<s>
The	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
project	O
ranks	O
and	O
details	O
the	O
500	O
most	O
powerful	O
non-distributed	O
computer	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
1993	O
and	O
publishes	O
an	O
updated	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
twice	O
a	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
of	O
these	O
updates	O
always	O
coincides	O
with	O
the	O
International	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Conference	O
in	O
June	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
second	O
is	O
presented	O
at	O
the	O
ACM/IEEE	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Conference	O
in	O
November	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
aims	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
reliable	O
basis	O
for	O
tracking	O
and	O
detecting	O
trends	O
in	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
bases	O
rankings	O
on	O
HPL	O
,	O
a	O
portable	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
high-performance	O
LINPACK	B-Device
benchmark	I-Device
written	O
in	O
Fortran	O
for	O
distributed-memory	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
60th	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
was	O
published	O
in	O
November	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
USA	O
's	O
Frontier	B-Device
is	O
the	O
most	O
powerful	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
on	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
,	O
reaching	O
1102	O
petaFlops	O
(	O
1.102	O
exaFlops	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
LINPACK	B-Device
benchmarks	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
United	O
States	O
has	O
by	O
far	O
the	O
highest	O
share	O
of	O
total	O
computing	O
power	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
(	O
nearly	O
50%	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
China	O
currently	O
leads	O
the	O
list	O
in	O
number	O
of	O
systems	O
with	O
173	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
the	O
USA	O
not	O
far	O
behind	O
in	O
second	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
is	O
compiled	O
by	O
Jack	O
Dongarra	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Tennessee	O
,	O
Knoxville	O
,	O
Erich	O
Strohmaier	O
and	O
Horst	O
Simon	O
of	O
the	O
National	O
Energy	O
Research	O
Scientific	O
Computing	O
Center	O
(	O
NERSC	O
)	O
and	O
Lawrence	O
Berkeley	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
LBNL	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
until	O
his	O
death	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
Hans	O
Meuer	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Mannheim	O
,	O
Germany	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
project	O
also	O
includes	O
lists	O
such	O
as	O
Green500	B-Application
(	O
measuring	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
)	O
and	O
HPCG	B-Operating_System
(	O
measuring	O
I/O	O
bandwidth	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
definition	O
of	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
was	O
needed	O
to	O
produce	O
meaningful	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1993	O
,	O
Jack	O
Dongarra	O
was	O
persuaded	O
to	O
join	O
the	O
project	O
with	O
his	O
LINPACK	B-Device
benchmarks	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Kahaner	O
,	O
the	O
director	O
of	O
the	O
Asian	O
Technology	O
Information	O
Program	O
(	O
ATIP	O
)	O
;	O
published	O
a	O
report	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
titled	O
"	O
Kahaner	O
Report	O
on	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
Japan	O
"	O
which	O
had	O
an	O
immense	O
amount	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
June	O
1993	O
,	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
is	O
produced	O
bi-annually	O
based	O
on	O
site	O
and	O
vendor	O
submissions	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2018	O
,	O
Summit	B-Device
was	O
fastest	O
with	O
an	O
Rpeak	O
of	O
187.6593PFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
comparison	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
over	O
1,432,513	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
the	B-Device
Connection	I-Device
Machine	I-Device
CM-5/1024	O
(	O
1,024	O
cores	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
fastest	O
system	O
in	O
November	O
1993	O
(	O
twenty-five	O
years	O
prior	O
)	O
with	O
an	O
Rpeak	O
of	O
131.0GFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
all	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
on	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
are	O
64-bit	B-Device
,	O
mostly	O
based	O
on	O
CPUs	B-Device
using	O
the	O
x86-64	B-Device
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
(	O
of	O
which	O
384	O
are	O
Intel	O
EMT64-based	O
and	O
101	O
are	O
AMD	O
AMD64-based	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
top1	O
and	O
most	O
systems	O
on	O
top	O
10	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
one	O
Intel-based	O
on	O
top10	O
,	O
the	O
9th	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
few	O
exceptions	O
are	O
all	O
based	O
on	O
RISC	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Six	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
are	O
based	O
on	O
ARM64	B-Architecture
,	O
seven	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
used	O
by	O
IBM	B-Device
Power	I-Device
microprocessors	I-Device
,	O
no	O
longer	O
any	O
SPARC-based	O
,	O
but	O
previously	O
the	O
list	O
had	O
three	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
based	O
on	O
Fujitsu-designed	O
SPARC64	B-Architecture
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
computer	O
uses	O
another	O
non-US	O
design	O
,	O
the	O
Japanese	O
PEZY-SC	O
(	O
based	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
British	O
32-bit	O
ARM	B-Architecture
)	O
as	O
an	O
accelerator	O
paired	O
with	O
Intel	O
's	O
Xeon	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
heterogeneous	O
computing	O
,	O
mostly	O
using	O
Nvidia	O
's	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
(	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
)	O
or	O
Intel	O
's	O
x86-based	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
as	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
,	O
has	O
dominated	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
because	O
of	O
better	O
performance	O
per	O
watt	O
ratios	O
and	O
higher	O
absolute	O
performance	O
,	O
while	O
AMD	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
have	O
taken	O
the	O
top1	O
and	O
displaced	O
Nvidia	O
in	O
top10	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
recent	O
exceptions	O
include	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
Fugaku	B-Device
,	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
,	O
and	O
K	B-Device
computer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tianhe-2A	B-Device
is	O
also	O
an	O
interesting	O
exception	O
,	O
as	O
US	O
sanctions	O
prevented	O
use	O
of	O
Xeon	B-General_Concept
Phi	I-General_Concept
;	O
instead	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
upgraded	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Chinese-designed	O
Matrix-2000	O
accelerators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
computers	O
which	O
first	O
appeared	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
in	O
2018	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
architectures	O
new	O
to	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
was	O
a	O
new	O
x86-64	B-Device
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
from	O
Chinese	O
manufacturer	O
Sugon	O
,	O
using	O
Hygon	O
Dhyana	O
CPUs	B-Device
(	O
these	O
resulted	O
from	O
a	O
collaboration	O
with	O
AMD	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
a	O
minor	O
variant	O
of	O
Zen-based	O
AMD	O
EPYC	O
)	O
and	O
was	O
ranked	O
38th	O
,	O
now	O
117th	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
ARM-based	O
computer	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
using	O
Cavium	O
ThunderX2	O
CPUs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
ascendancy	O
of	O
32-bit	O
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
64-bit	O
x86-64	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
RISC	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
families	O
made	O
up	O
most	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
supercomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
including	O
SPARC	B-Architecture
,	O
MIPS	B-Device
,	O
PA-RISC	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Alpha	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
since	O
the	O
Earth	B-Device
Simulator	I-Device
supercomputer	B-Architecture
have	O
used	O
operating	O
systems	O
based	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
all	O
the	O
listed	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
use	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
November	O
2015	O
,	O
no	O
computer	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
runs	O
Windows	B-Application
(	O
while	O
Microsoft	O
reappeared	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
in	O
2021	O
with	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
based	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2014	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
cloud	O
computer	O
was	O
no	O
longer	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
of	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
(	O
its	O
best	O
rank	O
was	O
165th	O
in	O
2012	O
)	O
,	O
leaving	O
the	O
Shanghai	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
Center	O
's	O
Magic	O
Cube	O
as	O
the	O
only	O
Windows-based	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
on	O
the	O
list	O
,	O
until	O
it	O
also	O
dropped	O
off	O
the	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
any	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
computers	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
at	O
most	O
five	O
such	O
systems	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
one	O
more	O
than	O
the	O
Windows	B-Application
systems	O
that	O
came	O
later	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
total	O
performance	O
share	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
was	O
higher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
System	B-Device
X	I-Device
supercomputer	B-Architecture
based	O
on	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
(	O
Xserve	B-Device
,	O
with	O
2,200	O
PowerPC	B-General_Concept
970	I-General_Concept
processors	O
)	O
once	O
ranked	O
7th	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
well	O
over	O
a	O
decade	O
since	O
MIPS	B-Device
systems	O
dropped	O
entirely	O
off	O
the	O
list	O
though	O
the	O
Gyoukou	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
that	O
jumped	O
to	O
4th	O
place	O
in	O
November	O
2017	O
had	O
a	O
MIPS-based	O
design	O
as	O
a	O
small	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
2,048	O
-core	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
(	O
plus	O
8×	O
6-core	O
MIPS	B-Device
,	O
for	O
each	O
,	O
that	O
"	O
no	O
longer	O
require	O
to	O
rely	O
on	O
an	O
external	O
Intel	B-Device
Xeon	I-Device
E5	O
host	O
processor	O
"	O
)	O
made	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
much	O
more	O
energy	O
efficient	O
than	O
the	O
other	O
top	O
10	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
it	O
was	O
5th	O
on	O
Green500	B-Application
and	O
other	O
such	O
ZettaScaler-2.2-based	O
systems	O
take	O
first	O
three	O
spots	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
19.86	O
million	O
cores	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
by	O
far	O
the	O
largest	O
system	O
by	O
core-count	O
,	O
with	O
almost	O
double	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
then-best	O
manycore	B-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
the	O
Chinese	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
an	O
upgrade	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
56th	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
in	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
52nd	O
list	O
(	O
November	O
2018	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
53rd	O
list	O
(	O
June	O
2019	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Xeon	O
Platinum-based	O
Frontera	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
new	O
top-10	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
then	O
5th	O
fastest	O
and	O
the	O
upgraded	O
POWER9-based	O
Lassen	O
moved	O
from	O
11th	O
to	O
10th	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sequoia	B-Device
became	O
the	O
last	O
Blue	B-General_Concept
Gene/Q	I-General_Concept
model	O
to	O
drop	O
completely	O
off	O
the	O
list	O
;	O
it	O
had	O
been	O
ranked	O
10th	O
on	O
the	O
52nd	O
list	O
(	O
and	O
1st	O
on	O
the	O
June	O
2012	O
,	O
41st	O
list	O
,	O
after	O
an	O
upgrade	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
new	O
number	O
one	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
Frontier	B-Device
,	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
number	O
2	O
system	O
on	O
the	O
Green500	B-Application
list	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
one	O
system	O
on	O
the	O
Green	B-Application
500	I-Application
being	O
the	O
test	O
system	O
for	O
Frontier	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
4	O
systems	O
on	O
the	O
June	O
2022	O
Green	B-Application
500	I-Application
list	O
are	O
systems	O
that	O
use	O
both	O
AMD	O
CPUs	B-Device
and	O
AMD	O
accelerators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
is	O
back	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
with	O
five	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
instances	O
(	O
that	O
use	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
so	O
all	O
the	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
are	O
still	O
Linux-based	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
CPUs	B-Device
and	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
from	O
same	O
vendors	O
,	O
the	O
fastest	O
one	O
was	O
previously	O
ranked	O
10th	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
ARM-based	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
is	O
up	O
to	O
6	O
,	O
all	O
but	O
one	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
Fujitsu	O
CPU	B-Device
as	O
in	O
the	O
number	O
2	O
system	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
next	O
one	O
previously	O
ranked	O
13th	O
,	O
now	O
20th	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
June	O
2022	O
list	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
that	O
an	O
AMD	O
designed	O
accelerator	O
makes	O
it	O
on	O
to	O
the	O
top	O
10	O
,	O
where	O
in	O
previous	O
lists	O
Nvidia	O
was	O
the	O
primary	O
accelerator	O
maker	O
if	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
had	O
accelerators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+Top	O
10	O
positions	O
of	O
the	O
60th	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
in	O
November	O
2022	O
Rank	O
(	O
previous	O
)	O
RmaxRpeak(PetaFLOPS )	O
Name	O
Model	O
CPU	B-Device
cores	O
Accelerator	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
cores	O
Interconnect	B-Architecture
Manufacturer	O
Sitecountry	O
Year	O
Operatingsystem	O
1	O
1,102	O
.001	O
,	O
685.65	O
Frontier	B-Device
HPE	O
Cray	O
EX235a	O
591,872	O
(	O
9,248	O
×	O
64-core	O
Optimized	O
3rd	O
Generation	O
EPYC	O
64C	O
@2	O
.0	O
GHz	O
)	O
36,992	O
×	O
220	O
AMD	B-Operating_System
Instinct	I-Operating_System
MI250X	O
Slingshot-11	O
HPE	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
2022	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
HPE	O
Cray	O
OS-SUSE	O
)	O
2	O
442.010537.212	O
Fugaku	B-Device
Supercomputer	I-Device
Fugaku	B-Device
7,630,848	O
(	O
158,976	O
×	O
48-core	O
Fujitsu	B-Device
A64FX	I-Device
@2	O
.2	O
GHz	O
)	O
0	O
Tofu	O
interconnect	B-Architecture
D	O
Fujitsu	O
RIKEN	O
Center	O
for	O
Computational	O
Science	O
2020	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
RHEL	O
)	O
3	O
309.10428.70	O
LUMI	B-Device
HPE	O
Cray	O
EX235a	O
150,528	O
(	O
2,352	O
×	O
64-core	O
Optimized	O
3rd	O
Generation	O
EPYC	O
64C	O
@2	O
.0	O
GHz	O
)	O
9,408	O
×	O
220	O
AMD	B-Operating_System
Instinct	I-Operating_System
MI250X	O
Slingshot-11	O
HPE	O
EuroHPC	O
JU	O
,	O
Kajaani	O
,	O
2022	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
HPE	O
Cray	O
OS-SUSE	O
)	O
4	O
174.70255.75	O
Leonardo	B-Device
BullSequana	B-Device
XH2000	O
110,592	O
(	O
3,456	O
×	O
32-core	O
Xeon	B-Device
Platinum	I-Device
8358	O
@2	O
.6	O
GHz	O
)	O
13,824	O
×	O
108	O
Nvidia	B-General_Concept
Ampere	I-General_Concept
A100	I-General_Concept
Nvidia	O
HDR100	O
Infiniband	B-Architecture
Atos	O
EuroHPC	O
JU	O
,	O
Bologna	O
,	O
2022	O
Linux	B-Application
5	O
(	O
4	O
)	O
148.600200.795	O
Summit	B-Device
IBM	O
Power	O
SystemAC922	O
202,752	O
(	O
9,216	O
×	O
22-core	O
IBM	O
POWER9	B-Device
@3	O
.07	O
GHz	O
)	O
27,648	O
×	O
80	O
Nvidia	B-General_Concept
Tesla	I-General_Concept
V100	I-General_Concept
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
EDR	O
IBM	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
2018	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
RHEL	O
7.4	O
)	O
6	O
(	O
5	O
)	O
94.640125.712	O
Sierra	B-Device
IBM	O
Power	O
SystemS922LC	O
190,080	O
(	O
8,640	O
×	O
22-core	O
IBM	O
POWER9	B-Device
@3	O
.1	O
GHz	O
)	O
17,280	O
×	O
80	O
Nvidia	B-General_Concept
Tesla	I-General_Concept
V100	I-General_Concept
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
EDR	O
IBM	O
Lawrence	O
Livermore	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
2018	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
RHEL	O
)	O
7	O
(	O
6	O
)	O
93.015125.436	O
SunwayTaihuLight	O
Sunway	O
MPP	O
10,649,600	O
(	O
40,960	O
×	O
260-core	O
Sunway	B-General_Concept
SW26010	I-General_Concept
@1	O
.45	O
GHz	O
)	O
0	O
Sunway	O
NRCPC	O
National	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Center	O
in	O
Wuxi	O
2016	O
Linux	B-Application
(	O
RaiseOS	O
2.0.5	O
)	O
8	O
(	O
7	O
)	O
70.8793.75	O
Perlmutter	B-Device
HPE	O
Cray	O
EX235n	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
RankPosition	O
within	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
ranking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
table	O
,	O
the	O
computers	O
are	O
ordered	O
first	O
by	O
their	O
Rmax	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RmaxThe	O
highest	O
score	O
measured	O
using	O
the	O
LINPACK	B-Device
benchmarks	I-Device
suite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Measured	O
in	O
quadrillions	O
of	O
64-bit	B-Device
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
operations	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
petaFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NameSome	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
are	O
unique	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
on	O
its	O
location	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
named	O
by	O
their	O
owner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ProcessorThe	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
or	O
processor	O
microarchitecture	B-General_Concept
,	O
alongside	O
GPU	B-Architecture
and	O
accelerators	O
when	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InterconnectThe	O
interconnect	B-Architecture
between	O
computing	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
is	O
most	O
used	O
(	O
38%	O
)	O
by	O
performance	O
share	O
,	O
while	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
is	O
most	O
used	O
(	O
54%	O
)	O
by	O
number	O
of	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SiteThe	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
facility	O
operating	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numbers	O
below	O
represent	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
that	O
are	O
in	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
listed	O
countries	O
or	O
territories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2022	O
,	O
China	O
has	O
the	O
most	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
on	O
the	O
list	O
,	O
with	O
162	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
:	O
All	O
operating	O
systems	O
of	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
systems	O
are	O
Linux-family	O
based	O
,	O
but	O
Linux	B-Application
above	O
is	O
generic	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
is	O
the	O
system	O
with	O
the	O
most	O
CPU	B-Device
cores	O
(	O
10,649,600	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tianhe-2	B-Device
has	O
the	O
most	O
GPU/accelerator	O
cores	O
(	O
4,554,752	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fugaku	B-Device
is	O
the	O
system	O
with	O
the	O
greatest	O
power	O
consumption	O
with	O
29,900	O
kilowatts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2014	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
was	O
developing	O
two	O
new	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
to	O
exceed	O
China	O
's	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
in	O
its	O
place	O
as	O
world	O
's	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
computers	O
,	O
Sierra	B-Device
and	O
Summit	B-Device
,	O
will	O
each	O
exceed	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
'	O
s	O
55	O
peak	O
petaflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Summit	B-Device
,	O
the	O
more	O
powerful	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
,	O
will	O
deliver	O
150	O
–	O
300	O
peak	O
petaflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
10	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
US	O
government	O
agencies	O
banned	O
selling	O
chips	O
,	O
from	O
Nvidia	O
to	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
centers	O
in	O
China	O
as	O
"	O
acting	O
contrary	O
to	O
the	O
national	O
security	O
...	O
interests	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
"	O
;	O
and	O
Intel	O
Corporation	O
from	O
providing	O
Xeon	B-Device
chips	O
to	O
China	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
use	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
in	O
researching	O
nuclear	O
weaponsresearch	O
to	O
which	O
US	O
export	O
control	O
law	O
bans	O
US	O
companies	O
from	O
contributing	O
"	O
The	O
Department	O
of	O
Commerce	O
refused	O
,	O
saying	O
it	O
was	O
concerned	O
about	O
nuclear	O
research	O
being	O
done	O
with	O
the	O
machine.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
29	O
July	O
2015	O
,	O
President	O
Obama	O
signed	O
an	O
executive	O
order	O
creating	O
a	O
National	B-General_Concept
Strategic	I-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
Initiative	I-General_Concept
calling	O
for	O
the	O
accelerated	O
development	O
of	O
an	O
exascale	B-General_Concept
(	O
1000	O
petaflop	O
)	O
system	O
and	O
funding	O
research	O
into	O
post-semiconductor	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2016	O
,	O
Japanese	O
firm	O
Fujitsu	O
announced	O
at	O
the	O
International	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Conference	O
that	O
its	O
future	O
exascale	B-General_Concept
supercomputer	B-Architecture
will	O
feature	O
processors	O
of	O
its	O
own	O
design	O
that	O
implement	O
the	O
ARMv8	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
processors	O
will	O
also	O
implement	O
extensions	O
to	O
the	O
ARMv8	O
architecture	O
equivalent	O
to	O
HPC-ACE2	O
that	O
Fujitsu	O
is	O
developing	O
with	O
Arm	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2016	O
,	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
became	O
the	O
No	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1	O
system	O
with	O
93	O
petaflop/s	O
(	O
PFLOP/s	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
Linpack	B-Device
benchmark	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2016	O
,	O
Piz	B-Device
Daint	I-Device
was	O
upgraded	O
,	O
moving	O
it	O
from	O
8th	O
to	O
3rd	O
,	O
leaving	O
the	O
US	O
with	O
no	O
systems	O
under	O
the	O
TOP3	O
for	O
only	O
the	O
2nd	O
time	O
ever	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspur	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
major	O
technology	O
partner	O
behind	O
both	O
the	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
from	O
China	O
,	O
namely	O
Tianhe-2	B-Device
and	O
Taihu	B-Device
which	O
lead	O
the	O
top2	O
positions	O
of	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	B-Architecture
list	O
up	O
to	O
November	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspur	O
and	O
Supermicro	O
released	O
a	O
few	O
platforms	O
aimed	O
at	O
HPC	O
using	O
GPU	B-Architecture
such	O
as	O
SR-AI	O
and	O
AGX-2	O
in	O
May	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2018	O
,	O
Summit	B-Device
,	O
an	O
IBM-built	O
system	O
at	O
the	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
ORNL	O
)	O
in	O
Tennessee	O
,	O
USA	O
,	O
took	O
the	O
#1	O
spot	O
with	O
a	O
performance	O
of	O
122.3	O
petaflop/s	O
(	O
PFLOP/s	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Sierra	B-Device
,	O
a	O
very	O
similar	O
system	O
at	O
the	O
Lawrence	O
Livermore	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
CA	O
,	O
USA	O
took	O
#3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
two	O
system	O
took	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
spots	O
on	O
the	O
HPCG	B-Operating_System
benchmark	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
Summit	B-Device
and	O
Sierra	B-Device
,	O
the	O
USA	O
took	O
back	O
the	O
lead	O
as	O
consumer	O
of	O
HPC	O
performance	O
with	O
38.2	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
overall	O
installed	O
performance	O
while	O
China	O
was	O
second	O
with	O
29.1	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
overall	O
installed	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
18	O
March	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
and	O
Intel	O
announced	O
the	O
first	O
exaFLOP	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
would	O
be	O
operational	O
at	O
Argonne	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
,	O
named	O
Aurora	B-Device
,	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
delivered	O
to	O
Argonne	O
by	O
Intel	O
and	O
Cray	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
7	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
The	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
announced	O
a	O
contract	O
with	O
Cray	O
to	O
build	O
the	O
"	O
Frontier	B-Device
"	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
at	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frontier	B-Device
is	O
anticipated	O
to	O
be	O
operational	O
in	O
2021	O
and	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
performance	O
of	O
greater	O
than	O
1.5	O
exaflops	O
,	O
should	O
then	O
be	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
most	O
powerful	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
all	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
systems	O
deliver	O
a	O
petaflop	O
or	O
more	O
on	O
the	O
High	O
Performance	O
Linpack	O
(	O
HPL	O
)	O
benchmark	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
entry	O
level	O
to	O
the	O
list	O
now	O
at	O
1.022	O
petaflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
Frontier	B-Device
supercomputer	I-Device
broke	O
the	O
exascale	B-General_Concept
barrier	I-General_Concept
,	O
completing	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
quintillion	O
calculations	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frontier	B-Device
clocked	O
in	O
at	O
approximately	O
1.1	O
exaflops	O
,	O
beating	O
out	O
the	O
previous	O
record-holder	O
,	O
Fugaku	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
proiminent	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
NCSA	O
's	O
Blue	B-Device
Waters	I-Device
which	O
publicly	O
announced	O
the	O
decision	O
not	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
list	O
because	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
feel	O
it	O
accurately	O
indicates	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
any	O
system	O
to	O
do	O
useful	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
National	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Center	O
at	O
Qingdao	O
's	O
OceanLight	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
completed	O
in	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
submitted	O
for	O
,	O
and	O
won	O
,	O
the	O
Gordon	O
Bell	O
Prize	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
is	O
an	O
exaflop	O
computer	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
not	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
;	O
the	O
first	O
exaflop	O
machine	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
was	O
Frontier	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysts	O
suspected	O
that	O
the	O
reason	O
the	O
NSCQ	O
did	O
not	O
submit	O
what	O
would	O
otherwise	O
have	O
been	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
exascale	B-General_Concept
supercomputer	B-Architecture
was	O
to	O
avoid	O
inflaming	O
political	O
sentiments	O
and	O
fears	O
within	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
–	O
China	O
trade	O
war	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
purpose-built	O
machines	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
capable	O
or	O
do	O
not	O
run	O
the	O
benchmark	O
were	O
not	O
included	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
RIKEN	B-Algorithm
MDGRAPE-3	I-Algorithm
and	O
MDGRAPE-4	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Google	O
Tensor	B-Device
Processing	I-Device
Unit	I-Device
v4	O
pod	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
1.1	O
exaflops	O
of	O
peak	O
performance	O
,	O
however	O
these	O
units	O
are	O
highly	O
specialized	O
to	O
run	O
machine	O
learning	O
workloads	O
and	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
measures	O
a	O
specific	O
benchmark	O
algorithm	O
using	O
a	O
specific	O
numeric	B-Algorithm
precision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-General_Concept
Roadrunner	I-General_Concept
is	O
no	O
longer	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
(	O
nor	O
is	O
any	O
other	O
using	O
the	O
Cell	B-General_Concept
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
PowerXCell	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Itanium-based	O
systems	O
reached	O
second	O
rank	O
in	O
2004	O
,	O
none	O
now	O
remain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
(	O
non-SIMD-style	O
)	O
vector	B-Operating_System
processors	I-Operating_System
(	O
NEC-based	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Earth	B-Device
simulator	I-Device
that	O
was	O
fastest	O
in	O
2002	O
)	O
have	O
also	O
fallen	O
off	O
the	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
the	O
Sun	B-Device
Starfire	I-Device
computers	O
that	O
occupied	O
many	O
spots	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
now	O
no	O
longer	O
appear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
non-Linux	O
computers	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
the	O
two	O
AIX	B-Application
ones	O
running	O
on	O
POWER7	B-Device
(	O
in	O
July	O
2017	O
ranked	O
494th	O
and	O
495th	O
originally	O
86th	O
and	O
85th	O
)	O
,	O
dropped	O
off	O
the	O
list	O
in	O
November	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
