<s>
The	O
TX-0	B-Device
,	O
for	O
Transistorized	B-Device
Experimental	I-Device
computer	I-Device
zero	I-Device
,	O
but	O
affectionately	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
tixo	B-Device
(	O
pronounced	O
"	O
tix	O
oh	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
fully	O
transistorized	O
computer	O
and	O
contained	O
a	O
then-huge	O
64K	O
of	O
18-bit	O
words	O
of	O
magnetic-core	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Construction	O
of	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
began	O
in	O
1955	O
and	O
ended	O
in	O
1956	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TX-0	B-Device
incorporated	O
around	O
3,600	O
Philco	O
high-frequency	O
surface-barrier	O
transistors	B-Application
,	O
the	O
first	O
transistor	B-Application
suitable	O
for	O
high-speed	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TX-0	B-Device
and	O
its	O
direct	O
descendant	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
PDP-1	B-Device
,	O
were	O
platforms	O
for	O
pioneering	O
computer	O
research	O
and	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
what	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
called	O
computer	O
"	O
hacker	B-Application
"	O
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
for	O
direct	O
interaction	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
previous	O
computers	O
,	O
which	O
required	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
as	O
a	O
primary	O
interface	O
for	O
programmers	O
debugging	O
their	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
at	O
the	O
MIT	O
Lincoln	O
Laboratory	O
largely	O
as	O
an	O
experiment	O
in	O
transistorized	O
design	O
and	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
very	O
large	O
core	O
memory	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
was	O
essentially	O
a	O
transistorized	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
equally	O
famous	O
Whirlwind	B-Device
,	O
also	O
built	O
at	O
Lincoln	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
Whirlwind	B-Device
filled	O
an	O
entire	O
floor	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
building	O
,	O
TX-0	B-Device
fit	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
reasonably	O
sized	O
room	O
and	O
yet	O
was	O
somewhat	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
the	O
Whirlwind	B-Device
,	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
was	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
vector	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
12	O
"	O
oscilloscope	O
with	O
a	O
working	O
area	O
of	O
7	O
by	O
7	O
inches	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
18-bit	O
output	O
register	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
display	O
points	O
and	O
vectors	O
with	O
a	O
resolution	O
up	O
to	O
512×512	O
screen	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TX-0	B-Device
was	O
an	O
18-bit	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
16-bit	O
address	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
was	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
purpose	O
,	O
except	O
using	O
transistors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
successful	O
completion	O
of	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
,	O
work	O
turned	O
immediately	O
to	O
the	O
much	O
larger	O
and	O
far	O
more	O
complex	O
TX-2	B-Device
,	O
completed	O
in	O
1958	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
core	O
memory	O
was	O
very	O
expensive	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
several	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
memory	O
were	O
cannibalized	O
for	O
the	O
TX-2	B-Device
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
was	O
no	O
longer	O
considered	O
worth	O
keeping	O
at	O
Lincoln	O
Lab	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
"	O
loaned	O
"	O
(	O
semi-permanently	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
MIT	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
of	O
Electronics	O
(	O
RLE	O
)	O
in	O
July	O
1958	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
became	O
a	O
centerpiece	O
of	O
research	O
that	O
would	O
eventually	O
evolve	O
into	O
the	O
MIT	O
Artificial	O
Intelligence	O
Lab	O
and	O
the	O
original	O
computer	O
hacker	B-Application
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
about	O
a	O
year	O
and	O
a	O
half	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
instruction	O
bits	O
was	O
doubled	O
to	O
four	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
16	O
instructions	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
index	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
was	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
newly	O
modified	O
TX-0	B-Device
was	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
huge	O
number	O
of	O
advances	O
in	O
computing	O
,	O
including	O
speech	B-Application
and	O
handwriting	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
tools	O
needed	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
such	O
projects	O
,	O
including	O
text	B-Application
editors	I-Application
and	O
debuggers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
the	O
TX-2	B-Device
project	O
was	O
running	O
into	O
difficulties	O
of	O
its	O
own	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
team	O
members	O
decided	O
to	O
leave	O
the	O
project	O
at	O
Lincoln	O
Lab	O
and	O
start	O
their	O
own	O
company	O
-	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
(	O
DEC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
short	O
time	O
selling	O
"	O
lab	O
modules	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
simple	O
logic	O
elements	O
from	O
the	O
TX-2	B-Device
design	O
,	O
the	O
newly	O
formed	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
(	O
DEC	O
)	O
decided	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
"	O
cleaned	O
up	O
"	O
TX-0	B-Device
design	O
,	O
and	O
delivered	O
it	O
in	O
1961	O
as	O
the	O
PDP-1	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
DEC	O
donated	O
the	O
engineering	O
prototype	O
PDP-1	B-Device
machine	O
to	O
MIT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
room	O
next	O
to	O
TX-0	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
two	O
machines	O
would	O
run	O
side-by-side	O
for	O
almost	O
a	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Significant	O
pieces	O
of	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
are	O
held	O
by	O
MIT	O
Lincoln	O
Laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
the	O
TX-0	B-Device
was	O
still	O
running	O
and	O
is	O
shown	O
running	O
a	O
maze	O
application	O
in	O
the	O
of	O
Computer	O
Chronicles	O
.	O
</s>
