<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
(	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
"	O
talent	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
intelligent	O
"	O
)	O
was	O
an	O
American	O
software	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
the	O
Pink	O
object-oriented	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
conceived	O
by	O
Apple	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
was	O
incorporated	O
as	O
an	O
Apple/IBM	O
partnership	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
dissolved	O
into	O
IBM	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
after	O
launching	O
System	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
and	O
MultiFinder	O
,	O
Apple	O
initiated	O
the	O
exploratory	O
project	O
named	O
Pink	O
to	O
design	O
the	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
diverging	O
into	O
a	O
sprawling	O
new	O
dream	O
system	O
unrelated	O
to	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
Pink	O
was	O
wildly	O
successful	O
within	O
Apple	O
and	O
a	O
subject	O
of	O
industry	O
hype	O
without	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
two-year	O
series	O
of	O
goal-shifting	O
delays	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
OS	O
was	O
eventually	O
canceled	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
CommonPoint	O
application	O
framework	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1995	O
for	O
AIX	B-Application
with	O
a	O
later	O
beta	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
OS	O
and	O
CommonPoint	O
mirrored	O
the	O
sprawling	O
scope	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
complementary	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
in	O
redundantly	O
overlapping	O
attempts	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
ultimate	O
universal	O
system	O
to	O
unify	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
computers	O
and	O
operating	O
systems	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1993	O
to	O
1996	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
seen	O
as	O
competing	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Cairo	I-Application
and	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
even	O
though	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
did	O
n't	O
ship	O
a	O
product	O
until	O
1995	O
and	O
Cairo	B-Application
never	O
shipped	O
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1994	O
to	O
1996	O
,	O
Apple	O
floated	O
the	O
Copland	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
project	O
intended	O
to	O
succeed	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
never	O
had	O
a	O
modern	O
OS	O
sophisticated	O
enough	O
to	O
run	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1995	O
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
HP	O
withdrew	O
from	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
partnership	O
,	O
licensed	O
its	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
left	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
wholly	O
owned	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1998	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
was	O
finally	O
dissolved	O
into	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
legacy	O
became	O
the	O
unbundling	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
's	O
best	O
compiler	O
and	O
application	O
components	O
and	O
converting	O
them	O
into	O
VisualAge	B-Language
C++	B-Language
and	O
the	O
globally	O
adopted	O
Java	B-Language
Development	I-Language
Kit	I-Language
1.1	O
(	O
especially	O
internationalization	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
Apple	O
instead	O
bought	O
NeXT	O
and	O
began	O
synthesizing	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
with	O
the	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
was	O
launched	O
on	O
March	O
24	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
eventually	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
2010s	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
personnel	O
and	O
design	O
concepts	O
from	O
Pink	O
and	O
from	O
Purple	O
(	O
the	O
first	O
iPhone	B-Device
's	O
codename	O
)	O
would	O
resurface	O
and	O
blend	O
into	O
Google	O
's	O
Fuchsia	B-Language
operating	I-Language
system	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
Copland	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Cairo	B-Application
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
is	O
cited	O
as	O
a	O
death	O
march	O
project	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
suffering	O
from	O
development	O
hell	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
feature	O
creep	O
and	O
the	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
entire	O
history	O
of	O
Pink	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
from	O
1988	O
to	O
1998	O
is	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
widely	O
admired	O
,	O
anticipated	O
,	O
and	O
theoretically	O
competitive	O
staff	O
and	O
its	O
system	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
also	O
overall	O
defined	O
by	O
development	O
hell	O
,	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
,	O
empire	O
building	O
,	O
secrecy	O
,	O
and	O
vaporware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
System	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
major	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
flagship	O
Macintosh	B-Device
operating	O
system	O
,	O
to	O
a	O
lackluster	O
reception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
's	O
architectural	O
limits	O
,	O
set	O
forth	O
by	O
the	O
tight	O
hardware	O
constraints	O
of	O
its	O
original	B-Device
1984	I-Device
release	I-Device
,	O
now	O
demanded	O
increasingly	O
ingenious	O
workarounds	O
for	O
incremental	O
gains	O
such	O
as	O
MultiFinder	O
's	O
cooperative	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
,	O
while	O
still	O
lacking	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
and	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Gang	O
gave	O
an	O
ultimatum	O
that	O
they	O
should	O
either	O
be	O
allowed	O
to	O
break	O
from	O
their	O
disliked	O
management	O
and	O
take	O
the	O
entrepreneurial	O
and	O
engineering	O
risks	O
needed	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
next	O
generation	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
operating	O
system	O
,	O
or	O
else	O
leave	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1988	O
,	O
the	O
Gang	O
,	O
their	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
manager	O
and	O
future	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
CTO	O
Mike	O
Potel	O
,	O
met	O
at	O
the	O
Sonoma	O
Mission	O
Inn	O
and	O
Spa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Red	O
would	O
receive	O
speech	O
recognition	O
and	O
voice	O
commands	O
,	O
thought	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
futuristic	O
as	O
the	O
Star	B-Operating_System
Trek	I-Operating_System
science	O
fiction	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remembering	O
the	O
small	O
but	O
powerful	O
original	O
Macintosh	B-Device
group	O
,	O
he	O
maintained	O
secrecy	O
and	O
avoided	O
the	O
micromanagement	O
of	O
neighboring	O
senior	O
executives	O
,	O
by	O
immediately	O
relocating	O
his	O
quintet	O
off	O
the	O
main	O
Apple	O
campus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
used	O
the	O
nondescript	O
Bubb	O
Road	O
warehouse	O
which	O
was	O
already	O
occupied	O
by	O
the	O
secretly	O
sophisticated	O
Newton	B-Device
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pink	O
team	O
was	O
faced	O
with	O
the	O
two	O
possible	O
architectural	O
directions	O
of	O
either	O
using	O
legacy	O
System	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
code	O
or	O
starting	O
from	O
scratch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
just	O
delivered	O
the	O
System	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
overhaul	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
MultiFinder	O
,	O
Ringewald	O
was	O
adamant	O
that	O
Pink	O
's	O
intense	O
ambitions	O
were	O
deliverable	O
within	O
a	O
realistic	O
two	O
year	O
timeframe	O
only	O
if	O
the	O
team	O
heavily	O
improved	O
its	O
legacy	O
compatibility	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Months	O
later	O
,	O
a	O
senior	O
executive	O
finally	O
overrode	O
Ringewald	O
,	O
thus	O
redeveloping	O
Pink	O
from	O
scratch	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
and	O
unique	O
system	O
with	O
no	O
System	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
legacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pink	O
team	O
numbered	O
eleven	O
when	O
the	O
six-person	O
kernel	O
team	O
within	O
Apple	O
's	O
Advanced	O
Technology	O
Group	O
(	O
ATG	O
)	O
was	O
merged	O
into	O
Pink	O
to	O
begin	O
designing	O
its	O
new	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
named	O
Opus	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embellishing	O
upon	O
the	O
pink	O
index	O
cards	O
,	O
Pink	O
's	O
overall	O
key	O
design	O
goals	O
were	O
now	O
total	O
object-orientation	B-Language
,	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
,	O
preemptive	O
multitasking	O
,	O
internationalization	O
,	O
and	O
advanced	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
late	O
1989	O
,	O
Pink	O
was	O
a	O
functional	O
prototype	O
of	O
a	O
desktop	O
operating	O
system	O
on	O
Macintosh	B-Device
hardware	O
,	O
featuring	O
advanced	O
graphics	O
and	O
dynamic	O
internationalized	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pink	O
engineer	O
Dave	O
said	O
it	O
was	O
"	O
a	O
real	O
OS	O
that	O
could	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
core	O
technology	O
"	O
much	O
deeper	O
than	O
System	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
could	O
do	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
1990	O
,	O
Bill	O
Bruffey	O
abandoned	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
Pink	O
becoming	O
a	O
new	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
got	O
permission	O
to	O
create	O
yet	O
another	O
new	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
named	O
NuKernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
intended	O
explicitly	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
team	O
of	O
six	O
engineers	O
worked	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
a	O
microkernel-based	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
on	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIci	I-Device
,	O
which	O
would	O
years	O
later	O
become	O
Copland	B-Application
and	O
the	O
proposed	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
group	O
had	O
well	O
established	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
System	B-Protocol
6	I-Protocol
which	O
would	O
be	O
released	O
in	O
1991	O
as	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAM	O
chips	O
and	O
hard	O
drives	O
were	O
extremely	O
expensive	O
so	O
most	O
personal	O
computers	O
were	O
critically	O
resource	O
constrained	O
,	O
and	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
would	O
already	O
barely	O
fit	O
onto	O
existing	O
Macintosh	B-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pink	O
would	O
therefore	O
be	O
hard-pressed	O
to	O
include	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
for	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
applications	O
atop	O
itself	O
,	O
assuming	O
the	O
team	O
wanted	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
physical	O
and	O
economical	O
constraint	O
is	O
a	O
crucial	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pink	O
's	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
faux	O
3D	O
motif	O
of	O
isometric	O
icons	O
,	O
beveled	O
edges	O
,	O
non-rectangular	O
windows	O
,	O
and	O
drop	O
shadows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
essential	O
visual	O
design	O
language	O
would	O
be	O
an	O
influence	O
for	O
several	O
years	O
into	O
Copland	B-Application
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
CommonPoint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
People	O
,	O
Places	O
,	O
and	O
Things	O
metaphor	O
extends	O
beyond	O
the	O
traditional	O
desktop	O
metaphor	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
GUI	B-Application
tools	O
to	O
easily	O
drag	O
documents	O
between	O
people	O
and	O
things	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
fax	O
machines	O
and	O
printers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
component-based	O
document	O
model	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
alliance	O
spun	O
off	O
two	O
partner	O
corporations	O
:	O
Kaleida	O
Labs	O
to	O
develop	O
multimedia	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
to	O
bring	O
Pink	O
to	O
market	O
sometime	O
in	O
the	O
mid-90s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
IBM	O
group	O
sought	O
customers	O
for	O
its	O
new	O
POWER	B-Device
CPU	I-Device
hardware	O
,	O
therefore	O
discovering	O
Pink	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
desire	O
to	O
port	O
it	O
to	O
this	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
IBM	O
group	O
sought	O
third	O
party	O
interest	O
in	O
its	O
Grand	O
Unifying	O
Theory	O
of	O
Systems	O
(	O
GUTS	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
solution	O
to	O
the	O
deeply	O
endemic	O
crisis	O
that	O
is	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
soon	O
result	O
in	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1993	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
ambitious	O
global	O
roadmap	O
would	O
include	O
the	O
unification	O
of	O
the	O
diverse	O
world	O
of	O
computing	O
by	O
converting	O
Pink	O
to	O
become	O
one	O
of	O
many	O
personalities	O
of	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
ending	O
of	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
write	O
new	O
major	O
applications	O
by	O
instead	O
making	O
smaller	O
additions	O
to	O
Pink	O
's	O
generalized	O
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
before	O
the	O
signing	O
of	O
the	O
alliance	O
contract	O
,	O
the	O
very	O
existence	O
of	O
Pink	O
was	O
identified	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
second-system	O
threat	O
if	O
its	O
revolutionary	O
aura	O
could	O
prompt	O
customers	O
to	O
delay	O
their	O
adoption	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
2	O
,	O
1992	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
was	O
launched	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
product	O
of	O
the	O
AIM	O
alliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
age	O
50	O
,	O
he	O
was	O
a	O
30	O
year	O
marketing	O
veteran	O
of	O
IBM	O
and	O
former	O
leader	O
of	O
the	O
OS/2	B-Application
platform	O
up	O
to	O
its	O
soon-launched	O
version	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enthusiastically	O
dismissing	O
industry	O
skepticism	O
,	O
he	O
said	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
would	O
form	O
its	O
own	O
corporate	O
culture	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
the	O
established	O
cultures	O
and	O
potential	O
failures	O
of	O
its	O
two	O
founding	O
investors	O
and	O
future	O
customers	O
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dr.	O
Dobb	O
's	O
Journal	O
reflected	O
,	O
"	O
It	O
was	O
fairly	O
surreal	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	O
and	O
IBM	O
employees	O
who	O
went	O
to	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
and	O
found	O
themselves	O
working	O
for	O
bosses	O
still	O
loyal	O
to	O
the	O
opposition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ignoring	O
the	O
politics	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
possible	O
,	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
programmers	O
buckled	O
down	O
and	O
wrote	O
a	O
lotta	O
lines	O
of	O
code.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Comparing	O
the	O
eager	O
startup	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
to	O
its	O
billion	O
dollar	O
investors	O
,	O
a	O
leader	O
at	O
Kaleida	O
said	O
"	O
The	O
culture	O
of	O
IBM	O
and	O
Apple	O
is	O
largely	O
about	O
getting	O
more	O
benefits	O
,	O
perks	O
,	O
larger	O
offices	O
,	O
fancier	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
employees	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
had	O
delivered	O
objects	O
on	O
System/38	O
and	O
AS/400	O
,	O
partnered	O
with	O
Patriot	O
Partners	O
,	O
and	O
integrated	O
System	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
(	O
SOM	O
)	O
and	O
Distributed	O
SOM	O
into	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
AIX	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
already	O
delivered	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
prototyped	O
the	O
fully	O
object-oriented	B-Language
Pink	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
delivered	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
frameworks	O
using	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
companies	O
had	O
worked	O
with	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
one	O
month	O
of	O
its	O
founding	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
immediate	O
industry-wide	O
confusion	O
about	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
purpose	O
and	O
scope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
industry	O
analyst	O
said	O
"	O
IBM	O
and	O
Apple	O
blew	O
it	O
...	O
they	O
should	O
have	O
announced	O
everything	O
[	O
about	O
Taligent ]	O
or	O
nothing.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Especially	O
regarding	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
potential	O
relationship	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
Apple	O
reiterated	O
that	O
its	O
existing	O
flagship	O
legacy	O
would	O
continue	O
indefinitely	O
with	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
COO	O
Michael	O
Spindler	O
said	O
"	O
The	O
Mac	O
is	O
not	O
dead	O
"	O
and	O
others	O
said	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
never	O
claimed	O
that	O
Pink	O
would	O
supersede	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Charles	O
Oppenheimer	O
,	O
Director	O
of	O
Marketing	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Application
system	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
said	O
"	O
We	O
ca	O
n't	O
say	O
for	O
sure	O
how	O
[	O
the	O
two ]	O
will	O
fit	O
together.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
industry	O
was	O
further	O
confused	O
as	O
to	O
the	O
very	O
existence	O
of	O
any	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
software	O
,	O
not	O
realizing	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
already	O
beyond	O
the	O
concept	O
stage	O
and	O
in	O
fact	O
consisted	O
of	O
volumes	O
of	O
Pink-based	O
software	O
in	O
development	O
by	O
Apple	O
for	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
year	O
later	O
in	O
February	O
1993	O
,	O
Wired	O
magazine	O
would	O
assert	O
its	O
suspicion	O
that	O
Apple	O
and	O
IBM	O
's	O
core	O
messengers	O
are	O
maintaining	O
"	O
the	O
big	O
lie	O
"	O
—	O
that	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
technology	O
is	O
merely	O
a	O
concept	O
,	O
has	O
no	O
existing	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
actually	O
years	O
away	O
from	O
production	O
—	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
protect	O
their	O
established	O
multi-billion-dollar	O
core	O
legacy	O
of	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
products	O
from	O
a	O
potentially	O
superior	O
replacement	O
and	O
to	O
divert	O
the	O
second	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
spent	O
much	O
of	O
its	O
first	O
two	O
years	O
developing	O
its	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
simultaneously	O
trying	O
to	O
find	O
a	O
market	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
survey	O
did	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
show	O
there	O
was	O
sufficient	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
benefits	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
bring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pink	O
operating	O
system	O
is	O
now	O
formally	O
named	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Object	O
Services	O
(	O
TOS	O
or	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
)	O
whether	O
hosted	O
natively	O
on	O
its	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
or	O
non-natively	O
on	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
OS	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
nickname	O
"	O
Pink	O
"	O
will	O
always	O
remain	O
industry	O
lore	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
with	O
the	O
developer	O
phone	O
number	O
408-TO-B-PINK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
based	O
extensively	O
on	O
object-oriented	B-Language
frameworks	O
from	O
the	O
kernel	O
upward	O
,	O
including	O
device	O
drivers	O
,	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
ensembles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1993	O
,	O
IBM	O
discussed	O
decoupling	O
most	O
of	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
away	O
from	O
its	O
native	O
Opus	B-Operating_System
microkernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
retargeting	O
most	O
of	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
onto	O
the	O
IBM	O
Microkernel	B-Operating_System
which	O
was	O
already	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
base	O
for	O
IBM	O
's	O
tandem	O
project	O
,	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1993	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
VP	O
of	O
Marketing	O
said	O
the	O
strong	O
progress	O
of	O
native	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
development	O
could	O
encourage	O
its	O
early	O
incremental	O
release	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
full	O
1995	O
schedule	O
for	O
TalAE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
business	O
manager	O
to	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Chris	O
Espinosa	O
acknowledged	O
the	O
irony	O
of	O
Apple	O
and	O
IBM	O
building	O
competing	O
Taligent-based	O
platforms	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
originated	O
at	O
Apple	O
as	O
Pink	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
forecast	O
Apple	O
's	O
adoption	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
components	O
into	O
the	O
irreplaceably	O
personal	O
Mac	O
OSwhile	O
empowering	O
its	O
competitiveness	O
with	O
IBM	O
's	O
future	O
Taligent-based	O
general	O
purpose	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
easing	O
corporate	O
users	O
 '	O
migration	O
toward	O
Apple	O
's	O
Enterprise	O
Systems	O
Division	O
's	O
future	O
Taligent-based	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
10	O
,	O
1993	O
,	O
The	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
reported	O
on	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
,	O
saying	O
the	O
company	O
and	O
its	O
platform	O
had	O
the	O
broad	O
optimistic	O
support	O
of	O
Borland	O
,	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Novell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Borland	O
CEO	O
Philippe	O
Kahn	O
said	O
"	O
Technically	O
,	O
 [ Pink ] 	O
is	O
brilliant	O
,	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
is	O
running	O
much	O
faster	O
than	O
I	O
expected.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Regardless	O
of	O
genuine	O
merit	O
,	O
many	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
reportedly	O
expected	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
success	O
to	O
depend	O
upon	O
wounding	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
monopoly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
18	O
,	O
InfoWorld	O
reported	O
,	O
"	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
draws	O
rave	O
reviews	O
from	O
software	O
developers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
April	O
1993	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
,	I-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
had	O
grown	O
to	O
about	O
260	O
employees	O
,	O
mostly	O
from	O
Apple	O
or	O
"	O
some	O
other	O
loose	O
Silicon	O
Valley	O
culture	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
23	O
,	O
1993	O
,	O
Apple	O
preannounced	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
's	O
direct	O
successor	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
object-oriented	B-Language
crossplatform	O
SDK	O
codenamed	O
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Positioned	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
direct	O
path	O
for	O
migration	O
"	O
from	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
to	O
Pink	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
provide	O
source	O
code	O
compatibility	O
between	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	O
3.1	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Pink	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bedrock	B-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
abruptly	O
discontinued	O
18	O
months	O
later	O
with	O
no	O
successor	O
,	O
and	O
leaving	O
Apple	O
with	O
no	O
connection	O
between	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
and	O
Pink	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1994	O
,	O
the	O
platform	O
consisted	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Object	O
Services	O
(	O
TOS	O
or	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Application	O
Environment	O
(	O
TAE	O
or	O
TalAE	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Development	O
System	O
(	O
TDS	O
or	O
TalDS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
plan	O
was	O
to	O
deploy	O
TalAE	O
in	O
early	O
1994	O
to	O
help	O
seed	O
the	O
market	O
with	O
a	O
base	O
of	O
applications	O
for	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
launched	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
whole	O
platform	O
going	O
mainstream	O
in	O
two	O
to	O
five	O
years	O
—	O
surely	O
expecting	O
a	O
modern	O
OS	O
from	O
Apple	O
by	O
1994	O
or	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Influenced	O
by	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
survey	O
effort	O
,	O
CEO	O
Joe	O
Guglielmi	O
acknowledged	O
the	O
unavoidable	O
risk	O
of	O
creating	O
its	O
own	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
,	O
if	O
the	O
TalAE	O
enhancements	O
could	O
make	O
third	O
party	O
operating	O
systems	O
into	O
competitors	O
of	O
native	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
internal	O
development	O
environment	O
was	O
an	O
IBM	O
RS/6000	O
model	O
250	O
with	O
a	O
PowerPC	O
601	O
CPU	O
running	O
AIX	B-Application
,	O
building	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
natively	O
for	O
the	O
68k	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1994	O
,	O
fellow	O
object	B-Language
technology	I-Language
pioneer	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
joined	O
Apple	O
and	O
IBM	O
as	O
the	O
third	O
co-owner	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
at	O
15%	O
holding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
held	O
deeply	O
vested	O
experience	O
in	O
object	B-Language
technology	I-Language
since	O
the	O
1980s	O
with	O
the	O
NewWave	B-Application
desktop	O
environment	O
,	O
the	O
Softbench	B-Application
IDE	O
,	O
Distributed	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
,	O
Distributed	O
Object	O
Management	O
Facility	O
(	O
DOMF	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
having	O
cofounded	O
the	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
portfolio	O
was	O
broadened	O
with	O
HP	O
's	O
compilers	O
,	O
DOMF	O
,	O
and	O
intention	O
to	O
integrate	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
TalAE	O
into	O
HP-UX	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
had	O
already	O
partnered	O
with	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
well-established	O
competitor	O
NeXT	O
to	O
integrate	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
into	O
HP-UX	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
had	O
pursued	O
partnerships	O
with	O
both	O
Sun	O
and	O
HP	O
for	O
several	O
months	O
,	O
all	O
serving	O
to	O
improve	O
HP	O
's	O
competitive	O
bargaining	O
in	O
its	O
offer	O
to	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
engineer	O
reportedly	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
It	O
was	O
n't	O
that	O
HP	O
was	O
driven	O
by	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
to	O
go	O
to	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
that	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
allowed	O
them	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
much	O
better	O
deal.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
NeXTWORLD	O
summarized	O
that	O
"	O
[	O
HP	O
covered ]	O
all	O
bets	O
in	O
the	O
race	O
for	O
the	O
object	O
market	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
Sun	O
CEO	O
Scott	O
McNealy	O
derided	O
the	O
partnership	O
as	O
HP	O
being	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
"	O
trophy	O
spouse	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
March	O
1994	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
had	O
reportedly	O
begun	O
shipping	O
code	O
to	O
its	O
three	O
investors	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
parts	O
of	O
TalAE	O
had	O
shipped	O
to	O
developers	O
though	O
without	O
source	O
code	O
by	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
public	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
technology	O
demonstration	O
was	O
at	O
SFA	O
in	O
Atlanta	O
as	O
an	O
"	O
amazingly	O
fast	O
"	O
and	O
crash-tolerant	O
five-threaded	O
3D	O
graphics	O
application	O
on	O
native	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
on	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIci	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
March	O
1994	O
at	O
the	O
PC	O
Forum	O
conference	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
gave	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
demonstration	O
of	O
TalAE	O
applications	O
,	O
to	O
an	O
impressed	O
but	O
hesitant	O
reception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
show	O
of	O
hands	O
indicated	O
one	O
out	O
of	O
approximately	O
500	O
attendees	O
were	O
actively	O
developing	O
on	O
TalAE	O
,	O
but	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
reported	O
60	O
members	O
in	O
its	O
future	O
second	O
wave	O
of	O
developer	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
18	O
,	O
1994	O
,	O
InfoWorld	O
reported	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
future	O
plans	O
for	O
its	O
SDK	O
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
1994	O
at	O
Comdex	O
,	O
the	O
public	O
debut	O
of	O
third-party	O
TalAE	O
applications	O
was	O
on	O
an	O
RS/6000	O
running	O
AIX	B-Application
to	O
demonstrate	O
prototypes	O
made	O
by	O
seven	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
1994	O
,	O
TalAE	O
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
CommonPoint	O
,	O
TalDE	O
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
cpProfessional	O
,	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
User	O
Interface	O
Builder	O
was	O
renamed	O
to	O
cpConstructor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TalOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
still	O
scheduled	O
to	O
ship	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
considered	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
's	O
lifespan	O
to	O
have	O
"	O
run	O
its	O
course	O
"	O
as	O
the	O
primary	O
Macintosh	B-Device
SDK	O
,	O
while	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
considered	O
MacApp	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
prerequisite	O
experience	O
for	O
its	O
own	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
CILabs	O
had	O
begun	O
an	O
internal	O
mandate	O
for	O
all	O
new	O
development	O
to	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
complementary	O
and	O
already	O
published	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CILabs	O
was	O
committed	O
to	O
publishing	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
while	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
committed	O
against	O
publishing	O
its	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
now	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
venerable	O
competitor	O
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
enterprise	O
object	O
markets	O
even	O
without	O
any	O
product	O
release	O
,	O
and	O
being	O
late	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
C	O
.	O
Dvorak	O
described	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
threat	O
in	O
the	O
desktop	O
market	O
of	O
integrated	O
application	B-Application
suites	I-Application
,	O
particularly	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
spooked	O
"	O
Microsoft	O
which	O
responded	O
with	O
many	O
vaporware	B-Application
product	O
announcements	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Chicago	O
,	O
Cairo	B-Application
,	O
Daytona	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Snowball	O
)	O
to	O
distract	O
the	O
market	O
's	O
attention	O
from	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
ComputerWorld	O
described	O
the	O
enterprise	O
computing	O
market	O
as	O
shifting	O
away	O
from	O
monolithic	O
and	O
procedural	O
application	B-Application
models	I-Application
and	O
even	O
application	B-Application
suites	I-Application
,	O
toward	O
object-oriented	B-Language
component-based	O
application	O
frameworks	O
,	O
all	O
in	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
favor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
held	O
exploratory	O
meetings	O
with	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
before	O
deciding	O
upon	O
building	O
out	O
its	O
object	O
application	O
framework	O
OpenStep	B-Operating_System
in	O
partnership	O
with	O
NeXT	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
preemptive	O
move	O
against	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
and	O
 [ Microsoft's ] 	O
Cairo	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
given	O
up	O
on	O
seeing	O
Pink	O
go	O
to	O
market	O
soon	O
,	O
Apple	O
publicly	O
announced	O
Copland	B-Application
in	O
March	O
1994	O
intended	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
upcoming	O
Windows	O
95	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
was	O
and	O
will	O
remain	O
the	O
only	O
vendor	O
of	O
a	O
desired	O
target	O
OS	O
which	O
is	O
physically	O
incapable	O
of	O
receiving	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
heavy	O
payload	O
due	O
to	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
's	O
critical	O
lack	O
of	O
modern	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
preemptive	O
multitasking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
reportedly	O
remains	O
so	O
committed	O
to	O
boosting	O
the	O
industry	O
's	O
confidence	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
modernization	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
considering	O
creating	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
hybridize	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
applications	O
for	O
the	O
nascent	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
reportedly	O
intends	O
for	O
the	O
upcoming	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
to	O
boot	O
native	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
next-generation	O
alternative	O
to	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
is	O
uniquely	O
intensified	O
because	O
Apple	O
is	O
beginning	O
to	O
view	O
the	O
architecturally	O
superior	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
competitor	O
against	O
the	O
protractedly	O
weak	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
which	O
has	O
no	O
successor	O
in	O
sight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfoWorld	O
reported	O
this	O
:	O
"	O
Developers	O
and	O
analysts	O
also	O
said	O
that	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
fate	O
is	O
closely	O
tied	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
and	O
the	O
other	O
as-yet-undelivered	O
operating	O
systems	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
top	O
of.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
Apple	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
yet	O
unreleased	O
Windows	O
95	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1994	O
detailed	O
report	O
by	O
INPUT	O
assesses	O
that	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
"	O
very	O
risky	O
"	O
future	O
will	O
depend	O
not	O
on	O
its	O
technology	O
,	O
but	O
on	O
support	O
from	O
IBM	O
and	O
major	O
developers	O
,	O
the	O
rapid	O
and	O
cheap	O
development	O
of	O
applications	O
and	O
complex	O
integration	O
tasks	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
new	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
1994	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
shipped	O
its	O
first	O
deliverable	O
,	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
somewhat	O
late	O
for	O
its	O
three	O
investors	O
and	O
approximately	O
100	O
developer	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
prebeta	O
developer	O
preview	O
called	O
the	O
Partners	O
Early	O
Experience	O
Kit	O
(	O
PEEK	O
)	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
80	O
frameworks	O
for	O
AIX	B-Application
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
reportedly	O
"	O
hedging	O
its	O
bets	O
"	O
in	O
formulating	O
a	O
strategy	O
to	O
deliver	O
the	O
second-system	O
TalAE	O
,	O
while	O
remaining	O
primarily	O
devout	O
to	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
intended	O
to	O
soon	O
introduce	O
the	O
PowerOpen	B-Application
platform	O
of	O
PowerPC	O
AIX	B-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
deliver	O
TalAE	O
for	O
running	O
a	O
hopefully	O
forthcoming	O
class	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
simultaneously	O
alongside	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Application	O
Services	O
for	O
running	O
legacy	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
personal	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1995	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
canceled	O
the	O
delayed	O
release	O
of	O
its	O
natively	O
hosted	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
its	O
TalAE	O
application	O
framework	O
programming	O
environment	O
that	O
would	O
run	O
on	O
any	O
modern	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
been	O
developed	O
mainly	O
upon	O
AIX	B-Application
,	O
the	O
plan	O
was	O
to	O
port	O
TalAE	O
to	O
HP-UX	B-Application
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Copland	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
vendors	O
are	O
intended	O
to	O
port	O
and	O
bundle	O
TalAE	O
directly	O
with	O
their	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
will	O
port	O
for	O
those	O
who	O
do	O
n't	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
said	O
that	O
it	O
wants	O
CommonPoint	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
definitive	O
software	O
industry	O
standard	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
local	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
in	O
every	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
app	B-Application
would	O
have	O
minimal	O
package	O
delivery	O
size	O
because	O
customers	O
already	O
have	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
shared	O
CommonPoint	O
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
28	O
,	O
1995	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
shipped	O
its	O
first	O
final	O
product	O
,	O
CommonPoint	O
1.1	O
,	O
after	O
seven	O
years	O
in	O
development	O
as	O
Pink	O
and	O
then	O
TalAE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
released	O
only	O
for	O
its	O
reference	O
platform	O
of	O
AIX	B-Application
,	O
it	O
was	O
initially	O
priced	O
at	O
for	O
only	O
the	O
runtime	O
framework	O
for	O
users	O
;	O
or	O
for	O
the	O
runtime	O
framework	O
and	O
the	O
software	O
development	O
kit	O
,	O
which	O
further	O
requires	O
the	O
Cset++	O
compiler	O
because	O
TalDE	O
is	O
still	O
scheduled	O
for	O
a	O
later	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
PEEK	O
beta	O
test	O
sites	O
and	O
final	O
release	O
customers	O
were	O
very	O
pleased	O
with	O
the	O
platform	O
,	O
though	O
disappointed	O
in	O
the	O
marked	O
lack	O
of	O
crossplatform	O
presence	O
on	O
HP/UX	B-Application
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
which	O
strictly	O
limited	O
any	O
adoption	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
even	O
among	O
enthusiasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hewlett-Packard	O
wrote	O
a	O
beginner	O
's	O
guide	O
for	O
CommonPoint	O
programmers	O
to	O
address	O
its	O
steep	O
learning	O
curve	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
its	O
survey	O
showed	O
that	O
experienced	O
C++	B-Language
framework	O
programmers	O
needed	O
at	O
least	O
three	O
months	O
to	O
even	O
approach	O
their	O
first	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
launch	O
,	O
InfoWorld	O
told	O
CEO	O
Joe	O
Guglielmi	O
that	O
"	O
corporate	O
users	O
do	O
n't	O
generally	O
understand	O
what	O
CommonPoint	O
is	O
for	O
"	O
and	O
have	O
trouble	O
differentiating	O
CommonPoint	O
and	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CommonPoint	O
beta	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
was	O
released	O
on	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
coincidentally	O
the	O
same	O
day	O
as	O
the	O
gold	O
master	O
of	O
the	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
final	O
beta	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
complementary	O
cousin	O
operating	O
system	O
to	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
beta	O
of	O
Workplace	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
on	O
January	O
5	O
,	O
1996	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
OS/2	B-Application
Warp	I-Application
Connect	I-Application
(	O
PowerPC	O
Edition	O
)	O
and	O
then	O
immediately	O
discontinued	O
without	O
ever	O
receiving	O
a	O
release	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
at	O
Apple	O
,	O
the	O
one-year-old	O
Copland	B-Application
reached	O
a	O
primitive	O
and	O
notoriously	O
unstable	O
developer	O
preview	O
release	O
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
's	O
frustrated	O
lack	O
of	O
operating	O
system	O
strategy	O
still	O
had	O
not	O
shipped	O
anything	O
physically	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
any	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1995	O
,	O
CEO	O
Joe	O
Guglielmi	O
unexpectedly	O
exited	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
to	O
become	O
VP	O
of	O
Motorola	O
,	O
intensifying	O
the	O
industry	O
's	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
19	O
,	O
1995	O
,	O
founding	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
employee	O
and	O
Apple	O
veteran	O
Debbie	O
Coutant	O
was	O
promoted	O
to	O
CEO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
that	O
same	O
day	O
it	O
received	O
what	O
would	O
be	O
its	O
final	O
CEO	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
also	O
ended	O
its	O
partnership	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
and	O
HP	O
sold	O
out	O
their	O
holdings	O
in	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
making	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
a	O
wholly	O
owned	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
IBM	O
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
dissolving	O
the	O
partnership	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
former	O
partners	O
expressed	O
approval	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
what	O
they	O
called	O
overall	O
enterprise-wide	O
cost-cutting	O
processes	O
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
HP	O
wanted	O
to	O
simply	O
maintain	O
technology	O
licenses	O
,	O
IBM	O
wanted	O
to	O
use	O
its	O
own	O
redundant	O
marketing	O
and	O
support	O
departments	O
,	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
wanted	O
to	O
focus	O
only	O
on	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
veteran	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
cofounding	O
employee	O
,	O
Mike	O
Potel	O
,	O
was	O
promoted	O
from	O
VP	O
of	O
Technology	O
to	O
CTO	O
,	O
saying	O
,	O
"	O
We	O
're	O
better	O
protected	O
inside	O
the	O
IBM	O
world	O
than	O
we	O
would	O
be	O
trying	O
to	O
duke	O
it	O
out	O
as	O
an	O
independent	O
company	O
that	O
has	O
to	O
pay	O
its	O
bills	O
every	O
day.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
1996	O
,	O
the	O
final	O
public	O
demonstration	O
of	O
the	O
complete	O
native	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
given	O
,	O
titled	O
"	O
The	O
Cutting	O
Edge	O
Scenario	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
referring	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
codename	O
of	O
"	O
Pink	O
"	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
had	O
already	O
officially	O
abandoned	O
the	O
never-published	O
native	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
in	O
favor	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
mission	O
as	O
an	O
IBM	O
subsidiary	O
was	O
to	O
unbundle	O
the	O
technology	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
redistribute	O
it	O
across	O
IBM	O
's	O
existing	O
products	O
or	O
license	O
it	O
to	O
other	O
companiesall	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
overall	O
focus	O
on	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wider	O
mass	O
market	O
debut	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
technology	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
VisualAge	B-Language
C++	B-Language
3.5	O
for	O
Windows	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
bundling	O
of	O
the	O
Compound	O
Document	O
Framework	O
to	O
handle	O
OLE	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
1997	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
comprehensive	O
shipment	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
technology	O
was	O
its	O
adoption	O
into	O
IBM	O
's	O
well-established	O
VisualAge	B-Language
for	O
C++	B-Language
4.0	O
,	O
which	O
PC	O
Magazine	O
said	O
was	O
"	O
unmatched	O
"	O
in	O
"	O
sheer	O
breadth	O
of	O
features	O
"	O
because	O
"	O
Now	O
,	O
the	O
best	O
of	O
the	O
CommonPoint	O
technology	O
is	O
being	O
channeled	O
into	O
Open	O
Class	O
for	O
VisualAge.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
bundled	O
SDK	O
adaptation	O
includes	O
several	O
CommonPoint	O
frameworks	O
:	O
desktop	O
(	O
infrastructure	O
for	O
building	O
unified	O
OCX	O
or	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
components	O
)	O
;	O
web	O
(	O
called	O
WebRunner	O
,	O
for	O
making	O
drag-and-drop	O
compound	O
documents	O
for	O
the	O
web	O
,	O
and	O
server	O
CGIs	O
)	O
;	O
graphics	O
for	O
building	O
2D	O
GUI	B-Application
apps	O
;	O
international	O
text	O
for	O
Unicode	O
and	O
localization	O
;	O
filesystems	O
;	O
printing	O
;	O
and	O
unit	O
tests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
1997	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
at	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
companywide	O
shift	O
to	O
a	O
Java-based	O
middleware	O
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
provided	O
all	O
Unicode	O
internationalization	O
support	O
for	O
Sun	O
's	O
1997	O
release	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
Development	I-Language
Kit	I-Language
1.1	O
through	O
1.1.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
still	O
leasing	O
the	O
same	O
building	O
from	O
Apple	O
,	O
and	O
JavaSoft	O
was	O
located	O
across	O
the	O
street	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
its	O
parent	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
related	O
Lotus	O
,	O
were	O
located	O
on	O
the	O
east	O
coast	O
and	O
were	O
not	O
fully	O
aware	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
plans	O
and	O
deliverables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WebRunner	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
-	O
and	O
JavaBeans-based	O
development	O
tools	O
at	O
$149	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
1997	O
,	O
Places	O
for	O
Project	O
Teams	O
was	O
launched	O
at	O
$49	O
per	O
user	O
as	O
a	O
groupware	O
GUI	B-Application
which	O
hides	O
the	O
ugly	O
interface	O
of	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
had	O
several	O
products	O
,	O
licenses	O
,	O
trademarks	O
,	O
and	O
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
canceled	O
the	O
unstable	O
and	O
unfinished	O
Copland	B-Application
project	O
in	O
August	O
1996	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
already	O
been	O
presumptively	O
renamed	O
"	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
again	O
leaving	O
only	O
a	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
legacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
book	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
Revealed	O
(	O
1996	O
)	O
had	O
been	O
the	O
definitive	O
final	O
roadmap	O
for	O
Copland	B-Application
,	O
naming	O
the	O
platform	O
's	O
competitors	O
and	O
allies	O
,	O
and	O
yet	O
its	O
336	O
pages	O
contain	O
no	O
mention	O
of	O
Pink	O
or	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
1996	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
ever	O
more	O
desperately	O
scrambling	O
to	O
find	O
any	O
operating	O
system	O
strategy	O
whatsoever	O
beyond	O
System	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
even	O
after	O
having	O
already	O
planned	O
its	O
upcoming	O
announcement	O
of	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
in	O
December	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
had	O
failed	O
to	O
deliver	O
even	O
a	O
functional	O
developer	O
preview	O
of	O
Copland	B-Application
in	O
two	O
years	O
;	O
and	O
it	O
discarded	O
the	O
successful	O
A/UX	B-Operating_System
and	O
PowerOpen	B-Application
platforms	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
new	O
AIX-based	O
Apple	B-Device
Network	I-Device
Server	I-Device
of	O
1996-1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
build	O
the	O
future	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
the	O
company	O
seriously	O
explored	O
licensing	O
other	O
third	O
party	O
OSes	O
such	O
as	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
and	O
TalOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
16	O
,	O
1997	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
that	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
Inc	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
dissolved	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
approximately	O
100	O
software	O
engineers	O
being	O
"	O
offered	O
positions	O
at	O
IBM	O
's	O
Santa	O
Teresa	O
Laboratory	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
key	O
components	O
for	O
IBM	O
's	O
VisualAge	B-Language
for	O
Java	B-Language
programming	I-Language
tools	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
recently	O
announced	O
Java	B-Language
porting	O
center	O
that	O
IBM	O
is	O
setting	O
up	O
with	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
and	O
Netscape	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
withdrew	O
CommonPoint	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
from	O
the	O
market	O
on	O
August	O
3	O
,	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1993	O
,	O
one	O
year	O
after	O
incorporation	O
and	O
two	O
years	O
before	O
shipping	O
its	O
first	O
product	O
,	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
was	O
nonetheless	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
significant	O
competitor	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UnixWorld	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
NeXT	O
needs	O
to	O
increase	O
its	O
volume	O
three-fold	O
[	O
over	O
its	O
existing	O
50,000	O
installations ]	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
build	O
enough	O
momentum	O
to	O
forestall	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
object-oriented	B-Language
software	O
business.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
were	O
disappointed	O
in	O
the	O
marked	O
lack	O
of	O
crossplatform	O
presence	O
on	O
HP/UX	B-Application
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
which	O
strictly	O
limited	O
any	O
adoption	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
even	O
among	O
enthusiasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1995	O
,	O
IEEE	O
Software	O
magazine	O
said	O
"	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
very	O
nature	O
could	O
change	O
the	O
contour	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
landscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
...	O
[I]t's	O
clear	O
that	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
is	O
sitting	O
on	O
,	O
using	O
,	O
and	O
refining	O
what	O
is	O
ostensibly	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
best	O
developed	O
,	O
comprehensive	O
,	O
object-oriented	B-Language
development	O
and	O
system	O
environment.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
any	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
native	O
application	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
run	O
just	O
the	O
same	O
on	O
any	O
supported	O
host	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
degree	O
of	O
clean	O
portability	O
,	O
especially	O
with	O
native	O
integration	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
industry	O
was	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
holy	B-General_Concept
grail	I-General_Concept
to	O
which	O
many	O
aspire	O
and	O
few	O
deliver	O
,	O
citing	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
Word	O
6.0	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
still	O
works	O
like	O
a	O
foreign	O
Windows	O
application	O
because	O
the	O
foundation	O
was	O
redundantly	O
ported	O
with	O
each	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
1997	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
first	O
comprehensive	O
mass	O
release	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
technology	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
VisualAge	B-Language
C++	B-Language
4.0	O
,	O
PC	O
Magazine	O
said	O
"	O
Now	O
,	O
the	O
best	O
of	O
the	O
CommonPoint	O
technology	O
is	O
being	O
channeled	O
into	O
Open	O
Class	O
for	O
VisualAge	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
...	O
For	O
sheer	O
breadth	O
of	O
features	O
,	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
frameworks	O
are	O
unmatched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
all-encompassing	O
OOP	O
framework	O
has	O
always	O
proved	O
a	O
difficult	O
ideal	O
to	O
realize	O
,	O
but	O
VisualAge	B-Language
's	O
Open	O
Class	O
Technology	O
Preview	O
is	O
by	O
far	O
the	O
most	O
credible	O
attempt	O
we	O
've	O
seen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
PCWorld	O
named	O
the	O
native	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
OS	O
as	O
number	O
4	O
of	O
the	O
15	O
top	O
vaporware	B-Application
products	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
second-system	B-General_Concept
effect	I-General_Concept
and	O
corporate	O
immune	O
response	O
,	O
Wired	O
writer	O
Fred	O
Davis	O
compared	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
relationship	O
with	O
Apple	O
and	O
IBM	O
to	O
a	O
classic	O
Greek	O
tragedy	O
:	O
"	O
A	O
child	O
is	O
born	O
,	O
destined	O
to	O
kill	O
its	O
father	O
and	O
commit	O
even	O
more	O
unspeakable	O
acts	O
against	O
its	O
mother	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gates	O
responded	O
with	O
what	O
Tennant	O
described	O
as	O
biting	O
,	O
deadpan	O
sarcasm	O
:	O
"	O
Kaleida	O
and	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
had	O
less	O
impact	O
than	O
we	O
expected.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
founding	O
lead	O
engineer	O
of	O
Pink	O
,	O
Erich	O
Ringewald	O
,	O
departed	O
Apple	O
in	O
1990	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
lead	O
software	O
architect	O
at	O
Be	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
design	O
the	O
new	O
BeOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	O
Davis	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
previously	O
cofounded	O
the	O
Unicode	O
Consortium	O
,	O
had	O
at	O
Apple	O
co-written	O
WorldScript	O
,	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Script	O
Manager	O
,	O
and	O
headed	O
the	O
localization	O
of	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
Arabic	O
,	O
Hebrew	O
,	O
and	O
Japanese	O
(	O
KanjiTalk	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
Director	O
of	O
Core	O
Technologies	O
and	O
architect	O
of	O
all	O
its	O
internationalization	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
became	O
IBM	O
's	O
Chief	O
Software	O
Globalization	O
Architect	O
,	O
moved	O
to	O
Google	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
internationalization	O
and	O
Unicode	O
,	O
and	O
now	O
helps	O
to	O
choose	O
the	O
emojis	O
for	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
smartphones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ike	O
Nassi	O
had	O
been	O
VP	O
of	O
Development	O
Tools	O
at	O
Apple	O
,	O
launched	O
MkLinux	B-Application
,	O
served	O
on	O
the	O
boards	O
of	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
Foundation	O
,	O
and	O
worked	O
on	O
the	O
Linksys	B-Device
iPhone	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
harvested	O
parts	O
of	O
CommonPoint	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
Open	O
Class	O
libraries	O
for	O
VisualAge	B-Language
for	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
spawned	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
project	O
called	O
International	B-Application
Components	I-Application
for	I-Application
Unicode	I-Application
from	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resulting	O
from	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
work	O
led	O
by	O
Mark	O
Davis	O
,	O
IBM	O
published	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
internationalization	O
libraries	O
that	O
are	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
Development	I-Language
Kit	I-Language
1.1	O
through	O
1.1.4	O
along	O
with	O
source	O
code	O
which	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
partially	O
to	O
C	O
.	O
Enhanced	O
versions	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
classes	O
went	O
into	O
ICU	O
for	O
Java	B-Language
(	O
ICU4J	B-Application
)	O
and	O
ICU	O
for	O
C	O
(	O
ICU4C	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JDK	B-Language
1.1	O
received	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
JavaBeans	O
Migration	O
Assistant	O
for	O
ActiveX	O
,	O
to	O
convert	O
ActiveX	O
into	O
JavaBeans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
's	O
own	O
published	O
software	O
was	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
development	O
tools	O
based	O
on	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
JavaBeans	O
,	O
called	O
WebRunner	O
;	O
and	O
a	O
groupware	O
product	O
based	O
on	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
called	O
Places	O
for	O
Project	O
Teams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taligent	B-Operating_System
licensed	O
various	O
technologies	O
to	O
Sun	O
which	O
are	O
today	O
part	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
and	O
others	O
to	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
and	O
Netscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
released	O
the	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
C++	B-Language
compiler	O
technology	O
(	O
known	O
within	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
CompTech	O
"	O
)	O
as	O
its	O
"	O
ANSI	B-Language
C++	I-Language
"	O
compiler	O
,	O
aCC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
also	O
released	O
some	O
Taligent	B-Operating_System
graphics	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
personnel	O
and	O
design	O
concepts	O
from	O
Pink	O
and	O
Purple	O
(	O
the	O
first	O
iPhone	B-Device
's	O
codename	O
)	O
would	O
resurface	O
and	O
blend	O
into	O
Google	O
's	O
Fuchsia	B-Language
operating	I-Language
system	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
kernel	O
and	O
application	O
frameworks	O
,	O
its	O
open-source	B-Application
code	I-Application
repository	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2016	O
with	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
Pink	O
+	O
Purple	O
==	O
Fuchsia	B-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
