<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
is	O
the	O
transmission	O
of	O
radiological	O
patient	O
images	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
x-rays	B-Library
,	O
CTs	O
,	O
and	O
MRIs	B-Algorithm
,	O
from	O
one	O
location	O
to	O
another	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
sharing	O
studies	O
with	O
other	O
radiologists	O
and	O
physicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
is	O
a	O
growth	O
technology	O
given	O
that	O
imaging	O
procedures	O
are	O
growing	O
approximately	O
15%	O
annually	O
against	O
an	O
increase	O
of	O
only	O
2%	O
in	O
the	O
radiologist	O
population	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
allows	O
radiologists	O
to	O
provide	O
services	O
without	O
actually	O
having	O
to	O
be	O
at	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
the	O
patient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
particularly	O
important	O
when	O
a	O
sub-specialist	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
radiologist	O
,	O
neuroradiologist	O
,	O
pediatric	O
radiologist	O
,	O
or	O
musculoskeletal	O
radiologist	O
is	O
needed	O
,	O
since	O
these	O
professionals	O
are	O
generally	O
only	O
located	O
in	O
large	O
metropolitan	O
areas	O
working	O
during	O
daytime	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
allows	O
for	O
trained	O
specialists	O
to	O
be	O
available	O
24/7	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
utilizes	O
standard	O
network	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
telephone	O
lines	O
,	O
wide	O
area	O
network	O
,	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
the	O
latest	O
high	O
tech	O
being	O
computer	O
clouds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technologies	O
such	O
as	O
advanced	O
graphics	O
processing	O
,	O
voice	O
recognition	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
image	O
compression	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
teleradiology	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
tele	O
radiology	O
and	O
mobile	O
DICOM	B-Algorithm
viewers	O
,	O
images	O
can	O
be	O
sent	O
to	O
another	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
hospital	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
other	O
locations	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
teleradiology	B-Application
services	O
,	O
the	O
turnaround	O
time	O
is	O
extremely	O
rapid	O
with	O
a	O
30-minute	O
standard	O
turnaround	O
and	O
expedited	O
for	O
critical	O
and	O
stroke	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
Final	O
Reports	O
can	O
be	O
provided	O
for	O
emergency	O
and	O
non-emergency	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
Preliminary	O
or	O
Final	O
Reports	O
can	O
be	O
provided	O
for	O
all	O
doctors	O
and	O
hospitals	O
overflow	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
can	O
be	O
available	O
for	O
intermittent	O
coverage	O
as	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
practices	O
and	O
will	O
provide	O
patients	O
with	O
the	O
highest	O
quality	O
care	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
various	O
medical	O
practitioners	O
who	O
are	O
not	O
radiologists	O
that	O
take	O
on	O
studies	O
in	O
radiology	O
to	O
become	O
sub	O
specialists	O
in	O
their	O
respected	O
fields	O
,	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
dentistry	O
where	O
oral	B-Application
and	I-Application
maxillofacial	I-Application
radiology	I-Application
allows	O
those	O
in	O
dentistry	O
to	O
specialize	O
in	O
the	O
acquisition	O
and	O
interpretation	O
of	O
radiographic	O
imaging	O
studies	O
performed	O
for	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
treatment	O
guidance	O
for	O
conditions	O
affecting	O
the	O
maxillofacial	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
advanced	O
teleradiology	B-Application
systems	O
must	O
also	O
be	O
HIPAA	O
compliant	O
,	O
which	O
helps	O
to	O
ensure	O
patients	O
 '	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quality	O
teleradiology	B-Application
must	O
abide	O
by	O
important	O
HIPAA	O
rules	O
to	O
ensure	O
patients	O
 '	O
privacy	O
is	O
protected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ensuring	O
compliance	O
with	O
these	O
laws	O
is	O
a	O
significant	O
overhead	O
expense	O
for	O
larger	O
multi-state	O
teleradiology	B-Application
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
changes	O
to	O
Medicare	O
and	O
Radiology	O
/	O
Teleradiology	B-Application
in	O
Australia	O
was	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Diagnostic	O
Imaging	O
Accreditation	O
Scheme	O
(	O
DIAS	O
)	O
on	O
1	O
July	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
teleradiology	B-Application
was	O
primarily	O
used	O
by	O
individual	O
radiologists	O
to	O
interpret	O
occasional	O
emergency	O
studies	O
from	O
offsite	O
locations	O
,	O
often	O
in	O
the	O
radiologists	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleradiology	B-Application
expanded	O
rapidly	O
as	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
and	O
broad	O
band	O
combined	O
with	O
new	O
CT	O
scanner	O
technology	O
to	O
become	O
an	O
essential	O
tool	O
in	O
trauma	O
cases	O
in	O
emergency	O
rooms	O
throughout	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
occasional	O
2	O
–	O
3	O
x-ray	B-Library
studies	O
a	O
week	O
soon	O
became	O
3	O
–	O
10	O
CT	O
scans	O
,	O
or	O
more	O
,	O
a	O
night	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
ER	O
physicians	O
are	O
not	O
trained	O
to	O
read	O
CT	O
scans	O
or	O
MRIs	B-Algorithm
,	O
radiologists	O
went	O
from	O
working	O
8	O
–	O
10	O
hours	O
a	O
day	O
,	O
five	O
and	O
half	O
days	O
a	O
week	O
to	O
a	O
schedule	O
of	O
24	O
hours	O
a	O
day	O
,	O
7	O
days	O
a	O
week	O
coverage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
circumstances	O
spawned	O
a	O
post-dot.com	O
boom	O
of	O
firms	O
and	O
groups	O
that	O
provided	O
medical	O
outsourcing	O
,	O
off-site	O
teleradiology	B-Application
on-call	O
services	O
to	O
hospitals	O
and	O
Radiology	O
Groups	O
around	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
teleradiology	B-Application
firm	O
might	O
cover	O
trauma	O
at	O
a	O
hospital	O
in	O
Indiana	O
with	O
doctors	O
based	O
in	O
Texas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
teleradiology	B-Application
firms	O
are	O
facing	O
pricing	O
pressures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
teleradiology	B-Application
is	O
flourishing	O
in	O
the	O
developed	O
world	O
,	O
few	O
teleradiological	O
links	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
developing	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
examples	O
of	O
simple	O
,	O
low-cost	O
nonprofit	O
teleradiology	B-Application
solutions	O
have	O
been	O
employed	O
by	O
Satellife	O
and	O
the	O
Swinfen	O
Charitable	O
Trust	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
Swinfen	O
Charitable	O
Trust	O
,	O
a	O
U.K.	O
based	O
nonprofit	O
organization	O
founded	O
by	O
Lord	O
and	O
Lady	O
Swinfen	O
,	O
gave	O
healthcare	O
personnel	O
in	O
remote	O
places	O
internet	O
access	O
and	O
a	O
digital	O
camera	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
facilitated	O
a	O
low-cost	O
telemedicine	B-Application
service	O
linking	O
doctors	O
at	O
hospitals	O
in	O
the	O
developing	O
world	O
with	O
medical	O
and	O
surgical	O
consultants	O
who	O
gave	O
advice	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operated	O
by	O
volunteer	O
radiologists	O
,	O
Téléradiologie	O
sans	O
Frontières	O
(	O
Teleradiology	B-Application
without	O
Borders	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
Luxembourg-based	O
nonprofit	O
organization	O
founded	O
by	O
Dr	O
Jean-Baptiste	O
Niedercorn	O
and	O
Dr	O
Gérald	O
Wajnapel	O
,	O
started	O
to	O
provide	O
teleradiology	B-Application
imaging	O
services	O
to	O
developing	O
countries	O
using	O
a	O
professional	O
cloud	O
picture	B-Application
archiving	I-Application
and	I-Application
communications	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
PACS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
many	O
established	O
private	O
teleradiology	B-Application
practices	O
such	O
as	O
Virtual	O
Radiologic	O
(	O
vRad	O
)	O
are	O
also	O
involved	O
in	O
pilot	O
programs	O
with	O
NGOs	O
,	O
reporting	O
radiographs	O
from	O
rural	O
health	O
centres	O
,	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
