<s>
It	O
is	O
typically	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
articulating	B-Device
screen	I-Device
mounted	O
on	O
the	O
left	O
side	O
,	O
a	O
belt	O
to	O
facilitate	O
holding	O
on	O
the	O
right	O
side	O
,	O
hot-swappable	B-Device
battery	O
facing	O
towards	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
hot-swappable	B-Device
recording	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
an	O
internally	O
contained	O
quiet	O
optical	O
zoom	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
recording	O
became	O
the	O
norm	O
,	O
with	O
tape	O
replaced	O
by	O
storage	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
mini-HD	O
,	O
microDVD	O
,	O
internal	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
and	O
SD	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
devices	O
capable	O
of	O
recording	O
video	O
are	O
camera	O
phones	O
and	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
primarily	O
intended	O
for	O
still	O
pictures	O
,	O
whereas	O
dedicated	O
camcorders	O
are	O
often	O
equipped	O
with	O
more	O
functions	O
and	O
interfaces	B-Protocol
than	O
more	O
common	O
cameras	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
internal	O
optical	O
zoom	O
lens	O
that	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
operate	O
silently	O
with	O
no	O
throttled	O
speed	O
,	O
whereas	O
cameras	O
with	O
protracting	O
zoom	O
lenses	O
commonly	O
throttle	O
operation	O
speed	O
during	O
video	O
recording	O
to	O
minimize	O
acoustic	O
disturbance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
cameras	O
originally	O
designed	O
for	O
television	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
were	O
large	O
and	O
heavy	O
,	O
mounted	O
on	O
special	O
pedestals	O
and	O
wired	O
to	O
remote	O
recorders	O
in	O
separate	O
rooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
standard	O
equipment	O
for	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
technology	O
emerged	O
with	O
the	O
1986	O
Sony	O
D1	O
,	O
a	O
device	O
which	O
recorded	O
uncompressed	B-General_Concept
data	O
and	O
required	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
bandwidth	O
for	O
its	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
Ampex	O
introduced	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
first	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
format	O
with	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
using	O
the	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
algorithm	O
present	O
in	O
most	O
commercial	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Camcorders	O
using	O
DVD	O
media	O
were	O
popular	O
at	O
the	O
turn	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
convenience	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
drop	O
a	O
disc	O
into	O
the	O
family	O
DVD	B-Device
player	I-Device
;	O
however	O
,	O
DVD	O
capability	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
the	O
format	O
,	O
is	O
largely	O
limited	O
to	O
consumer-level	O
equipment	O
targeted	O
at	O
people	O
who	O
are	O
not	O
likely	O
to	O
spend	O
any	O
great	O
amount	O
of	O
effort	O
video	O
editing	O
their	O
video	O
footage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
launched	O
DVCPRO	O
HD	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
expanding	O
the	O
DV	O
codec	B-General_Concept
to	O
support	O
high	O
definition	O
(	O
HD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
introduced	O
the	O
XDCAM	O
tapeless	O
video	O
format	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
introducing	O
the	O
Professional	B-Device
Disc	I-Device
(	O
PFD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
followed	O
in	O
2004	O
with	O
its	O
P2	B-Device
solid	B-Device
state	I-Device
memory	I-Device
cards	O
as	O
a	O
recording	O
medium	O
for	O
DVCPRO-HD	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
About	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
some	O
consumer	O
grade	O
camcorders	O
with	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
and/or	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
recording	O
used	O
MOD	O
and	O
TOD	O
file	B-Operating_System
formats	O
,	O
accessible	O
by	O
USB	B-Protocol
from	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
James	O
Cameron	O
's	O
2009	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
Avatar	O
,	O
full	O
1080p	O
HD	O
3D	B-Algorithm
camcorders	I-Algorithm
entered	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
file-based	O
digital	B-General_Concept
formats	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
recording	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
and	O
recording	O
format	O
has	O
declined	O
;	O
video	O
can	O
be	O
recorded	O
onto	O
different	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
tapeless	O
formats	O
,	O
recording	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
are	O
storage	O
for	O
digital	B-Operating_System
files	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
Panasonic	O
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
and	O
JVC	O
released	O
consumer-grade	O
camcorders	O
capable	O
of	O
filming	O
in	O
3D	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
2D	O
camcorder	O
which	O
can	O
shoot	O
in	O
HD	O
;	O
3D	B-Algorithm
is	O
achieved	O
by	O
a	O
detachable	O
conversion	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
released	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
camcorder	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
HDR-TD10	O
,	O
with	O
two	O
lenses	O
built	O
in	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
filming	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
optionally	O
shoot	O
2D	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
has	O
also	O
released	O
2D	O
camcorders	O
with	O
an	O
optional	O
3D	B-Algorithm
conversion	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HDC-SD90	O
,	O
HDC-SD900	O
,	O
HDC-TM900	O
and	O
HDC-HS900	O
are	O
sold	O
as	O
"	O
3D-ready	O
"	O
:	O
2D	O
camcorders	O
,	O
with	O
optional	O
3D	B-Algorithm
capability	O
at	O
a	O
later	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
CES	O
(	O
January	O
)	O
2014	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
the	O
first	O
consumer/low	O
-end	O
professional	O
(	O
"	O
prosumer	O
"	O
)	O
camcorder	O
Sony	O
FDR-AX100	O
with	O
a	O
1	O
"	O
20.9MP	O
sensor	O
able	O
to	O
shoot	O
4K	O
video	O
in	O
3840x2160	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
30fps	O
or	O
24fps	O
in	O
the	O
XAVC-S	O
format	O
;	O
in	O
standard	O
HD	O
the	O
camcorder	O
can	O
also	O
deliver	O
60fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
use	O
1/2.3	O
"	O
small	O
sensor	O
as	O
commonly	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
the	O
camcorder	O
has	O
20x	O
optical	O
zoom	O
in	O
a	O
compact	O
body	O
with	O
dual	O
XLR	O
audio	O
inputs	O
,	O
Internal	O
ND	O
filters	O
and	O
separate	O
control	O
rings	O
for	O
focus	O
,	O
iris	O
and	O
zoom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
only	O
announced	O
details	O
regarding	O
their	O
Mirrorless	O
Micro	B-Operating_System
Four	I-Operating_System
Thirds	I-Operating_System
Digital	B-Device
Camera	I-Device
called	O
the	O
LUMIX	O
GH5	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
shooting	O
4K	O
in	O
60p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
there	O
being	O
far	O
less	O
demand	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
traditional	O
camcorders	O
as	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
consumers	O
prefer	O
to	O
record	O
video	O
with	O
their	O
4K-capable	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
DSLRs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
action	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
from	O
GoPro	B-Device
,	O
Xiaomi	O
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
imager	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
or	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
;	O
earlier	O
models	O
used	O
vidicon	O
tubes	O
)	O
converts	O
incident	O
light	O
into	O
an	O
electrical	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
imager	O
,	O
often	O
a	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
a	O
photodiode	O
array	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
an	O
Active	B-Architecture
Pixel	I-Architecture
Sensor	I-Architecture
,	O
converts	O
light	O
into	O
an	O
electrical	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
conversion	O
is	O
complete	O
,	O
the	O
photosites	B-Algorithm
reset	O
to	O
start	O
the	O
exposure	O
of	O
the	O
next	O
video	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
cases	O
the	O
photosites	B-Algorithm
(	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
)	O
are	O
actually	O
reset	O
globally	O
by	O
charging	O
to	O
a	O
fixed	O
voltage	O
,	O
and	O
discharged	O
towards	O
zero	O
individually	O
proportionally	O
to	O
the	O
accumulated	O
light	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
simpler	O
to	O
manufacture	O
the	O
sensor	O
that	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
camcorders	O
use	O
a	O
single	O
imaging	O
sensor	O
with	O
integrated	O
colour	O
filters	O
,	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
to	O
enable	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
and	O
blue	O
to	O
be	O
sensed	O
,	O
each	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
set	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
individual	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
filters	O
present	O
a	O
significant	O
manufacturing	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
some	O
camcorders	O
,	O
even	O
consumer	O
grade	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
,	O
introduced	O
around	O
2007	O
,	O
are	O
triple	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
usually	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
but	O
could	O
be	O
CMOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
camcorders	O
have	O
a	O
recorder-controlling	O
section	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
switch	O
the	O
recorder	O
into	O
playback	O
mode	O
for	O
reviewing	O
recorded	O
footage	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
image-control	O
section	O
controlling	O
exposure	O
,	O
focus	O
and	O
color	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
possible	O
features	O
include	O
a	O
viewfinder	O
(	O
usually	O
digital	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
a	O
pressure-sensitive	O
knob	O
for	O
zooming	O
at	O
a	O
controllable	O
speed	O
,	O
LED	O
lamp	O
for	O
illuminating	O
in	O
darkness	O
–	O
possibly	O
with	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
adjust	O
automatically	O
,	O
night	O
vision	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
assisted	O
by	O
an	O
infrared	O
lamp	O
,	O
still	O
photography	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
capture	O
still	O
photos	O
while	O
filming	O
–	O
usually	O
at	O
a	O
higher	O
resolution	O
than	O
the	O
video	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
lock	O
the	O
OIS	O
on	O
far	O
subjects	O
while	O
zoomed	O
in	O
(	O
named	O
"	O
OIS	O
Lock	O
"	O
by	O
Panasonic	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
buffer	O
footage	O
before	O
pressing	O
the	O
"	O
record	O
"	O
button	O
to	O
avoid	O
missing	O
moments	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
be	O
constantly	O
recording	O
(	O
named	O
"	O
PRE-REC	O
"	O
by	O
Panasonic	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
lens	O
cover	O
open	O
for	O
few	O
minutes	O
into	O
stand-by	O
mode	O
for	O
rapid	O
restarting	O
,	O
internal	O
storage	O
for	O
recording	O
when	O
the	O
inserted	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
's	O
space	O
is	O
exhausted	O
,	O
autofocus	O
able	O
to	O
track	O
objects	O
,	O
and	O
optional	O
visual	O
effects	O
during	O
video	O
recording	O
and	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
allows	O
measuring	O
the	O
exact	O
and	O
undistorted	O
recording	O
time	O
of	O
scenes	O
even	O
if	O
intermittently	O
paused	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
latter	O
may	O
encompass	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
frames	O
 '	O
exposure	O
duration	O
,	O
exposure	O
value	O
,	O
and	O
photosensitivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
digital	B-General_Concept
camcorders	O
,	O
the	O
video	O
resolution	O
,	O
frame	O
rate	O
,	O
and/or	O
bit	O
rate	O
may	O
be	O
adjustable	O
between	O
higher	O
quality	O
but	O
larger	O
file	B-Operating_System
sizes	O
and	O
lower	O
quality	O
but	O
extended	O
recording	O
time	O
on	O
remaining	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	O
sensor	O
may	O
have	O
a	O
higher	O
resolution	O
than	O
the	O
recorded	O
video	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
lossless	O
digital	B-General_Concept
zoom	O
by	O
cropping	O
the	O
area	O
read	O
out	O
from	O
the	O
image	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Camcorders	O
are	O
often	O
classified	O
by	O
their	O
storage	B-General_Concept
device	I-General_Concept
;	O
VHS	O
,	O
VHS-C	O
,	O
Betamax	O
,	O
Video8	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
videotape-based	O
camcorders	O
which	O
record	O
video	O
in	O
analog	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
camcorder	O
formats	O
include	O
Digital8	O
,	O
MiniDV	O
,	O
DVD	O
,	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
direct	O
to	O
disk	O
recording	O
and	O
solid-state	O
,	O
semiconductor	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
all	O
these	O
formats	O
record	O
video	O
in	O
digital	B-General_Concept
form	O
,	O
Digital8	O
,	O
MiniDV	O
,	O
DVD	O
and	O
hard-disk	B-Device
drives	I-Device
have	O
no	O
longer	O
been	O
manufactured	O
in	O
consumer	O
camcorders	O
since	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
analog	O
,	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
camcorders	O
use	O
a	O
solid-state	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
device	I-Algorithm
(	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
)	O
or	O
a	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
imager	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
is	O
then	O
digitised	O
before	O
being	O
electronically	O
scanned	B-Application
and	O
fed	O
to	O
the	O
imager	O
's	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
the	O
diodes	O
are	O
sampled	O
simultaneously	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
scan	O
passes	O
the	O
digitised	O
data	O
from	O
one	O
register	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
CMOS	B-Device
devices	O
,	O
the	O
diodes	O
are	O
sampled	O
directly	O
by	O
the	O
scanning	O
logic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
storage	O
retains	O
higher-quality	O
video	O
than	O
analog	O
storage	O
,	O
especially	O
on	O
the	O
prosumer	O
and	O
strictly	O
consumer	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MiniDV	O
storage	O
allows	O
full-resolution	O
video	O
(	O
720x576	O
for	O
PAL	B-Language
,	O
720x480	O
for	O
NTSC	O
)	O
,	O
unlike	O
analog	O
consumer-video	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
does	O
not	O
experience	O
colour	B-General_Concept
bleeding	I-General_Concept
,	O
jitter	O
,	O
or	O
fade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
analog	O
formats	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
formats	I-General_Concept
do	O
not	O
experience	O
generation	B-General_Concept
loss	I-General_Concept
during	O
dubbing	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
more	O
prone	O
to	O
complete	O
loss	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
digital	B-General_Concept
information	I-General_Concept
can	O
theoretically	O
be	O
stored	O
indefinitely	O
without	O
deterioration	O
,	O
some	O
digital	B-General_Concept
formats	I-General_Concept
(	O
like	O
MiniDV	O
)	O
place	O
tracks	O
only	O
about	O
10	O
micrometers	O
apart	O
(	O
compared	O
with	O
19	O
–	O
58	O
μm	O
for	O
VHS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
recording	O
is	O
more	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
wrinkles	O
or	O
stretches	O
in	O
the	O
tape	O
which	O
could	O
erase	O
data	O
,	O
but	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
and	O
error-correction	O
code	O
on	O
the	O
tape	O
compensates	O
for	O
most	O
defects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVDs	O
may	O
develop	O
DVD	B-Device
rot	I-Device
,	O
losing	O
large	O
chunks	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
analog	O
recording	O
may	O
be	O
"	O
usable	O
"	O
after	O
its	O
storage	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
deteriorates	O
severely	O
,	O
but	O
slight	O
media	O
degradation	O
in	O
digital	B-General_Concept
recordings	O
may	O
trigger	O
an	O
"	O
all	O
or	O
nothing	O
"	O
failure	O
;	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
recording	O
will	O
be	O
unplayable	O
without	O
extensive	O
restoration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
digital	B-General_Concept
camcorders	O
record	O
video	O
onto	O
tape	O
digitally	O
,	O
microdrives	B-Device
,	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
and	O
small	O
DVD-RAM	O
or	O
DVD-Rs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
machines	O
since	O
2006	O
record	O
video	O
onto	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
devices	O
and	O
internal	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
in	O
MPEG-1	B-Algorithm
,	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
or	O
MPEG-4	B-Algorithm
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
these	O
codecs	B-General_Concept
use	O
inter-frame	B-Algorithm
compression	O
,	O
frame-specific	O
editing	O
requires	O
frame	O
regeneration	O
,	O
additional	O
processing	O
and	O
may	O
lose	O
picture	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Codecs	B-General_Concept
storing	O
each	O
frame	O
individually	O
,	O
easing	O
frame-specific	O
scene	O
editing	O
,	O
are	O
common	O
in	O
professional	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
digital	B-General_Concept
consumer	O
camcorders	O
record	O
in	O
DV	O
or	O
HDV	O
format	O
on	O
tape	O
,	O
transferring	O
content	O
over	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
or	O
USB	B-Protocol
2.0	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
where	O
large	O
files	O
(	O
for	O
DV	O
,	O
1GB	O
for	O
4	O
to	O
4.6	O
minutes	O
in	O
PAL/NTSC	O
resolutions	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
edited	O
,	O
converted	O
and	O
recorded	O
back	O
to	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transfer	O
is	O
done	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
a	O
60-minute	O
tape	O
requires	O
one	O
hour	O
to	O
transfer	O
and	O
about	O
13GB	O
of	O
disk	O
space	O
for	O
the	O
raw	O
footage	O
(	O
plus	O
space	O
for	O
rendered	O
files	O
and	O
other	O
media	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tapeless	B-Algorithm
camcorder	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
camcorder	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
video	O
tape	O
for	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
recording	O
of	O
video	O
productions	O
as	O
20th	O
century	O
ones	O
did	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tapeless	B-Algorithm
camcorders	I-Algorithm
record	O
video	O
as	O
digital	B-General_Concept
computer	B-Operating_System
files	I-Operating_System
onto	O
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
devices	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
optical	B-Device
discs	I-Device
,	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
solid-state	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inexpensive	O
pocket	O
video	O
cameras	O
use	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
while	O
some	O
more	O
expensive	O
camcorders	O
use	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
or	O
SSD	B-Device
;	O
similar	O
flash	O
technology	O
is	O
used	O
on	O
semi-pro	O
and	O
high-end	O
professional	O
video	O
cameras	O
for	O
ultrafast	O
transfer	O
of	O
high-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
HDTV	B-Device
)	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
consumer-level	O
tapeless	B-Algorithm
camcorders	I-Algorithm
use	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
,	O
MPEG-4	B-Algorithm
or	O
its	O
derivatives	O
as	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
formats	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumer-grade	O
tapeless	B-Algorithm
camcorders	I-Algorithm
include	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	O
to	O
transfer	O
video	O
onto	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professional	O
models	O
include	O
other	O
options	O
like	O
Serial	B-Protocol
digital	I-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
(	O
SDI	O
)	O
or	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
tapeless	B-Algorithm
camcorders	I-Algorithm
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
(	O
IEEE-1394	B-Protocol
)	O
port	O
to	O
ensure	O
compatibility	O
with	O
magnetic	O
tape-based	O
DV	O
and	O
HDV	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
devices	O
with	O
camcorder	O
capability	O
are	O
camera	O
phones	O
or	O
compact	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
in	O
which	O
video	O
is	O
a	O
secondary	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanical	O
controls	O
cannot	O
shrink	O
below	O
a	O
certain	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
manual	O
camera	O
operation	O
has	O
given	O
way	O
to	O
camera-controlled	O
automation	O
for	O
every	O
shooting	O
parameter	O
(	O
including	O
focus	O
,	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
shutter	O
speed	O
and	O
color	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Outputs	O
include	O
USB	B-Protocol
2.0	O
,	O
Composite	O
and	O
S-Video	O
and	O
IEEE	O
1394/FireWire	O
(	O
for	O
MiniDV	O
models	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More-expensive	O
consumer	O
camcorders	O
offer	O
manual	O
exposure	O
control	O
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
output	O
and	O
external	O
audio	O
input	O
,	O
progressive-scan	O
frame	O
rates	O
(	O
24fps	O
,	O
25fps	O
,	O
30fps	O
)	O
and	O
higher-quality	O
lenses	O
than	O
basic	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
maximize	O
low-light	O
capability	O
,	O
color	O
reproduction	O
and	O
frame	O
resolution	O
,	O
multi-CCD/CMOS	O
camcorders	O
mimic	O
the	O
3-element	O
imager	O
design	O
of	O
professional	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
home	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
can	O
hold	O
several	O
hours	O
of	O
standard-definition	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
fast	O
enough	O
to	O
edit	O
footage	O
without	O
additional	O
upgrades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2006	O
,	O
nearly	O
all	O
camcorders	O
sold	O
are	O
digital	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tape-based	O
(	O
MiniDV/HDV	O
)	O
camcorders	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
popular	O
,	O
since	O
tapeless	O
models	O
(	O
with	O
an	O
SD	B-Device
card	I-Device
or	O
internal	O
SSD	B-Device
)	O
cost	O
almost	O
the	O
same	O
but	O
offer	O
greater	O
convenience	O
;	O
video	O
captured	O
on	O
an	O
SD	B-Device
card	I-Device
can	O
be	O
transferred	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
faster	O
than	O
digital	B-General_Concept
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cellphones	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
single-lens	I-Device
reflex	I-Device
and	O
compact	O
digicams	B-Device
,	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
personal	O
media	O
players	O
offer	O
video-capture	O
capability	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
multipurpose	O
devices	O
offer	O
less	O
video-capture	O
functionality	O
than	O
an	O
equivalent	O
camcorder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
with	O
high-definition	O
video	O
were	O
also	O
introduced	O
early	O
in	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professional	O
video	O
cameras	O
with	O
these	O
capabilities	O
are	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
the	O
most	O
expensive	O
video-capable	O
DSLR	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
video	O
applications	O
where	O
the	O
DSLR	B-Device
's	O
operational	O
deficiencies	O
can	O
be	O
mitigated	O
,	O
DSLRs	B-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
5D	I-Algorithm
Mark	I-Algorithm
II	I-Algorithm
provide	O
depth-of-field	O
and	O
optical-perspective	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canon	O
and	O
Sony	O
have	O
introduced	O
camcorders	O
with	O
still-photo	O
performance	O
approaching	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
digicam	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Panasonic	O
has	O
introduced	O
a	O
DSLR	B-Device
body	O
with	O
video	O
features	O
approaching	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
camcorder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Flip	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
was	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
tapeless	B-Algorithm
camcorders	I-Algorithm
introduced	O
by	O
Pure	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
Technologies	I-Algorithm
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slightly	O
larger	O
than	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Flip	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
was	O
a	O
basic	O
camcorder	O
with	O
record	O
,	O
zoom	O
,	O
playback	O
and	O
browse	O
buttons	O
and	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
jack	O
for	O
uploading	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
models	O
recorded	O
at	O
a	O
640x480-pixel	O
resolution	O
;	O
later	O
models	O
featured	O
HD	O
recording	O
at	O
1280x720	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mino	O
was	O
a	O
smaller	O
Flip	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
features	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mino	O
was	O
the	O
smallest	O
of	O
all	O
camcorders	O
,	O
slightly	O
wider	O
than	O
a	O
MiniDV	O
cassette	O
and	O
smaller	O
than	O
most	O
smartphones	B-Application
on	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
Flip	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
(	O
more	O
recently	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Cisco	O
)	O
was	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interchangeable-lens	O
camcorders	O
can	O
capture	O
HD	O
video	O
with	O
DSLR	B-Device
lenses	O
and	O
an	O
adapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Known	O
as	O
Handycams	B-Algorithm
,	O
they	O
were	O
the	O
first	O
camcorders	O
to	O
incorporate	O
a	O
small	O
image	B-Application
projector	I-Application
on	O
the	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
allows	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
viewers	O
to	O
watch	O
video	O
without	O
a	O
television	O
,	O
a	O
full-size	O
projector	B-Application
or	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
remote	O
locations	O
,	O
camcorders	O
are	O
useful	O
for	O
initial	O
video	O
acquisition	O
;	O
the	O
video	O
is	O
subsequently	O
transmitted	O
electronically	O
to	O
a	O
studio	O
or	O
production	O
center	O
for	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Academic	O
filmmaking	O
programs	O
switched	O
from	O
16mm	O
film	O
to	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
reduced	O
expense	O
and	O
ease	O
of	O
editing	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
media	O
and	O
the	O
increasing	O
scarcity	O
of	O
film	O
stock	O
and	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Schools	O
in	O
the	O
developed	O
world	O
increasingly	O
use	O
digital	B-General_Concept
media	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Student	O
camcorder-created	O
material	O
and	O
other	O
digital	B-General_Concept
technology	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
new-teacher	O
preparation	O
courses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
programs	O
employ	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
Adobe	B-Protocol
Connect	I-Protocol
to	O
deliver	O
the	O
courses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DV	O
(	O
1995	O
)	O
:	O
Initially	O
developed	O
by	O
Sony	O
,	O
the	O
DV	O
standard	O
became	O
the	O
most	O
widespread	O
standard-definition	O
digital	B-General_Concept
camcorder	O
technology	O
for	O
the	O
next	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
could	O
connect	O
their	O
DV	O
camcorders	O
to	O
their	O
computers	O
,	O
using	O
4	O
-	O
or	O
6-pin	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
sockets	O
then	O
common	O
on	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVCPRO	O
(	O
1995	O
)	O
:	O
Panasonic	O
released	O
its	O
own	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
DV	O
format	O
for	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
news-gathering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVD	O
recordable	O
(	O
1996	O
)	O
:	O
A	O
variety	O
of	O
recordable	O
optical	B-Device
disc	I-Device
standards	O
were	O
released	O
by	O
multiple	O
manufacturers	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
and	O
2000s	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
DVD-RAM	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
in	O
camcorders	O
was	O
MiniDVD-R	B-Device
,	O
which	O
used	O
recordable	O
8cm	O
discs	O
holding	O
30	O
minutes	O
of	O
MPEG	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-VHS	O
(	O
1998	O
)	O
:	O
JVC	O
's	O
VHS	O
tape	O
supporting	O
720p/1080i	O
HD	O
;	O
many	O
units	O
also	O
supported	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394	I-Protocol
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
electronics	O
manufacturer	O
for	O
this	O
format	O
,	O
and	O
editing	O
software	O
was	O
proprietary	O
to	O
Sony	O
and	O
only	O
available	O
on	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
;	O
however	O
,	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
programmers	O
did	O
manage	O
to	O
create	O
capture	O
software	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
codec-based	O
format	O
:	O
Records	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
program	O
stream	O
or	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
transport	O
stream	O
to	O
various	O
kinds	O
of	O
tapeless	O
standard	O
and	O
HD	O
media	O
(	O
hard	B-Device
disks	I-Device
,	O
solid-state	O
memory	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
open-source	B-Application
products	O
such	O
as	O
Kdenlive	B-Language
,	O
Cinelerra	B-Language
and	O
Kino	B-Language
(	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
)	O
allow	O
editing	O
of	O
most	O
popular	O
digital	B-General_Concept
formats	I-General_Concept
on	O
alternative	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
OBS	B-Language
for	O
online	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
solutions	O
;	O
software	O
to	O
edit	O
DV	O
streams	O
is	O
available	O
on	O
most	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issue	O
of	O
digital-camcorder	O
forensics	O
to	O
recover	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
