<s>
The	O
TI-89	O
and	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
are	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
developed	O
by	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
(	O
TI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
differentiated	O
from	O
most	O
other	O
TI	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
by	O
their	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
allows	O
symbolic	O
manipulation	O
of	O
algebraic	O
expressions	O
—	O
equations	O
can	O
be	O
solved	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
variables	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
TI-83/84	O
series	O
can	O
only	O
give	O
a	O
numeric	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	O
is	O
a	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
developed	O
by	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unit	O
features	O
a	O
160×100	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
resolution	O
LCD	B-Device
and	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
and	O
includes	O
TI	O
's	O
Advanced	O
Mathematics	O
Software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
highest	O
model	O
lines	O
in	O
TI	O
's	O
calculator	B-Application
products	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
TI-Nspire	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
standard	O
TI-89	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	O
runs	O
on	O
a	O
32-bit	O
microprocessor	O
,	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
,	O
which	O
nominally	O
runs	O
at	O
10	O
or	O
12	O
MHz	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
's	O
hardware	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculator	B-Application
has	O
256	O
kB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
(	O
190kB	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
)	O
and	O
2MB	O
of	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
(	O
700kB	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
Flash	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
are	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
expressions	O
,	O
variables	O
,	O
programs	B-Application
,	O
text	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
lists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	O
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
TI-92	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
with	O
a	O
limited	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
smaller	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
created	O
partially	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
while	O
calculators	B-Application
are	O
allowed	O
on	O
many	O
standardized	O
tests	O
,	O
the	O
TI-92	B-Device
was	O
not	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
QWERTY	O
layout	O
of	O
its	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
some	O
people	O
found	O
the	O
TI-92	B-Device
unwieldy	O
and	O
overly	O
large	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	O
is	O
significantly	O
smaller	O
—	O
about	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
as	O
most	O
other	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
a	O
flash	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
,	O
a	O
feature	O
present	O
on	O
the	O
TI-92	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
but	O
not	O
on	O
the	O
original	O
TI-92	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
TI-89	O
over	O
other	O
TI	O
calculators	B-Application
is	O
its	O
built-in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
CAS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
calculator	B-Application
can	O
evaluate	O
and	O
simplify	O
algebraic	O
expressions	O
symbolically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolic	O
and	O
numeric	O
differentiation	B-Algorithm
and	O
integration	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Derivatives	B-Algorithm
and	O
definite	B-Algorithm
integrals	I-Algorithm
are	O
evaluated	O
exactly	O
when	O
possible	O
,	O
and	O
approximately	O
otherwise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	O
is	O
directly	O
programmable	B-Application
in	O
a	O
language	O
called	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
89	O
,	O
TI	O
's	O
derivative	B-Algorithm
of	O
BASIC	B-Language
for	O
calculators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
PC	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
develop	O
more	O
complex	O
programs	B-Application
in	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
or	O
C	B-Language
,	O
translate	B-Language
them	O
to	O
machine	O
language	O
,	O
and	O
copy	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kits	I-Application
for	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
are	O
available	O
;	O
one	O
is	O
TI	O
Flash	O
Studio	O
,	O
the	O
official	O
TI	O
SDK	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
is	O
TIGCC	B-Language
,	O
a	O
third-party	O
SDK	B-Application
based	O
on	O
GCC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
flash	O
application	O
called	O
GTC	O
that	O
allows	O
the	O
writing	O
and	O
compilation	B-Language
of	O
c	B-Language
programs	I-Language
directly	O
on	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
TIGCC	B-Language
,	O
with	O
some	O
modifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
BASIC	B-Language
extensions	O
are	O
also	O
present	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
NewProg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
TI-89	O
'	O
s	O
release	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
thousands	O
of	O
programs	B-Application
for	O
math	O
,	O
science	O
,	O
or	O
entertainment	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
are	O
generic	O
clones	O
of	O
Tetris	B-Device
,	O
Minesweeper	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
classic	O
games	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
programs	B-Application
are	O
more	O
advanced	O
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
emulator	O
,	O
a	O
chess-playing	B-Application
program	I-Application
,	O
a	O
symbolic	O
circuit	O
simulator	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
clone	O
of	O
Link	B-Application
's	I-Application
Awakening	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
and	O
well-known	O
games	O
are	O
Phoenix	B-Application
,	O
Drugwars	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Snake	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
calculator	B-Application
games	O
and	O
other	O
useful	O
programs	B-Application
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
TI-program	O
sharing	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ticalc.org	O
is	O
a	O
major	O
one	O
that	O
offers	O
thousands	O
of	O
calculator	B-Application
programs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HW1	O
and	O
HW2	O
correspond	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
TI-89	O
;	O
HW3	O
and	O
HW4	O
are	O
only	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
significant	O
difference	O
between	O
HW1	O
and	O
HW2	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
handles	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
HW1	O
calculators	B-Application
there	O
is	O
a	O
video	O
buffer	O
that	O
stores	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
that	O
should	O
be	O
displayed	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
and	O
every	O
time	O
the	O
screen	O
is	O
refreshed	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
accesses	O
this	O
buffer	O
and	O
flushes	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
display	O
(	O
direct	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
HW2	O
and	O
later	O
calculators	B-Application
,	O
a	O
region	O
of	O
memory	O
is	O
directly	O
aliased	O
to	O
the	O
display	O
controller	O
(	O
memory-mapped	B-Architecture
I/O	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
for	O
slightly	O
faster	O
memory	O
access	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
HW1	O
's	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
used	O
about	O
10%	O
of	O
the	O
bus	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
interferes	O
with	O
a	O
trick	O
some	O
programs	B-Application
use	O
to	O
implement	O
grayscale	O
graphics	O
by	O
rapidly	O
switching	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
displays	O
(	O
page-flipping	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
HW1	O
,	O
the	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
's	O
base	O
address	O
can	O
be	O
changed	O
(	O
a	O
single	O
write	O
into	O
a	O
memory-mapped	B-Architecture
hardware	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
the	O
screen	O
will	O
automatically	O
use	O
a	O
new	O
section	O
of	O
memory	O
at	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
next	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effect	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
to	O
cause	O
increased	O
flickering	O
in	O
grayscale	O
mode	O
,	O
enough	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
7-level	O
grayscale	O
supported	O
on	O
the	O
HW1	O
unusable	O
(	O
although	O
4-level	O
grayscale	O
works	O
on	O
both	O
calculators	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HW2	O
calculators	B-Application
are	O
slightly	O
faster	O
because	O
TI	O
increased	O
the	O
nominal	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
processor	O
from	O
10MHz	O
to	O
12MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
believed	O
that	O
TI	O
increased	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
HW4	O
calculators	B-Application
to	O
16MHz	O
,	O
though	O
many	O
users	O
disagree	O
about	O
this	O
finding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
difference	O
between	O
HW1	O
and	O
HW2	O
calculators	B-Application
is	O
assembly	O
program	O
size	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
size	O
limitation	O
on	O
HW2	O
calculators	B-Application
has	O
varied	O
with	O
the	O
AMS	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
earlier	O
versions	O
limited	O
assembly	O
programs	B-Application
to	O
8k	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
earliest	O
AMS	O
versions	O
had	O
no	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HW1	O
calculators	B-Application
have	O
no	O
hardware	O
to	O
enforce	O
the	O
limits	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
easy	O
to	O
bypass	O
them	O
in	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
unofficial	O
patches	O
and	O
kernels	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
HW2	O
calculators	B-Application
to	O
remove	O
the	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
June	O
1st	O
,	O
2004	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
largely	O
replaced	O
the	O
popular	O
classic	O
TI-89	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
is	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
HW3	O
and	O
uses	O
the	O
corresponding	O
AMS	O
3.x	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
new	O
calculators	B-Application
were	O
upgraded	O
to	O
HW4	O
which	O
was	O
supposed	O
to	O
offer	O
increases	O
in	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
speeds	O
up	O
to	O
,	O
but	O
some	O
benchmarks	O
made	O
by	O
users	O
reported	O
speeds	O
between	O
12.85	O
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
touted	O
advantages	O
of	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
over	O
the	O
original	O
TI-89	O
include	O
two	O
times	O
the	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
(	O
with	O
over	O
four	O
times	O
as	O
much	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
Voyage	O
200	O
,	O
without	O
an	O
integrated	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
also	O
has	O
a	O
USB	O
On-The-Go	O
port	O
,	O
for	O
connectivity	O
to	O
other	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
calculators	B-Application
,	O
or	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
(	O
to	O
store	O
programs	B-Application
or	O
update	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
also	O
features	O
some	O
pre-loaded	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
CellSheet	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
program	I-Application
also	O
offered	O
with	O
other	O
TI	O
calculators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Titanium	O
has	O
a	O
slightly	O
updated	O
CAS	O
,	O
which	O
adds	O
a	O
few	O
more	O
mathematical	O
functions	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
implicit	O
differentiation	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Titanium	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
slightly	O
differing	O
case	O
design	O
from	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
TI-89	O
(	O
the	O
Titanium	O
's	O
case	O
design	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
some	O
minor	O
compatibility	O
issues	O
with	O
C	B-Language
and	O
assembly	O
programs	B-Application
developed	O
for	O
the	O
original	O
TI-89	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
recompiled	B-Language
to	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
Titanium	O
due	O
to	O
various	O
small	O
hardware	O
changes	O
,	O
though	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
the	O
problems	O
can	O
be	O
fixed	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
utility	O
such	O
as	O
GhostBuster	O
,	O
by	O
Olivier	O
Armand	O
and	O
Kevin	O
Kofler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
only	O
one	O
character	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
changed	O
(	O
the	O
ROM	O
base	O
on	O
TI-89	O
is	O
at	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
is	O
at	O
)	O
by	O
hand	O
or	O
by	O
patcher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
simulator	O
for	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
instructions	O
state	O
that	O
a	O
calculator	B-Application
used	O
in	O
an	O
examination	O
must	O
not	O
be	O
designed	O
to	O
offer	O
symbolic	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
manipulation	O
,	O
symbolic	O
differentiation	B-Algorithm
or	O
integration	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
precludes	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
TI-89	O
or	O
TI-89	B-Device
Titanium	I-Device
in	O
examinations	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
classroom	O
study	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
TI-89	O
is	O
allowed	O
by	O
the	O
College	O
Board	O
on	O
all	O
calculator-permitted	O
tests	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
SAT	O
,	O
some	O
SAT	O
Subject	O
Tests	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
AP	O
Calculus	O
,	O
Physics	O
,	O
Chemistry	O
,	O
and	O
Statistics	O
exams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
calculator	B-Application
is	O
banned	O
from	O
use	O
on	O
the	O
ACT	O
,	O
the	O
PLAN	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
classrooms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-92	B-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
with	O
otherwise	O
comparable	O
features	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
QWERTY	O
keyboard	B-Device
that	O
results	O
in	O
it	O
being	O
classified	O
as	O
a	O
computer	O
device	O
rather	O
than	O
as	O
a	O
calculator	B-Application
.	O
</s>
