<s>
TPT	B-Application
(	O
time	B-Application
partition	I-Application
testing	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
systematic	O
test	O
methodology	O
for	O
the	O
automated	B-Application
software	O
test	O
and	O
verification	B-Application
of	O
embedded	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
dataflow	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
is	O
specialised	O
on	O
testing	O
and	O
validation	B-Application
of	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
whose	O
inputs	O
and	O
outputs	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
represented	O
as	O
signals	O
and	O
is	O
a	O
dedicated	O
method	O
for	O
testing	O
continuous	O
behaviour	O
of	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
functional	O
testing	O
methods	O
use	O
scripts	O
–	O
TPT	B-Application
uses	O
model-based	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
combines	O
a	O
systematic	O
and	O
graphic	O
modelling	O
technique	O
for	O
test	O
cases	O
with	O
a	O
fully	O
automated	B-Application
test	I-Application
execution	O
in	O
different	O
environments	O
and	O
automatic	O
test	O
evaluation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
covers	O
the	O
following	O
four	O
test	O
activities	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
TPT	B-Application
tests	O
are	O
modelled	O
graphically	O
with	O
the	O
aid	O
of	O
special	O
state	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
and	O
time	O
partitioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
test	O
cases	O
for	O
one	O
system	O
under	O
test	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
modelled	O
using	O
one	O
hybrid	O
automaton	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
states	B-Application
of	O
the	O
finite-state	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
represent	O
the	O
logical	O
passes	O
of	O
a	O
test	O
which	O
are	O
similar	O
for	O
all	O
tests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Substantial	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
parallel	O
and	O
hierarchical	O
branching	O
state	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
,	O
conditional	O
branching	O
,	O
reactivity	B-Architecture
,	O
signal	O
description	O
,	O
measured	O
signals	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
lists	O
of	O
simple	O
test	O
steps	O
allow	O
an	O
intuitive	O
and	O
graphic	O
modelling	O
even	O
of	O
complex	O
test	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Test-Step	O
List	O
,	O
one	O
can	B-Protocol
model	O
simple	O
sequences	O
of	O
test	O
steps	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
execute	O
in	O
parallel	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
setting	O
signals	O
(	O
Set	O
channel	O
)	O
,	O
ramping	O
signals	O
(	O
Ramp	O
channel	O
)	O
,	O
setting	O
parameters	O
(	O
Set	O
parameter	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
waiting	O
(	O
Wait	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Requests	O
for	O
the	O
expected	O
test	O
results	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
made	O
within	O
the	O
test	O
sequence	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
system	O
under	O
test	O
as	O
it	O
runs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
test	O
sequences	O
can	B-Protocol
also	O
be	O
combined	O
with	O
other	O
modelling	O
methods	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
complexity	O
(	O
or	O
simplicity	O
)	O
in	O
one	O
's	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Test	O
sequences	O
can	B-Protocol
also	O
be	O
combined	O
and	O
parallelised	O
with	O
other	O
modelling	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
modelling	O
,	O
one	O
can	B-Protocol
define	O
signals	O
as	O
a	O
function	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
past	O
variables/test	O
events	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
define	O
these	O
signals	O
by	O
writing	O
"	O
C-Style	O
"	O
code	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
importing	O
measurement	O
data	O
and	O
using	O
a	O
manual	O
signal	O
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
define	O
functions	O
that	O
can	B-Protocol
act	O
as	O
a	O
clients	O
or	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Client	B-Protocol
functions	O
are	O
called	O
from	O
TPT	B-Application
in	O
the	O
system	O
under	O
test	O
,	O
where	O
server	B-Application
functions	O
implemented	O
in	O
TPT	B-Application
can	B-Protocol
be	O
called	O
as	O
"	O
stub	O
functions	O
"	O
from	O
the	O
system	O
under	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
itself	O
may	O
also	O
call	O
the	O
server	B-Application
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
testing	O
of	O
continuous	O
and	O
reactive	O
behaviour	O
of	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
can	B-Protocol
be	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
Classification	O
Tree	O
Method	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
timing	O
behaviour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
its	O
systematic	O
approach	O
in	O
test	O
case	O
generation	O
,	O
TPT	B-Application
even	O
keeps	O
track	O
of	O
very	O
complex	O
systems	O
whose	O
thorough	O
testing	O
requires	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
test	O
cases	O
thus	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
find	O
failures	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
under	O
test	O
with	O
an	O
ideal	O
number	O
of	O
test	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
underlying	O
idea	O
of	O
TPT	B-Application
's	O
systematic	O
is	O
the	O
separation	O
of	O
similarities	O
and	O
differences	O
among	O
the	O
test	O
cases	O
:	O
most	O
test	O
cases	O
are	O
very	O
similar	O
in	O
their	O
structural	O
process	O
and	O
can	B-Protocol
"	O
only	O
"	O
be	O
differentiated	O
in	O
a	O
few	O
,	O
but	O
crucial	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
makes	O
use	O
of	O
this	O
fact	O
by	O
jointly	O
modelling	O
and	O
using	O
joint	O
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
comprises	O
several	O
possibilities	O
to	O
automatically	O
generate	O
test	O
cases	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
TPT	B-Application
,	O
each	O
test	O
case	O
can	B-Protocol
specifically	O
react	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
behaviour	O
during	O
the	O
testing	O
process	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
–	O
for	O
instance	O
to	O
react	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
exactly	O
when	O
a	O
certain	O
system-state	O
occurs	O
or	O
a	O
sensor	O
signal	O
exceeds	O
a	O
certain	O
threshold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
test	O
cases	O
are	O
made	O
independent	O
of	O
its	O
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
test	O
cases	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
executed	O
in	O
almost	O
any	O
environment	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
so-called	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
(	O
VM	O
)	O
concept	O
also	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
are	O
MATLAB/Simulink	O
,	O
TargetLink	B-Application
,	O
ASCET	O
,	O
C-code	B-Language
,	O
CAN	B-Protocol
,	O
AUTOSAR	B-Application
,	O
SystemDesk	O
,	O
DaVinci	O
CT	O
,	O
LABCAR	O
,	O
INCA	O
,	O
Software-in-the-Loop	O
(	O
SiL	O
)	O
and	O
HiL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
TPT	B-Application
is	O
an	O
integrated	O
tool	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
all	O
testing	O
phases	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
like	O
unit	O
testing	O
,	O
integration	O
testing	O
,	O
system	O
testing	O
and	O
regression	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
analysis	O
and	O
measurement	O
of	O
code	B-Application
coverage	I-Application
,	O
TPT	B-Application
can	B-Protocol
interact	O
with	O
coverage	O
tools	O
like	O
Testwell	O
CTC++	O
for	O
C-code	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
configurable	O
graphical	O
user	O
interface	O
(	O
Dashboard	O
)	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
GUI	O
widgets	O
,	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
used	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
tests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modelled	O
test	O
cases	O
in	O
TPT	B-Application
are	O
compiled	O
and	O
during	O
test	O
execution	O
interpreted	O
by	O
the	O
so-called	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
(	O
VM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
a	O
platform	O
adapter	B-Device
realises	O
the	O
signal	O
mapping	O
for	O
the	O
individual	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TPT-VM	O
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
ANSI	O
C	B-Language
and	O
requires	O
a	O
memory	O
of	O
just	O
a	O
few	O
kilobytes	O
and	O
can	B-Protocol
completely	O
do	O
without	O
a	O
dynamic	O
memory	O
allocation	O
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
in	O
minimalist	O
and	O
environments	O
with	O
few	O
resources	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
APIs	B-Application
for	O
C	B-Language
and	O
.NET	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
's	O
Virtual	B-Architecture
Machine	I-Architecture
is	O
able	O
to	O
process	O
tests	O
in	O
real	B-General_Concept
time	I-General_Concept
with	O
defined	O
response	O
behaviour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
response	O
times	O
of	O
TPT	B-Application
test	O
cases	O
are	O
normally	O
given	O
within	O
micro	O
seconds	O
–	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
complexity	O
and	O
test	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
offers	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
compute	O
the	O
properties	O
for	O
the	O
expected	O
behaviour	O
online	O
(	O
during	O
test	O
execution	O
)	O
and	O
offline	O
(	O
after	O
test	O
execution	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
offline	O
evaluation	O
is	O
,	O
technically	O
speaking	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
script	I-Language
language	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
extended	O
by	O
specific	O
syntactic	O
language	O
elements	O
and	O
a	O
specialised	O
evaluation	O
library	O
to	O
give	O
optimal	O
support	O
to	O
the	O
test	O
evaluation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Measurement	O
data	O
from	O
other	O
sources	O
like	O
TargetLink	B-Application
and	O
Simulink	B-Application
signal	O
logging	O
or	O
MCD-3	O
measurement	O
data	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
assessed	O
automatically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
data	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
independent	O
from	O
the	O
test	O
execution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
test	O
documentation	O
according	O
to	O
IEEE	O
829	O
presents	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
test	O
evaluation	O
to	O
the	O
tester	O
in	O
a	O
HTML	O
,	O
report	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
not	O
only	O
the	O
pure	O
information	O
"	O
success	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
failed	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
unknown	O
"	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
depicted	O
as	O
the	O
test	O
result	O
for	O
each	O
test	O
case	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
details	O
such	O
as	O
characteristic	O
parameters	O
or	O
signals	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
observed	O
in	O
the	O
test	O
execution	O
or	O
computed	O
in	O
the	O
test	O
evaluation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
test	O
assessment	O
returns	O
proper	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
timing	O
and	O
the	O
checked	O
behaviour	O
this	O
information	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
made	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
test	O
documentation	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
document	O
can	B-Protocol
be	O
freely	O
configured	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
a	O
template	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
supports	O
test	O
management	O
of	O
TPT	B-Application
test	O
projects	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
activities	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
offers	O
an	O
interface	O
to	O
requirements	O
tools	O
like	O
Telelogic	B-Language
DOORS	O
to	O
support	O
these	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
is	O
a	O
model-based	O
testing	B-Application
tool	I-Application
and	O
is	O
applied	O
mainly	O
in	O
the	O
automotive	O
controller	O
development	O
and	O
has	O
originally	O
been	O
developed	O
within	O
Daimler	O
AG	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daimler	O
coordinated	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
testing	B-Application
tool	I-Application
for	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TPT	B-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
different	O
other	O
car	O
manufacturers	O
like	O
BMW	O
,	O
Volkswagen	O
,	O
Audi	O
,	O
Porsche	O
and	O
General	O
Motors	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
suppliers	O
like	O
Robert	O
Bosch	O
GmbH	O
,	O
Continental	O
and	O
Hella	O
.	O
</s>
