<s>
TeraView	B-Algorithm
Limited	O
,	O
or	O
TeraView	B-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
a	O
company	O
that	O
designs	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
imaging	O
and	O
spectroscopy	O
instruments	O
and	O
equipment	O
for	O
measurement	O
and	O
evaluation	O
of	O
pharmaceutical	O
tablets	O
,	O
nanomaterials	O
,	O
ceramics	O
and	O
composites	O
,	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
chips	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TeraView	B-Algorithm
was	O
co-founded	O
by	O
Michael	O
Pepper	O
(	O
CSO	O
)	O
and	O
Dr	O
Don	O
Arnone	O
(	O
CEO	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
spin-out	O
of	O
Toshiba	O
Research	O
Europe	O
in	O
April	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
was	O
set	O
up	O
to	O
exploit	O
the	O
intellectual	O
property	O
and	O
expertise	O
developed	O
in	O
sourcing	O
and	O
detecting	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
radiation	I-Architecture
(	O
1	O
THz	O
=	O
33.3cm	O
−1	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
semiconductor	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leading	O
industry	O
proponents	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
sit	O
on	O
its	O
Advisory	O
Board	O
,	O
and	O
TeraView	B-Algorithm
maintains	O
close	O
links	O
with	O
the	O
Cavendish	O
Laboratory	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
research	O
universities	O
which	O
had	O
an	O
interest	O
in	O
Terahertz	B-Architecture
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TeraView	B-Algorithm
has	O
developed	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
instruments	O
that	O
harness	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
radiation	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terahertz	B-Architecture
light	I-Architecture
has	O
some	O
interesting	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
common	O
materials	O
and	O
living	O
tissues	O
are	O
semi-transparent	O
and	O
have	O
‘	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
fingerprints’	O
,	O
permitting	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
imaged	O
,	O
identified	O
,	O
and	O
analyzed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
the	O
non-ionizing	O
properties	O
of	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
radiation	I-Architecture
and	O
the	O
relatively	O
low	O
power	O
levels	O
used	O
indicate	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
safe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EOTPR	O
3000	O
-	O
Electro-optical	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
pulsed	O
reflectometer	O
-	O
spectrometer	O
for	O
identification	O
and	O
isolation	O
of	O
faults	O
on	O
interconnects	O
of	O
advanced	O
packages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
flip	B-Device
chip	I-Device
,	O
package	B-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
package	I-Algorithm
(	O
PoP	O
)	O
and	O
potentially	O
through-silicon	B-Algorithm
vias	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
's	O
primary	O
focus	O
of	O
investigation	O
includes	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
light	I-Architecture
into	O
a	O
useful	O
spectroscopic	O
and	O
imaging	O
technique	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
‘	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
gap’	O
–	O
where	O
until	O
recently	O
bright	O
sources	O
of	O
light	O
and	O
sensitive	O
means	O
of	O
detection	O
were	O
difficult	O
to	O
access	O
–	O
encompasses	O
frequencies	O
invisible	O
to	O
the	O
naked	O
eye	O
in	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
spectrum	O
,	O
lying	O
between	O
microwave	O
and	O
infrared	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
from	O
0.3	O
to	O
3THz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TeraView	B-Algorithm
's	O
existing	O
instruments	O
generate	O
,	O
detect	O
and	O
manipulate	O
THz	O
light	O
and	O
have	O
been	O
tested	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
application	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
applications	O
of	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
radiation	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
pharmaceutical	O
industry	O
include	O
nondestructive	O
estimation	O
of	O
critical	O
quality	O
attributes	O
in	O
pharmaceutical	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
crystalline	O
structure	O
,	O
thickness	O
and	O
chemical	O
composition	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TeraView	B-Algorithm
has	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
instruments	O
can	O
produce	O
3D	O
coating	O
thickness	O
maps	O
for	O
multiple	O
coating	O
layers	O
and	O
structural	O
features	O
models	O
allowing	O
better	O
understanding	O
and	O
control	O
of	O
product	O
scale	O
up	O
and	O
manufacture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
recognize	O
spectral	O
fingerprints	O
,	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
pulsed	O
imaging	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
provide	O
contrast	O
between	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
soft	O
tissue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attempts	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
to	O
apply	O
Terahertz	B-Architecture
to	O
image	O
cancers	O
like	O
breast	O
,	O
cancer	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
diseases	O
in	O
medicine	O
,	O
oral	O
health	O
care	O
,	O
and	O
related	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
announced	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
cleared	O
by	O
the	O
Medicines	O
and	O
Healthcare	O
products	O
Regulatory	O
Agency	O
(	O
MHRA	O
)	O
to	O
trial	O
in-vivo	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
spectroscopy	O
for	O
bio-medical	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terahertz	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
safely	O
,	O
noninvasively	O
and	O
quickly	O
image	O
through	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
clothing	O
and	O
other	O
concealment	O
and	O
confusion	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
hypothesized	O
that	O
because	O
THz	O
light	O
is	O
absorbed	O
by	O
explosive	O
materials	O
at	O
certain	O
frequencies	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
find	O
unique	O
'	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
fingerprints	O
 '	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
distinguished	O
from	O
clothing	O
or	O
other	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
THz	B-Architecture
spectroscopy	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
non-contact	O
analytical	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
absorption	O
coefficient	O
and	O
refractive	O
index	O
measured	O
by	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
pulsed	O
spectroscopy	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
directly	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
high	O
frequency-dependent	O
complex	O
conductivities	O
of	O
materials	O
in	O
the	O
0.1	O
–	O
3	O
THz	O
(	O
3	O
–	O
100cm−1	O
)	O
region	O
of	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
has	O
been	O
applied	O
to	O
some	O
areas	O
of	O
solid	O
state	O
physics	O
research	O
such	O
as	O
semiconductors	O
,	O
high-temperature	O
superconductors	O
,	O
terahertz	B-Algorithm
metamaterials	I-Algorithm
,	O
carrier	O
density	O
dynamics	O
,	O
graphene	O
,	O
carbon	O
nanotubes	O
,	O
magnetism	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terahertz	B-Architecture
light	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
non-contact	O
technique	O
for	O
analysis	O
in	O
material	O
integrity	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
THz	B-Architecture
waves	I-Architecture
for	O
non-destructive	O
evaluation	O
enables	O
inspection	O
of	O
multi-layered	O
structures	O
and	O
can	O
identify	O
abnormalities	O
from	O
foreign	O
material	O
inclusions	O
,	O
disbond	O
and	O
delamination	O
,	O
mechanical	O
impact	O
damage	O
,	O
heat	O
damage	O
,	O
and	O
water	O
or	O
hydraulic	O
fluid	O
ingression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
research	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
and	O
active	O
collaboration	O
with	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Cambridge	O
is	O
aiming	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
sensor	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
paint	O
coatings	O
on	O
cars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terahertz	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
allows	O
high	O
resolution	O
3D	O
imaging	O
of	O
semiconductor	B-Algorithm
packages	I-Algorithm
and	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Working	O
with	O
Intel	O
on	O
the	O
applications	O
of	O
THz	O
technology	O
for	O
the	O
semiconductor	O
industry	O
,	O
TeraView	B-Algorithm
developed	O
a	O
new	O
technique	O
which	O
combines	O
electro-optics	O
and	O
THz	O
pulses	O
in	O
a	O
non-destructive	O
Electro	O
Optical	O
Terahertz	B-Architecture
Pulse	O
Reflectometry	O
(	O
EOTPR	O
)	O
which	O
operates	O
at	O
up	O
to	O
2	O
THz	O
with	O
resolution	O
of	O
10	O
μm	O
for	O
improved	O
fault	O
isolation	O
and	O
failure	O
analysis	O
process-flow	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
unique	O
capabilities	O
of	O
terahertz	B-Architecture
TDR	O
and	O
its	O
advantages	O
over	O
the	O
conventional	O
TDR	O
have	O
been	O
recognized	O
.	O
</s>
