortcut(s )	O
Xeon/Server	O
Releasedate	O
Processors	O
8P/4P	O
Server	O
4P/2P	O
Server/WS	O
Embedded	O
Xeon	O
1P	O
Xeon	O
Enthusiast/WS	O
Desktop	O
Mobile	O
Tick(new fabrica-tion process )	O
65	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
P6	B-Device
,	O
NetBurst	B-Device
Yonah	B-Device
(	O
P6	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Presler	O
(	O
NetBurst	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Cedar	O
Mill	O
(	O
NetBurst	B-Device
)	O
colspan	O
=	O
"	O
4	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
1995-11-1	O
(	O
P6	B-Device
)	O
,	O
2000-11-20	O
(	O
NetBurst	B-Device
)	O
colspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
5	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
Presler	O
(	O
NetBurst	B-Device
)	O
Cedar	O
Mill	O
(	O
NetBurst	B-Device
)	O
Yonah	B-Device
(	O
P6	B-Device
)	O
Tock(new micro-architecture )	O
Core	B-Device
Merom	B-Device
2006-07-27	O
Tigerton	O
WoodcrestClovertown	O
Kentsfield	B-Device
Conroe	O
Merom	B-Device
Tick	O
45	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
Penryn	B-Device
2007-11-11	O
Dunnington	O
Harpertown	O
Yorkfield	B-Device
Wolfdale	B-Device
Penryn	B-Device
Tock	B-Device
Nehalem	B-Device
Nehalem	B-Device
1	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
NHM	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
2008-11-17	O
Beckton	O
Gainestown	O
Lynnfield	B-Device
Bloomfield	B-Device
Lynnfield	B-Device
Clarksfield	B-Device
Tick	O
32	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
Westmere	B-Device
1	O
WSM	O
2010-01-04	O
Westmere-EX	O
Westmere-EP	B-Device
Gulftown	B-Device
Clarkdale	B-Device
Arrandale	O
Tock	B-Device
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
2	O
1	O
SNB	O
JKT	O
(	O
Jaketown	O
)	O
2011-01-09	O
(	O
Skipped	O
)	O
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge-EP	I-Device
Gladden	O
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge-E	I-Device
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
Sandy	B-Device
Bridge-M	I-Device
Tick	O
22	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
3	O
2	O
IVB	O
IVT	O
(	O
Ivytown	O
)	O
2012-04-29	O
Ivy	O
Bridge-EX	O
Ivy	O
Bridge-EP	O
Gladden	O
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
Ivy	O
Bridge-E	O
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge-M	I-Device
Tock	B-Device
Haswell	B-Device
Haswell	B-Device
4	O
3	O
HSW	O
,	O
CRW	O
(	O
Crystal	O
Well	O
)	O
with	O
Iris	O
ProProducts	O
formerly	O
Crystal	O
Well	O
at	O
Intel	O
web	O
pageWhat	O
is	O
Crystalwell	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Silvermont	B-Device
Intel	O
tried	O
to	O
start	O
Tick-Tock	O
in	O
Atom	O
architecture	O
but	O
problems	O
with	O
the	O
10	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
process	I-Algorithm
did	O
not	O
allow	O
to	O
do	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
table	O
below	O
instead	O
of	O
Tick-Tock	O
steps	O
Process-Architecture-Optimization	B-Device
are	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
official	O
confirmation	O
that	O
Intel	O
uses	O
Process-Architecture-Optimization	B-Device
for	O
Atom	O
but	O
it	O
allows	O
us	O
to	O
understand	O
what	O
changes	O
happened	O
in	O
each	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Atom	O
roadmap	O
Change	O
Fabri­cationprocess	O
Micro-architecture(Abbr. )	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
:	O
There	O
is	O
further	O
the	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
up	O
to	O
now	O
undergone	O
four	O
development	O
steps	O
with	O
a	O
current	O
top	O
model	O
that	O
got	O
the	O
code	O
name	O
Knights	O
Landing	O
(	O
shortcut	O
:	O
KNL	O
;	O
the	O
predecessor	O
code	O
names	O
all	O
had	O
the	O
leading	O
term	O
Knights	O
in	O
their	O
name	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
Silvermont	B-Device
architecture	O
as	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
Intel	O
Atom	O
series	O
but	O
realized	O
in	O
a	O
shrunk	O
14nm	B-Algorithm
(	O
FinFET	O
)	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
that	O
Knights	O
Landing	O
and	O
all	O
further	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
CPU	O
models	O
were	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Intel	O
's	O
Sierra	B-Device
Forest	I-Device
and	O
subsequent	O
Atom-based	O
Xeon	O
CPUs	O
are	O
likely	O
a	O
spiritual	O
successor	O
to	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
