<s>
In	O
music	O
,	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
are	O
loops	B-Application
of	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
repetitive	O
,	O
rhythmic	O
musical	O
patterns	O
or	O
dense	O
layers	O
of	O
sound	O
when	O
played	O
on	O
a	O
tape	O
recorder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
music	O
authors	O
of	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
psychedelic	O
,	O
progressive	O
and	O
ambient	O
genres	O
,	O
used	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
to	O
accompany	O
their	O
music	O
with	O
innovative	O
sound	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
analog	O
audio	O
and	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
with	O
it	O
gave	O
way	O
to	O
digital	O
audio	O
and	O
application	O
of	O
computers	O
to	O
generate	O
and	O
process	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
tape	B-Application
loop	I-Application
,	O
a	O
section	O
of	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
is	O
cut	O
and	O
spliced	O
end-to-end	O
,	O
creating	O
a	O
circle	O
or	O
loop	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
continuously	O
,	O
usually	O
on	O
a	O
reel-to-reel	O
tape	O
recorder	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
sound	O
repeat	O
endlessly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simultaneous	O
playing	O
of	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
to	O
create	O
patterns	O
and	O
rhythms	O
was	O
developed	O
and	O
initially	O
used	O
by	O
musique	O
concrète	O
and	O
tape	O
music	O
composers	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
most	O
extensively	O
utilized	O
by	O
Steve	O
Reich	O
for	O
his	O
"	O
phasing	O
"	O
pieces	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
Come	O
Out	O
"	O
(	O
1966	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
It	O
's	O
Gonna	O
Rain	O
"	O
(	O
1965	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
Karlheinz	O
Stockhausen	O
in	O
Gesang	O
der	O
Jünglinge	O
(	O
1955	O
–	O
56	O
)	O
and	O
Kontakte	O
(	O
1958	O
–	O
60	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
composers	O
were	O
satisfied	O
with	O
this	O
approach	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
were	O
other	O
methods	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
longer	O
loops	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
using	O
this	O
method	O
,	O
some	O
composers	O
could	O
create	O
very	O
long	O
loops	B-Application
which	O
allowed	O
for	O
sounds	O
of	O
greater	O
duration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
recording	O
his	O
landmark	O
1978	O
ambient	O
album	O
Music	O
for	O
Airports	O
,	O
Brian	O
Eno	O
reported	O
that	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
song	O
,	O
"	O
One	O
of	O
the	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
was	O
seventy-nine	O
feet	O
long	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
eighty-three	O
feet	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
longest	O
tape	B-Application
loop	I-Application
ever	O
created	O
was	O
made	O
by	O
Barry	O
Anderson	O
for	O
performances	O
of	O
Stockhausen	O
's	O
Solo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
technology	O
became	O
available	O
,	O
he	O
replaced	O
this	O
technique	O
with	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
,	O
where	O
such	O
segments	O
could	O
either	O
be	O
simply	O
repeated	O
,	O
or	O
could	O
undergo	O
electronic	O
transformation	O
during	O
repetition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Halim	O
El-Dabh	O
,	O
who	O
experimented	O
with	O
tape	O
music	O
from	O
the	O
early	O
1940s	O
to	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
also	O
utilized	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1950s	O
,	O
the	O
BBC	O
Radiophonic	O
Workshop	O
began	O
using	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
to	O
add	O
special	O
effects	O
to	O
some	O
BBC	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
different	O
configurations	O
of	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
were	O
employed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
years	O
of	O
the	O
WDR	O
Studio	O
in	O
Cologne	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
built	O
from	O
the	O
sound	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
drop	O
of	O
water	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
variable-speed	O
tape	O
recorder	O
,	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
,	O
and	O
just	O
25	O
splices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
same	O
time	O
in	O
Cologne	O
,	O
Karlheinz	O
Stockhausen	O
produced	O
a	O
more	O
ambitious	O
work	O
,	O
Gesang	O
der	O
Jünglinge	O
(	O
1955	O
–	O
56	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
extensive	O
use	O
of	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
,	O
particularly	O
for	O
its	O
stratified	O
impulse	O
groups	O
and	O
choral	O
swarms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minimalist	O
composer	O
Terry	O
Riley	O
began	O
employing	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
assistance	O
of	O
Richard	O
Maxfield	O
and	O
Ramon	O
Sender	O
,	O
Riley	O
combined	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
with	O
echoplex	O
devices	O
,	O
producing	O
an	O
"	O
acid	O
trip	O
"	O
piece	O
Mescalin	O
Mix	O
(	O
1961	O
)	O
,	O
made	O
from	O
sound	O
samples	O
from	O
his	O
earlier	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
in	O
popular	O
music	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
Jamaican	O
dub	O
music	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dub	O
producer	O
King	O
Tubby	O
used	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
in	O
his	O
productions	O
,	O
while	O
improvising	O
with	O
homemade	O
delay	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
dub	O
producer	O
,	O
Sylvan	O
Morris	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
slapback	O
echo	B-Protocol
effect	O
by	O
using	O
both	O
mechanical	O
and	O
handmade	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
Reich	O
also	O
used	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
to	O
compose	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
technique	O
which	O
he	O
called	O
"	O
phasing	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
would	O
put	O
two	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
together	O
at	O
slightly	O
different	O
speeds	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
would	O
start	O
playing	O
simultaneously	O
and	O
then	O
drift	O
apart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Violin	O
Phase	O
(	O
1967	O
)	O
he	O
combined	O
the	O
tape	B-Application
loop	I-Application
with	O
an	O
instrumental	O
score	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
,	O
use	O
of	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
made	O
a	O
breakthrough	O
in	O
popular	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
they	O
progressed	O
towards	O
their	O
"	O
psychedelic	O
"	O
phase	O
,	O
the	B-Application
Beatles	I-Application
increasingly	O
experimented	O
with	O
new	O
technology	O
and	O
tape	O
recorders	O
,	O
a	O
process	O
which	O
culminated	O
with	O
Revolver	O
(	O
1966	O
)	O
and	O
its	O
last	O
track	O
"	O
Tomorrow	O
Never	O
Knows	O
"	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
five	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
running	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Revolution	O
9	O
"	O
(	O
1968	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
even	O
more	O
experimental	O
venture	O
,	O
consisting	O
almost	O
entirely	O
of	O
tape	B-Application
loops	I-Application
fading	O
in	O
and	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduction	O
of	O
new	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
analog	O
music	O
sequencers	O
and	O
synthesizers	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
digital	O
sequencers	O
in	O
1977	O
,	O
marked	O
an	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
tape	B-Application
loop	I-Application
era	O
in	O
the	O
music	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tape	B-Application
loop	I-Application
compositions	O
have	O
seen	O
only	O
sporadic	O
revivals	O
since	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
William	O
Basinski	O
's	O
The	O
Disintegration	O
Loops	B-Application
series	O
(	O
2002	O
–	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
evidencing	O
the	O
slow	O
death	O
of	O
his	O
tapes	O
originally	O
recorded	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
