<s>
Tianhe-2	B-Device
or	O
TH-2	B-Device
(	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
Milky	O
Way	O
2	O
 '	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
33.86-petaflops	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
located	O
in	O
the	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputer	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	I-Device
Guangzhou	I-Device
,	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
according	O
to	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
lists	O
for	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
November	O
2013	O
,	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
November	O
2014	O
,	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
November	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
record	O
was	O
surpassed	O
in	O
June	O
2016	O
by	O
the	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
plans	O
of	O
the	O
Sun	O
Yat-sen	O
University	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Guangzhou	O
district	O
and	O
city	O
administration	O
to	O
double	O
its	O
computing	O
capacities	O
were	O
stopped	O
by	O
a	O
U.S.	O
government	O
rejection	O
of	O
Intel	O
's	O
application	O
for	O
an	O
export	O
license	O
for	O
the	O
CPUs	O
and	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
sanction	O
,	O
China	O
introduced	O
the	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
2016	O
,	O
which	O
substantially	O
outperforms	O
the	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
(	O
and	O
also	O
affected	O
the	O
update	O
of	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
to	O
Tianhe-2A	O
replacing	O
US	O
tech	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
November	O
2022	O
ranks	O
eighth	O
in	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
while	O
using	O
completely	O
domestic	O
technology	O
including	O
the	O
Sunway	B-Device
manycore	B-General_Concept
microprocessor	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
was	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
863	O
High	O
Technology	O
Program	O
,	O
initiated	O
by	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
of	O
Guangdong	O
province	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
government	O
of	O
Guangzhou	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
had	O
yet	O
to	O
become	O
fully	O
operational	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
topped	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
of	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
and	O
was	O
still	O
listed	O
as	O
the	O
fastest	O
machine	O
in	O
the	O
November	O
2015	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
beat	O
out	O
second-place	O
finisher	O
Titan	B-Device
by	O
nearly	O
a	O
2-to-1	O
margin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Titan	B-Device
,	O
which	O
is	O
housed	O
at	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
's	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
achieved	O
17.59petaflops	O
,	O
while	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
achieved	O
33.86petaflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tianhe-2	B-Device
'	O
s	O
performance	O
returned	O
the	O
title	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
to	O
China	O
after	O
Tianhe-I	B-Device
'	O
s	O
début	O
in	O
November	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Institute	O
of	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronics	O
Engineers	O
said	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
'	O
s	O
win	O
"	O
symbolizes	O
China	O
's	O
unflinching	O
commitment	O
to	O
the	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
arms	O
race	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
China	O
housed	O
66	O
of	O
the	O
top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
,	O
second	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
 '	O
252	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
total	O
increased	O
to	O
168	O
of	O
the	O
top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
systems	O
by	O
June	O
2016	O
,	O
overtaking	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
which	O
fell	O
to	O
165	O
of	O
the	O
top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graph500	B-Device
is	O
an	O
alternate	O
list	O
of	O
top	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
based	O
on	O
a	O
benchmark	O
testing	O
analysis	O
of	O
graphs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
their	O
benchmark	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
tested	O
at	O
2,061	O
gigaTEPS	O
(	O
traversed	B-Operating_System
edges	I-Operating_System
per	I-Operating_System
second	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
system	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
Sequoia	I-Device
,	O
tested	O
at	O
15,363	O
gigaTEPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
has	O
first	O
place	O
in	O
the	O
HPCG	B-Operating_System
benchmark	I-Operating_System
test	O
proposed	O
by	O
Jack	O
Dongarra	O
,	O
with	O
0.580	O
HPCG	B-Operating_System
PFLOPS	O
in	O
June	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tianhe-2	B-Device
has	O
been	O
housed	O
at	O
National	O
University	O
of	O
Defense	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
NUDT	O
,	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
would	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
simulation	O
,	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
government	O
security	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
16,000	O
computer	O
nodes	O
,	O
each	O
comprising	O
two	O
Intel	B-Device
Ivy	I-Device
Bridge	I-Device
Xeon	B-Device
processors	O
and	O
three	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
chips	O
,	O
it	O
represented	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
largest	O
installation	O
of	O
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
and	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
chips	O
,	O
counting	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
3,120,000	O
cores	O
(	O
because	O
of	O
US	O
sanctions	O
,	O
the	O
upgrades	O
Tianhe-2A	O
switched	O
out	O
the	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
accelerators	O
for	O
Matrix-2000	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
upgraded	O
faster	O
system	O
has	O
4,981,760	O
cores	O
in	O
total	O
,	O
but	O
still	O
dropped	O
from	O
2nd	O
to	O
4th	O
place	O
because	O
of	O
new	O
faster	O
systems	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
list	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
the	O
16,000	O
nodes	O
possessed	O
88	O
gigabytes	O
of	O
memory	O
(	O
64	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Ivy	B-Device
Bridge	I-Device
processors	O
,	O
and	O
8	O
gigabytes	O
for	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
processors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
total	O
CPU	O
plus	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
memory	O
was	O
1,375	O
TiB	O
(	O
approximately	O
1.34PiB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
has	O
a	O
12.4	O
PiB	O
H2FS	O
file	O
system	O
consisting	O
of	O
IO	O
forwarding	O
nodes	O
providing	O
a	O
1	O
TiB/s	O
burst	O
rate	O
backed	O
by	O
a	O
Lustre	B-Application
file	O
system	O
with	O
100	O
GiB/s	O
sustained	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
testing	O
phase	O
,	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
was	O
laid	O
out	O
in	O
a	O
non-optimal	O
confined	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
front-end	O
system	O
consisted	O
of	O
4096	O
Galaxy	O
FT-1500	O
CPUs	O
,	O
a	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
derivative	O
designed	O
and	O
built	O
by	O
NUDT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
FT-1500	O
has	O
16cores	O
and	O
a	O
1.8GHz	O
clock	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interconnect	B-General_Concept
,	O
called	O
the	O
TH	O
Express-2	O
,	O
designed	O
by	O
NUDT	O
,	O
utilized	O
a	O
fat	B-Protocol
tree	I-Protocol
topology	B-Architecture
with	O
13switches	O
each	O
of	O
576ports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tianhe-2	B-Device
ran	O
on	O
Kylin	B-Application
Linux	I-Application
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
developed	O
by	O
NUDT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resource	O
management	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
Slurm	B-Operating_System
Workload	I-Operating_System
Manager	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
have	O
criticized	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
for	O
being	O
difficult	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
It	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
frontier	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
calculation	O
capacity	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
is	O
still	O
way	O
behind	O
the	O
ones	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
Japan	O
"	O
,	O
says	O
Chi	O
Xuebin	O
,	O
deputy	O
director	O
of	O
the	O
Computer	O
Network	O
and	O
Information	O
Centre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
location	O
of	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
is	O
in	O
Southern	O
China	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
warmer	O
weather	O
with	O
higher	O
temperature	O
could	O
increase	O
the	O
electricity	O
consumption	O
by	O
about	O
10%	O
compared	O
with	O
a	O
location	O
in	O
Northern	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
