<s>
A	O
thin-film-transistor	B-Device
liquid-crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
a	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
that	O
uses	O
thin-film-transistor	O
technology	O
to	O
improve	O
image	O
qualities	O
such	O
as	O
addressability	O
and	O
contrast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
is	O
an	O
active	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
LCD	I-Device
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
passive	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
LCDs	B-Device
or	O
simple	O
,	O
direct-driven	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
with	O
segments	O
directly	O
connected	O
to	O
electronics	O
outside	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
LCDs	B-Device
with	O
a	O
few	O
segments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TFT	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
are	O
used	O
in	O
appliances	O
including	O
television	O
sets	O
,	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
handheld	O
devices	O
,	O
video	O
game	O
systems	O
,	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
,	O
navigation	O
systems	O
,	O
projectors	B-Device
,	O
and	O
dashboards	B-Protocol
in	O
automobiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
K	O
.	O
Weimer	O
,	O
also	O
of	O
RCA	O
implemented	O
Wallmark	O
's	O
ideas	O
and	O
developed	O
the	O
thin-film	O
transistor	B-Application
(	O
TFT	O
)	O
in	O
1962	O
,	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
MOSFET	O
distinct	O
from	O
the	O
standard	O
bulk	O
MOSFET	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
TFT-based	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
was	O
conceived	O
by	O
Bernard	O
Lechner	O
of	O
RCA	O
Laboratories	O
in	O
1968	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1971	O
,	O
Lechner	O
,	O
F	O
.	O
J	O
.	O
Marlowe	O
,	O
E	O
.	O
O	O
.	O
Nester	O
and	O
J	O
.	O
Tults	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
2-by-18	O
matrix	O
display	B-Device
driven	O
by	O
a	O
hybrid	O
circuit	O
using	O
the	O
dynamic	O
scattering	O
mode	O
of	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
.	O
Asars	O
and	O
G	O
.	O
D	O
.	O
Dixon	O
at	O
Westinghouse	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
developed	O
a	O
CdSe	O
(	O
cadmium	O
selenide	O
)	O
TFT	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
used	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
first	O
CdSe	O
thin-film-transistor	B-Device
liquid-crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brody	O
and	O
Fang-Chen	O
Luo	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
flat	O
active-matrix	B-Device
liquid-crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
AM	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
using	O
CdSe	O
TFTs	O
in	O
1974	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
Brody	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
"	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
,	O
all	O
modern	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
and	O
high-quality	O
electronic	B-Device
visual	I-Device
display	I-Device
devices	O
use	O
TFT-based	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
displays	I-Device
used	O
in	O
calculators	O
and	O
other	O
devices	O
with	O
similarly	O
simple	O
displays	O
have	O
direct-driven	O
image	O
elements	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
a	O
voltage	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
applied	O
across	O
just	O
one	O
segment	O
of	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
displays	O
without	O
interfering	O
with	O
the	O
other	O
segments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
would	O
be	O
impractical	O
for	O
a	O
large	O
display	B-Device
,	O
because	O
it	O
would	O
have	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
(	O
color	O
)	O
picture	B-Algorithm
elements	I-Algorithm
(	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
it	O
would	O
require	O
millions	O
of	O
connections	O
,	O
both	O
top	O
and	O
bottom	O
for	O
each	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
colors	O
(	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
and	O
blue	O
)	O
of	O
every	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
avoid	O
this	O
issue	O
,	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
addressed	O
in	O
rows	O
and	O
columns	O
,	O
reducing	O
the	O
connection	O
count	O
from	O
millions	O
down	O
to	O
thousands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
column	O
and	O
row	O
wires	O
attach	O
to	O
transistor	B-Application
switches	O
,	O
one	O
for	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
one-way	O
current	O
passing	O
characteristic	O
of	O
the	O
transistor	B-Application
prevents	O
the	O
charge	O
that	O
is	O
being	O
applied	O
to	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
from	O
being	O
drained	O
between	O
refreshes	O
to	O
a	O
display	B-Device
's	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
small	O
capacitor	O
with	O
a	O
layer	O
of	O
insulating	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
sandwiched	O
between	O
transparent	O
conductive	O
ITO	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
circuit	O
layout	O
process	O
of	O
a	O
TFT-LCD	B-Device
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
semiconductor	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
fabricating	O
the	O
transistors	B-Application
from	O
silicon	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
formed	O
into	O
a	O
crystalline	O
silicon	O
wafer	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
made	O
from	O
a	O
thin	O
film	O
of	O
amorphous	O
silicon	O
that	O
is	O
deposited	O
on	O
a	O
glass	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
silicon	O
layer	O
for	O
TFT-LCDs	B-Device
is	O
typically	O
deposited	O
using	O
the	O
PECVD	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transistors	B-Application
take	O
up	O
only	O
a	O
small	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
silicon	O
film	O
is	O
etched	O
away	O
to	O
allow	O
light	O
to	O
easily	O
pass	O
through	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
small	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
displays	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
found	O
in	O
projectors	B-Device
or	O
viewfinders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
twisted	O
nematic	O
display	B-Device
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
and	O
frequently	O
cheapest	O
kind	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
display	I-Device
technologies	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TN	O
displays	O
benefit	O
from	O
fast	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
response	O
times	O
and	O
less	O
smearing	O
than	O
other	O
LCD	B-Device
display	I-Device
technology	O
,	O
but	O
suffer	O
from	O
poor	O
color	O
reproduction	O
and	O
limited	O
viewing	O
angles	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
vertical	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Colors	O
will	O
shift	O
,	O
potentially	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
completely	O
inverting	O
,	O
when	O
viewed	O
at	O
an	O
angle	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
the	O
display	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
,	O
high	O
end	O
consumer	O
products	O
have	O
developed	O
methods	O
to	O
overcome	O
the	O
technology	O
's	O
shortcomings	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
RTC	O
(	O
Response	B-Device
Time	I-Device
Compensation	I-Device
/	O
Overdrive	O
)	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
TN	O
panels	O
can	O
represent	O
colors	O
using	O
only	O
six	O
bits	O
per	O
RGB	O
channel	O
,	O
or	O
18	O
bit	O
in	O
total	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
unable	O
to	O
display	B-Device
the	O
16.7	O
million	O
color	O
shades	O
(	O
24-bit	O
truecolor	O
)	O
that	O
are	O
available	O
using	O
24-bit	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
these	O
panels	O
display	B-Device
interpolated	O
24-bit	O
color	O
using	O
a	O
dithering	O
method	O
that	O
combines	O
adjacent	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
desired	O
shade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
also	O
use	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
temporal	B-General_Concept
dithering	I-General_Concept
called	O
Frame	B-General_Concept
Rate	I-General_Concept
Control	I-General_Concept
(	O
FRC	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
which	O
cycles	O
between	O
different	O
shades	O
with	O
each	O
new	O
frame	O
to	O
simulate	O
an	O
intermediate	O
shade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FRC	B-General_Concept
tends	O
to	O
be	O
most	O
noticeable	O
in	O
darker	O
tones	O
,	O
while	O
dithering	O
appears	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
individual	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
visible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortcomings	O
in	O
display	B-Device
color	O
gamut	O
(	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
percentage	O
of	O
the	O
NTSC	O
1953	O
color	O
gamut	O
)	O
are	O
also	O
due	O
to	O
backlighting	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transmittance	O
of	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
of	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
typically	O
does	O
not	O
change	O
linearly	O
with	O
the	O
applied	O
voltage	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
sRGB	O
standard	O
for	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
requires	O
a	O
specific	O
nonlinear	O
dependence	O
of	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
emitted	O
light	O
as	O
a	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
RGB	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-plane	B-Architecture
switching	I-Architecture
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Hitachi	O
Ltd	O
.	O
in	O
1996	O
to	O
improve	O
on	O
the	O
poor	O
viewing	O
angle	O
and	O
the	O
poor	O
color	O
reproduction	O
of	O
TN	O
panels	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
change	O
reduces	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
light	O
scattering	O
in	O
the	O
matrix	O
,	O
which	O
gives	O
IPS	B-Architecture
its	O
characteristic	O
wide	O
viewing	O
angles	O
and	O
good	O
color	O
reproduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
iterations	O
of	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
were	O
characterised	O
by	O
slow	O
response	O
time	O
and	O
a	O
low	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
but	O
later	O
revisions	O
have	O
made	O
marked	O
improvements	O
to	O
these	O
shortcomings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
its	O
wide	O
viewing	O
angle	O
and	O
accurate	O
color	O
reproduction	O
(	O
with	O
almost	O
no	O
off-angle	O
color	O
shift	O
)	O
,	O
IPS	B-Architecture
is	O
widely	O
employed	O
in	O
high-end	O
monitors	O
aimed	O
at	O
professional	O
graphic	O
artists	O
,	O
although	O
with	O
the	O
recent	O
fall	O
in	O
price	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
mainstream	O
market	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
was	O
sold	O
to	O
Panasonic	O
by	O
Hitachi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Hitachi	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
developmentIPS-Pro	O
(	O
Evolving	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
)	O
NameNicknameYearAdvantageTransmittance/contrast	O
ratioRemarks	O
Super	O
TFT	O
IPS	B-Architecture
1996	O
Wide	O
viewing	O
angle	O
100/100Base	O
level	O
Most	O
panels	O
also	O
support	O
true	O
8-bit	O
per	O
channel	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
improvements	O
came	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
higher	O
response	O
time	O
,	O
initially	O
about	O
50	O
ms.	O
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
were	O
also	O
extremely	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Super-IPS	O
S-IPS	O
1998	O
Color	O
shift	O
free	O
100/137	O
IPS	B-Architecture
has	O
since	O
been	O
superseded	O
by	O
S-IPS	O
(	O
Super-IPS	O
,	O
Hitachi	O
Ltd	O
.	O
in	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
all	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
with	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
improved	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
refresh	O
timing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
Super-IPS	O
AS-IPS	O
2002	O
High	O
transmittance	O
130/250	O
AS-IPS	O
,	O
also	O
developed	O
by	O
Hitachi	O
Ltd	O
.	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
improves	O
substantially	O
on	O
the	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
of	O
traditional	O
S-IPS	O
panels	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
second	O
only	O
to	O
some	O
S-PVAs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS-Provectus	O
IPS-Pro	O
2004	O
High	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
137/313	O
The	O
latest	O
panel	O
from	O
IPS	B-Architecture
Alpha	O
Technology	O
with	O
a	O
wider	O
color	O
gamut	O
and	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
matching	O
PVA	O
and	O
ASV	O
displays	O
without	O
off-angle	O
glowing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
LG	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
developmentNameNicknameYearRemarksHorizontal	O
IPSH-IPS2007Improves	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
by	O
twisting	O
electrode	O
plane	O
layout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
professional/photography	O
LCDs.Enhanced	O
IPSE-IPS2009Wider	O
aperture	O
for	O
light	O
transmission	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
lower-power	O
,	O
cheaper	O
backlights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
possible	O
orientations	O
per	O
sub-pixel	O
(	O
1024	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
256	O
)	O
and	O
produces	O
a	O
better	O
true	O
color	O
depth.Advanced	O
High	O
Performance	O
IPSAH-IPS2011Improved	O
color	O
accuracy	O
,	O
increased	O
resolution	O
and	O
PPI	O
,	O
and	O
greater	O
light	O
transmission	O
for	O
lower	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
IPS	B-Architecture
by	O
Boe-Hydis	O
of	O
Korea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Known	O
as	O
fringe	O
field	O
switching	O
(	O
FFS	O
)	O
until	O
2003	O
,	O
advanced	O
fringe	O
field	O
switching	O
is	O
a	O
technology	O
similar	O
to	O
IPS	B-Architecture
or	O
S-IPS	O
offering	O
superior	O
performance	O
and	O
color	O
gamut	O
with	O
high	O
luminosity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AFFS	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
Hydis	O
Technologies	O
Co.	O
,	O
Ltd	O
,	O
Korea	O
(	O
formally	O
Hyundai	O
Electronics	O
,	O
LCD	B-Device
Task	O
Force	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
achieved	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
response	O
which	O
was	O
fast	O
for	O
its	O
time	O
,	O
wide	O
viewing	O
angles	O
,	O
and	O
high	O
contrast	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
brightness	O
and	O
color	O
reproduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
MVA	O
panels	O
can	O
offer	O
wide	O
viewing	O
angles	O
(	O
second	O
only	O
to	O
S-IPS	O
technology	O
)	O
,	O
good	O
black	O
depth	O
,	O
good	O
color	O
reproduction	O
and	O
depth	O
,	O
and	O
fast	O
response	O
times	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
RTC	O
(	O
Response	B-Device
Time	I-Device
Compensation	I-Device
)	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Less	O
expensive	O
PVA	O
panels	O
often	O
use	O
dithering	O
and	O
FRC	B-General_Concept
,	O
whereas	O
super-PVA	O
(	O
S-PVA	O
)	O
panels	O
all	O
use	O
at	O
least	O
8	O
bits	O
per	O
color	O
component	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
use	O
color	O
simulation	O
methods.S-PVA	O
also	O
largely	O
eliminated	O
off-angle	O
glowing	O
of	O
solid	O
blacks	O
and	O
reduced	O
the	O
off-angle	O
gamma	O
shift	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
high-end	O
Sony	O
BRAVIA	O
LCD	B-Device
TVs	O
offer	O
10-bit	O
and	O
xvYCC	O
color	O
support	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Bravia	O
X4500	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
VA	O
mode	O
where	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
molecules	O
orient	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
the	O
substrates	O
in	O
the	O
off	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bottom	O
sub-pixel	O
has	O
continuously	O
covered	O
electrodes	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
upper	O
one	O
has	O
a	O
smaller	O
area	O
electrode	O
in	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
subpixel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
field	O
is	O
on	O
,	O
the	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
molecules	O
start	O
to	O
tilt	O
towards	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
sub-pixels	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
electric	O
field	O
;	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
a	O
continuous	O
pinwheel	O
alignment	O
(	O
CPA	O
)	O
is	O
formed	O
;	O
the	O
azimuthal	O
angle	O
rotates	O
360	O
degrees	O
continuously	O
resulting	O
in	O
an	O
excellent	O
viewing	O
angle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
technology	O
developed	O
by	O
Samsung	B-Application
is	O
Super	O
PLS	O
,	O
which	O
bears	O
similarities	O
to	O
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
,	O
has	O
wider	O
viewing	O
angles	O
,	O
better	O
image	O
quality	O
,	O
increased	O
brightness	O
,	O
and	O
lower	O
production	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PLS	O
technology	O
debuted	O
in	O
the	O
PC	O
display	B-Device
market	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
S27A850	O
and	O
S24A850	O
monitors	O
in	O
September	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TFT	O
dual-transistor	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
or	O
cell	O
technology	O
is	O
a	O
reflective-display	O
technology	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
very-low-power-consumption	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
electronic	O
shelf	O
labels	O
(	O
ESL	O
)	O
,	O
digital	O
watches	O
,	O
or	O
metering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DTP	O
involves	O
adding	O
a	O
secondary	O
transistor	B-Application
gate	O
in	O
the	O
single	O
TFT	O
cell	O
to	O
maintain	O
the	O
display	B-Device
of	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
during	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
1s	O
without	O
loss	O
of	O
image	O
or	O
without	O
degrading	O
the	O
TFT	O
transistors	B-Application
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
very	O
high	O
cost	O
of	O
building	O
TFT	O
factories	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
few	O
major	O
OEM	O
panel	O
vendors	O
for	O
large	O
display	B-Device
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	O
consumer	O
display	B-Device
devices	I-Device
like	O
a	O
TFT	B-Device
LCD	I-Device
feature	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
analog	O
VGA	B-Protocol
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
,	O
or	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
interface	O
,	O
with	O
many	O
featuring	O
a	O
selection	O
of	O
these	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inside	O
external	O
display	B-Device
devices	I-Device
there	O
is	O
a	O
controller	O
board	O
that	O
will	O
convert	O
the	O
video	O
signal	O
using	O
color	B-Algorithm
mapping	I-Algorithm
and	O
image	B-Algorithm
scaling	I-Algorithm
usually	O
employing	O
the	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
convert	O
any	O
video	O
source	O
like	O
CVBS	O
,	O
VGA	B-Protocol
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
into	O
digital	O
RGB	O
at	O
the	O
native	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
display	B-Device
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
laptop	O
the	O
graphics	O
chip	O
will	O
directly	O
produce	O
a	O
signal	O
suitable	O
for	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
built-in	O
TFT	B-Device
display	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
low	O
level	O
interface	O
of	O
STN	B-General_Concept
,	O
DSTN	B-Application
,	O
or	O
TFT	B-Device
display	I-Device
panels	O
use	O
either	O
single	O
ended	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
5V	O
signal	O
for	O
older	O
displays	O
or	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
3.3V	O
for	O
slightly	O
newer	O
displays	O
that	O
transmits	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
clock	O
,	O
horizontal	B-General_Concept
sync	I-General_Concept
,	O
vertical	O
sync	O
,	O
digital	O
red	O
,	O
digital	O
green	O
,	O
digital	O
blue	O
in	O
parallel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
models	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
the	O
AT070TN92	O
)	O
also	O
feature	O
input/display	B-Architecture
enable	I-Architecture
,	O
horizontal	O
scan	O
direction	O
and	O
vertical	O
scan	O
direction	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
and	O
large	O
(	O
>15	O
"	O
)	O
TFT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
often	O
use	O
LVDS	B-Architecture
signaling	O
that	O
transmits	O
the	O
same	O
contents	O
as	O
the	O
parallel	O
interface	O
(	O
Hsync	O
,	O
Vsync	O
,	O
RGB	O
)	O
but	O
will	O
put	O
control	O
and	O
RGB	O
bits	O
into	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
serial	O
transmission	O
lines	O
synchronized	O
to	O
a	O
clock	O
whose	O
rate	O
is	O
equal	O
to	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LVDS	B-Architecture
transmits	O
seven	O
bits	O
per	O
clock	O
per	O
data	O
line	O
,	O
with	O
six	O
bits	O
being	O
data	O
and	O
one	O
bit	O
used	O
to	O
signal	O
if	O
the	O
other	O
six	O
bits	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
inverted	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
maintain	O
DC	O
balance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-cost	O
TFT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
often	O
have	O
three	O
data	O
lines	O
and	O
therefore	O
only	O
directly	O
support	O
18	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upscale	O
displays	O
have	O
four	O
or	O
five	O
data	O
lines	O
to	O
support	O
24	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
(	O
truecolor	O
)	O
or	O
30	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panel	O
manufacturers	O
are	O
slowly	O
replacing	O
LVDS	B-Architecture
with	O
Internal	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
and	O
Embedded	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
allow	O
sixfold	O
reduction	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
differential	O
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Backlight	O
intensity	O
is	O
usually	O
controlled	O
by	O
varying	O
a	O
few	O
volts	O
DC	O
,	O
or	O
generating	O
a	O
PWM	B-Algorithm
signal	O
,	O
or	O
adjusting	O
a	O
potentiometer	B-Device
or	O
simply	O
fixed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
intensity	O
of	O
LED	O
is	O
to	O
pulse	O
them	O
with	O
PWM	B-Algorithm
which	O
can	O
be	O
source	O
of	O
harmonic	O
flicker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bare	O
display	B-Device
panel	O
will	O
only	O
accept	O
a	O
digital	O
video	O
signal	O
at	O
the	O
resolution	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
panel	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
matrix	O
designed	O
at	O
manufacture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
analogue	O
signals	O
like	O
VGA	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
display	B-Device
controller	O
also	O
needs	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
high	O
speed	O
analog	O
to	O
digital	O
conversion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
digital	O
input	O
signals	O
like	O
DVI	B-Protocol
or	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
some	O
simple	O
reordering	O
of	O
the	O
bits	O
is	O
needed	O
before	O
feeding	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
rescaler	O
if	O
the	O
input	O
resolution	O
does	O
n't	O
match	O
the	O
display	B-Device
panel	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
are	O
constantly	O
subjected	O
to	O
toxicity	O
and	O
eco-toxicity	O
testing	O
for	O
any	O
hazard	O
potential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
three	O
manufacturers	O
have	O
agreed	O
not	O
to	O
introduce	O
any	O
acutely	O
toxic	O
or	O
mutagenic	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
to	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
cover	O
more	O
than	O
90	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
global	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
remaining	O
market	O
share	O
of	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
,	O
produced	O
primarily	O
in	O
China	O
,	O
consists	O
of	O
older	O
,	O
patent-free	O
substances	O
from	O
the	O
three	O
leading	O
world	O
producers	O
and	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
tested	O
for	O
toxicity	O
by	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CCFL	O
backlights	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
contain	O
mercury	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
toxic	O
.	O
</s>
