<s>
The	O
TI-83	O
series	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
manufactured	O
by	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
TI-83	O
is	O
itself	O
an	O
upgraded	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
TI-82	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
for	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
functions	O
present	O
on	O
normal	O
scientific	O
calculators	O
,	O
the	O
TI-83	O
includes	O
many	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
function	O
graphing	O
,	O
polar/parametric/sequence	O
graphing	O
modes	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
trigonometric	O
,	O
and	O
algebraic	O
functions	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
many	O
useful	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
as	O
many	O
calculus	O
functions	O
,	O
applications	B-Application
and	O
programs	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
on	O
the	O
calculator	O
or	O
loaded	O
from	O
external	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TI	O
replaced	O
the	O
TI-83	O
with	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2001	O
redesign	O
introduced	O
a	O
design	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
TI-73	B-Device
and	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
sloped	O
screen	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
common	O
on	O
TI	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
since	O
the	O
TI-81	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
Flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
updated	O
if	O
needed	O
,	O
or	O
for	O
large	O
new	O
Flash	O
Applications	B-Application
to	O
be	O
stored	O
,	O
accessible	O
through	O
a	O
new	O
Apps	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
user	O
programs	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	O
Edition	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
featured	O
approximately	O
nine	O
times	O
the	O
available	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
and	O
over	O
twice	O
the	O
processing	O
speed	O
(	O
15MHz	O
)	O
of	O
a	O
standard	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
,	O
all	O
in	O
a	O
translucent	O
grey	O
case	O
inlaid	O
with	O
small	O
"	O
sparkles	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
was	O
designed	O
in	O
1999	O
as	O
an	O
upgrade	O
to	O
the	O
TI-83	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
is	O
one	O
of	O
TI	O
's	O
most	O
popular	O
calculators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
a	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
microprocessor	B-Architecture
running	O
at	O
6	O
MHz	O
,	O
a	O
96×64	O
monochrome	O
LCD	B-Device
screen	I-Device
,	O
and	O
4	O
AAA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
as	O
well	O
as	O
backup	B-Algorithm
CR1616	B-Algorithm
or	O
CR1620	B-Algorithm
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
improvement	O
over	O
the	O
TI-83	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
512KB	O
of	O
Flash	B-Device
ROM	I-Device
,	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
upgrades	O
and	O
applications	B-Application
to	O
be	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
Flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
160KB	O
available	O
for	O
user	O
files	O
and	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
development	O
is	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
install	O
Flash	O
Applications	B-Application
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
add	O
functionality	O
to	O
the	O
calculator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
applications	B-Application
have	O
been	O
made	O
for	O
math	O
and	O
science	O
,	O
text	O
editing	O
(	O
both	O
uppercase	O
and	O
lowercase	O
letters	O
)	O
,	O
organizers	O
and	O
day	O
planners	O
,	O
editing	O
spread	O
sheets	O
,	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolic	O
manipulation	O
(	O
differentiation	O
,	O
algebra	O
)	O
is	O
not	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
using	O
a	O
language	O
called	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
,	O
which	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
BASIC	O
computer	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
done	O
in	O
TI	O
Assembly	B-Language
,	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
assembly	B-Language
and	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
TI	O
provided	O
system	O
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Assembly	B-Language
programs	O
run	O
much	O
faster	O
,	O
but	O
are	O
more	O
difficult	O
to	O
write	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
writing	O
of	O
Assembly	B-Language
programs	O
is	O
often	O
done	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	O
Edition	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
enhancements	O
are	O
1.5MB	O
of	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
a	O
dual-speed	O
6/15	O
MHz	O
processor	O
,	O
96KB	O
of	O
additional	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
but	O
TI	O
has	O
yet	O
to	O
code	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
entire	O
RAM	B-Architecture
into	O
an	O
OS	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
improved	O
link	O
transfer	O
hardware	O
,	O
a	O
translucent	O
silver	O
case	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
applications	B-Application
preinstalled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
substantial	O
Flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
increase	O
is	O
significant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
link	O
cable	O
in	O
the	O
box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
almost	O
completely	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
;	O
the	O
only	O
problems	O
that	O
may	O
arise	O
are	O
with	O
programs	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	O
Edition	O
exists	O
,	O
the	O
ViewScreen	O
(	O
VSC	O
)	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
looks	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
,	O
but	O
has	O
a	O
silver-colored	O
frame	O
,	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
Silver	O
Edition	O
,	O
around	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	O
Edition	O
is	O
listed	O
on	O
the	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
website	O
as	O
"	O
discontinued.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	O
Edition	O
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	I-Device
Edition	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
feature	O
the	O
same	O
processor	O
and	O
the	O
same	O
amount	O
of	O
Flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
,	O
but	O
the	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	I-Device
Edition	I-Device
features	O
a	O
built-in	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
,	O
clock	O
,	O
and	O
changeable	O
faceplates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integrated	O
programming	O
languages	O
:	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
,	O
Assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
C	B-Language
requires	O
a	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
cross-compiler	O
or	O
an	O
on-calc	O
assembler	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
series	O
are	O
very	O
similar	O
in	O
the	O
languages	O
natively	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
calculator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
"	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
"	O
,	O
an	O
interpreted	O
language	O
used	O
by	O
all	O
of	O
TI	O
's	O
calculators	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
TI-ASM	O
"	O
,	O
an	O
unofficial	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
native	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
on	O
which	O
the	O
calculator	O
is	O
based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TI-BASIC	B-Language
is	O
the	O
built-in	O
language	O
for	O
TI-83	O
series	O
calculators	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
other	O
TI	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TI-BASIC	B-Language
is	O
a	O
non-structured	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	O
,	O
meaning	O
it	O
is	O
arranged	O
sequentially	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
methods	O
or	O
organized	O
blocks	O
of	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Below	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
hello	O
world	O
program	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-83	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
calculator	O
in	O
the	O
TI	O
series	O
to	O
have	O
built-in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-92	B-Device
,	O
TI-85	B-Device
,	O
and	O
TI-82	B-Device
were	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
programs	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
after	O
sending	O
a	O
specially	O
constructed	O
(	O
hacked	O
)	O
memory	O
backup	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
would	O
write	O
their	O
assembly	B-Language
(	O
ASM	O
)	O
program	O
on	O
their	O
computer	O
,	O
assemble	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
send	O
it	O
to	O
their	O
calculator	O
as	O
a	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z80	B-General_Concept
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
gives	O
a	O
programmer	O
much	O
more	O
power	O
over	O
the	O
calculator	O
than	O
the	O
built-in	O
language	O
,	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
downside	O
,	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
assembly	B-Language
is	O
more	O
difficult	O
to	O
learn	O
than	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Z80	B-General_Concept
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
and	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
calculator	O
via	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
,	O
written	O
by	O
hand	O
directly	O
into	O
the	O
program	O
editor	O
(	O
using	O
the	O
hexadecimal	O
equivalents	O
to	O
the	O
op-codes	O
)	O
or	O
compiled	O
using	O
third	O
party	O
compiler	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
written	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
are	O
much	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
efficient	O
than	O
those	O
using	O
TI-BASIC	B-Language
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
processor	O
's	O
native	O
language	O
,	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
interpreted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TI	O
continued	O
to	O
rely	O
on	O
RSA	B-Architecture
cryptographic	O
signing	O
keys	O
only	O
512	O
bits	O
long	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
after	O
it	O
was	O
known	O
that	O
longer	O
keys	O
were	O
necessary	O
for	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
512-bit	O
keys	O
had	O
been	O
publicly	O
cracked	O
in	O
1999	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
RSA	B-Architecture
Factoring	O
Challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
enthusiasts	O
used	O
brute	O
force	O
and	O
distributed	O
methods	O
to	O
find	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
cryptographic	O
signing	O
keys	O
for	O
the	O
TI	O
calculator	O
firmware	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
directly	O
flash	O
their	O
own	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
to	O
the	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
keys	O
were	O
found	O
after	O
a	O
few	O
weeks	O
by	O
the	O
unitedti.org	O
community	O
through	O
a	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Texas	O
Instruments	O
then	O
began	O
sending	O
out	O
DMCA	O
take-down	O
requests	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
different	O
websites	O
mirroring	O
the	O
keys	O
,	O
including	O
unitedTI	O
and	O
reddit.com	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
series	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
April	O
2004	O
as	O
a	O
further	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
improvements	O
of	O
the	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
and	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	I-Device
Edition	I-Device
are	O
a	O
modernized	O
case	O
design	O
,	O
changeable	O
faceplates	O
(	O
Silver	O
Edition	O
only	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
few	O
new	O
functions	O
,	O
more	O
speed	O
and	O
memory	O
,	O
a	O
clock	O
,	O
and	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
also	O
has	O
a	O
brighter	O
screen	O
with	O
a	O
clearer	O
contrast	O
,	O
though	O
this	O
caused	O
a	O
bug	O
with	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
driver	O
in	O
some	O
calculators	O
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
has	O
3	O
times	O
the	O
memory	O
of	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	I-Device
Edition	I-Device
has	O
9	O
times	O
the	O
memory	O
of	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
both	O
have	O
2.5	O
times	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
math	O
functionality	O
remain	O
essentially	O
the	O
same	O
,	O
as	O
does	O
the	O
standard	O
link	O
port	O
for	O
connecting	O
with	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
TI	O
calculator	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
