<s>
Synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
AI-generated	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
,	O
generative	B-General_Concept
AI	I-General_Concept
,	O
personalized	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
colloquially	O
as	O
deepfakes	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
catch-all	O
term	O
for	O
the	O
artificial	O
production	O
,	O
manipulation	O
,	O
and	O
modification	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
media	O
by	O
automated	B-Application
means	O
,	O
especially	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
algorithms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
misleading	O
people	O
or	O
changing	O
an	O
original	O
meaning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
field	O
has	O
grown	O
rapidly	O
since	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
generative	B-Algorithm
adversarial	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
,	O
primarily	O
through	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
music	O
synthesis	O
,	O
text	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
,	O
human	O
image	O
synthesis	O
,	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
experts	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
,	O
"	O
individual	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
deepfakes	B-Application
and	O
text	O
synthesis	O
are	O
sometimes	O
not	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
such	O
by	O
the	O
media	O
but	O
instead	O
by	O
their	O
respective	O
terminology	O
(	O
and	O
often	O
use	O
"	O
deepfakes	B-Application
"	O
as	O
a	O
euphemism	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
deepfakes	B-Application
for	O
text	O
"	O
for	O
natural-language	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
;	O
"	O
deepfakes	B-Application
for	O
voices	O
"	O
for	O
neural	O
voice	O
cloning	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Significant	O
attention	O
arose	O
towards	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
starting	O
in	O
2017	O
when	O
Motherboard	O
reported	O
on	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
altered	O
pornographic	O
videos	O
to	O
insert	O
the	O
faces	O
of	O
famous	O
actresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Potential	O
hazards	O
of	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
include	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
misinformation	O
,	O
further	O
loss	O
of	O
trust	O
in	O
institutions	O
such	O
as	O
media	O
and	O
government	O
,	O
the	O
mass	O
automation	B-Application
of	O
creative	O
and	O
journalistic	O
jobs	O
and	O
a	O
retreat	O
into	O
AI-generated	O
fantasy	O
worlds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
applied	O
form	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
imagination	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
process	O
of	O
automated	B-Application
art	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
automata	O
of	O
ancient	O
Greek	O
civilization	O
,	O
where	O
inventors	O
such	O
as	O
Daedalus	O
and	O
Hero	O
of	O
Alexandria	O
designed	O
machines	O
capable	O
of	O
writing	O
text	O
,	O
generating	O
sounds	O
,	O
and	O
playing	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
automated	B-Application
novelties	O
such	O
as	O
Johann	O
Philipp	O
Kirnberger	O
's	O
"	O
Musikalisches	O
Würfelspiel	O
"	O
(	O
Musical	O
Dice	O
Game	O
)	O
1757	O
also	O
amused	O
audiences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
was	O
born	O
at	O
a	O
workshop	O
at	O
Dartmouth	O
College	O
in	O
1956	O
,	O
begetting	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
digital	O
computing	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
medium	O
of	O
art	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
generative	O
art	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
experiments	O
in	O
AI-generated	O
art	O
included	O
the	O
Illiac	O
Suite	O
,	O
a	O
1957	O
composition	O
for	O
string	O
quartet	O
which	O
is	O
generally	O
agreed	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
score	O
composed	O
by	O
an	O
electronic	O
computer	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lejaren	O
Hiller	O
,	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Leonard	O
Issacson	O
,	O
programmed	O
the	O
ILLIAC	B-Device
I	I-Device
computer	B-Application
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
at	O
Urbana	O
–	O
Champaign	O
(	O
where	O
both	O
composers	O
were	O
professors	O
)	O
to	O
generate	O
compositional	O
material	O
for	O
his	O
String	O
Quartet	O
No	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1960	O
,	O
Russian	O
researcher	O
R.Kh.Zaripov	O
published	O
worldwide	O
first	O
paper	O
on	O
algorithmic	O
music	O
composing	O
using	O
the	O
"	O
Ural-1	O
"	O
computer	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1965	O
,	O
inventor	O
Ray	O
Kurzweil	O
premiered	O
a	O
piano	O
piece	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
that	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
pattern	O
recognition	O
in	O
various	O
compositions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	B-Application
was	O
then	O
able	O
to	O
analyze	O
and	O
use	O
these	O
patterns	O
to	O
create	O
novel	O
melodies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	B-Application
was	O
debuted	O
on	O
Steve	O
Allen	O
's	O
I	O
've	O
Got	O
a	O
Secret	O
program	O
,	O
and	O
stumped	O
the	O
hosts	O
until	O
film	O
star	O
Harry	O
Morgan	O
guessed	O
Ray	O
's	O
secret	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
1989	O
,	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
model	O
certain	O
aspects	O
of	O
creativity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peter	O
Todd	O
(	O
1989	O
)	O
first	O
trained	O
a	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
to	O
reproduce	O
musical	O
melodies	O
from	O
a	O
training	O
set	O
of	O
musical	O
pieces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Ian	O
Goodfellow	O
and	O
his	O
colleagues	O
developed	O
a	O
new	O
class	O
of	O
machine	O
learning	O
systems	O
:	O
generative	B-Algorithm
adversarial	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
(	O
GAN	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
contest	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
in	O
a	O
game	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
game	O
theory	O
,	O
often	O
but	O
not	O
always	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
zero-sum	O
game	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
originally	O
proposed	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
generative	O
model	O
for	O
unsupervised	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
,	O
GANs	O
have	O
also	O
proven	O
useful	O
for	O
semi-supervised	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
,	O
fully	O
supervised	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
reinforcement	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
unveiled	O
transformers	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
architecture	O
specialized	O
for	O
language	O
modeling	O
that	O
enabled	O
for	O
rapid	O
advancements	O
in	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transformers	B-Algorithm
proved	O
capable	O
of	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
generalization	O
,	O
allowing	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
and	O
Jukebox	O
from	O
OpenAI	O
to	O
synthesize	O
text	O
and	O
music	O
respectively	O
at	O
a	O
level	O
approaching	O
humanlike	O
ability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
some	O
attempts	O
to	O
use	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
and	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
for	O
screenplay	O
writing	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
both	O
dramatic	O
(	O
the	O
italian	O
short	O
film	O
Frammenti	O
di	O
Anime	O
Meccaniche	O
,	O
written	O
by	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
comedic	O
narratives	O
(	O
the	O
short	O
film	O
Solicitors	O
by	O
Youtube	B-General_Concept
Creator	O
Calamity	O
AI	B-Application
written	O
by	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
(	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
"	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
"	O
and	O
"	O
fake	O
"	O
)	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
prominent	O
form	O
of	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
media	O
that	O
take	O
a	O
person	O
in	O
an	O
existing	O
image	O
or	O
video	O
and	O
replace	O
them	O
with	O
someone	O
else	O
's	O
likeness	O
using	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
often	O
combine	O
and	O
superimpose	O
existing	O
media	O
onto	O
source	O
media	O
using	O
machine	O
learning	O
techniques	O
known	O
as	O
autoencoders	B-Algorithm
and	O
generative	B-Algorithm
adversarial	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
(	O
GANs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
garnered	O
widespread	O
attention	O
for	O
their	O
uses	O
in	O
celebrity	O
pornographic	O
videos	O
,	O
revenge	O
porn	O
,	O
fake	O
news	O
,	O
hoaxes	O
,	O
and	O
financial	O
fraud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
deepfakes	B-Application
originated	O
around	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2017	O
from	O
a	O
Reddit	B-Application
user	O
named	O
"	O
deepfakes	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
others	O
in	O
the	O
Reddit	B-Application
community	O
r/deepfakes	O
,	O
shared	O
deepfakes	B-Application
they	O
created	O
;	O
many	O
videos	O
involved	O
celebrities’	O
faces	O
swapped	O
onto	O
the	O
bodies	O
of	O
actresses	O
in	O
pornographic	O
videos	O
,	O
while	O
non-pornographic	O
content	O
included	O
many	O
videos	O
with	O
actor	O
Nicolas	O
Cage	O
’s	O
face	O
swapped	O
into	O
various	O
movies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2017	O
,	O
Samantha	O
Cole	O
published	O
an	O
article	O
about	O
r/deepfakes	O
in	O
Vice	O
that	O
drew	O
the	O
first	O
mainstream	O
attention	O
to	O
deepfakes	B-Application
being	O
shared	O
in	O
online	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Six	O
weeks	O
later	O
,	O
Cole	O
wrote	O
in	O
a	O
follow-up	O
article	O
about	O
the	O
large	O
increase	O
in	O
AI-assisted	O
fake	O
pornography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2018	O
,	O
r/deepfakes	O
was	O
banned	O
by	O
Reddit	B-Application
for	O
sharing	O
involuntary	O
pornography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
websites	O
have	O
also	O
banned	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
for	O
involuntary	O
pornography	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
social	O
media	O
platform	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
the	O
pornography	O
site	O
Pornhub	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
websites	O
have	O
not	O
yet	O
banned	O
Deepfake	B-Application
content	O
,	O
including	O
4chan	O
and	O
8chan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-pornographic	O
deepfake	B-Application
content	O
continues	O
to	O
grow	O
in	O
popularity	O
with	O
videos	O
from	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
creators	O
such	O
as	O
Ctrl	O
Shift	O
Face	O
and	O
Shamook	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mobile	O
application	O
,	O
Impressions	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
in	O
March	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
app	O
provides	O
a	O
platform	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
deepfake	B-Application
celebrity	O
faces	O
into	O
videos	O
in	O
a	O
matter	O
of	O
minutes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
emerging	O
world	O
of	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
digital-image	O
creation	O
—	O
once	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
highly	O
skilled	O
programmers	O
and	O
Hollywood	O
special-effects	O
artists	O
—	O
could	O
be	O
automated	B-Application
by	O
expert	O
systems	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
realism	O
on	O
a	O
vast	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
subfield	O
of	O
this	O
includes	O
human	O
image	O
synthesis	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
to	O
make	O
believable	O
and	O
even	O
photorealistic	O
renditions	O
of	O
human-likenesses	O
,	O
moving	O
or	O
still	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
films	O
using	O
computer	B-Application
generated	O
imagery	O
have	O
featured	O
synthetic	O
images	O
of	O
human-like	O
characters	O
digitally	O
composited	O
onto	O
the	O
real	O
or	O
other	O
simulated	O
film	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Towards	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
2010s	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
has	O
been	O
applied	O
to	O
synthesize	O
images	O
and	O
video	O
that	O
look	O
like	O
humans	O
,	O
without	O
need	O
for	O
human	O
assistance	O
,	O
once	O
the	O
training	O
phase	O
has	O
been	O
completed	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
old	O
school	O
7D-route	O
required	O
massive	O
amounts	O
of	O
human	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
website	O
This	B-Application
Person	I-Application
Does	I-Application
Not	I-Application
Exist	I-Application
showcases	O
fully	O
automated	B-Application
human	O
image	O
synthesis	O
by	O
endlessly	O
generating	O
images	O
that	O
look	O
like	O
facial	O
portraits	O
of	O
human	O
faces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beyond	O
deepfakes	B-Application
and	O
image	O
synthesis	O
,	O
audio	O
is	O
another	O
area	O
where	O
AI	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
capacity	O
to	O
generate	O
music	O
through	O
autonomous	O
,	O
non-programmable	O
means	O
has	O
long	O
been	O
sought	O
after	O
since	O
the	O
days	O
of	O
Antiquity	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
developments	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
two	O
particular	O
domains	O
have	O
arisen	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
has	O
been	O
identified	O
as	O
a	O
popular	O
branch	O
of	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
and	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
the	O
artificial	O
production	O
of	O
human	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
computer	B-Application
system	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
speech	O
computer	B-Application
or	O
speech	B-Application
synthesizer	I-Application
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
in	O
software	O
or	O
hardware	B-Architecture
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
(	O
TTS	O
)	O
system	O
converts	O
normal	O
language	O
text	O
into	O
speech	O
;	O
other	O
systems	O
render	O
symbolic	B-General_Concept
linguistic	I-General_Concept
representations	I-General_Concept
like	O
phonetic	O
transcriptions	O
into	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synthesized	B-Application
speech	I-Application
can	O
be	O
created	O
by	O
concatenating	O
pieces	O
of	O
recorded	O
speech	O
that	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
assistants	O
such	O
as	O
Siri	O
and	O
Alexa	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
turn	O
text	O
into	O
audio	O
and	O
synthesize	B-Application
speech	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
DeepMind	I-Application
unveiled	O
WaveNet	B-Application
,	O
a	O
deep	B-Algorithm
generative	O
model	O
of	O
raw	O
audio	O
waveforms	O
that	O
could	O
learn	O
to	O
understand	O
which	O
waveforms	O
best	O
resembled	O
human	O
speech	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
musical	O
instrumentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
projects	O
offer	O
real-time	O
generations	O
of	O
synthetic	O
speech	O
using	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
15.ai,	O
a	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
text-to-speech	B-Application
tool	O
developed	O
by	O
an	O
MIT	O
research	O
scientist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Natural-language	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
(	O
NLG	O
,	O
sometimes	O
synonymous	O
with	O
text	O
synthesis	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	O
process	O
that	O
transforms	O
structured	O
data	O
into	O
natural	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
short	O
blurbs	O
of	O
text	O
in	O
interactive	O
conversations	O
(	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Application
)	O
which	O
might	O
even	O
be	O
read	O
out	O
by	O
a	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interest	O
in	O
natural-language	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
increased	O
in	O
2019	O
after	O
OpenAI	O
unveiled	O
GPT2	O
,	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
system	O
that	O
generates	O
text	O
matching	O
its	O
input	O
in	O
subject	O
and	O
tone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPT2	O
is	O
a	O
transformer	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
deep	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
model	O
introduced	O
in	O
2017	O
used	O
primarily	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
(	O
NLP	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI-generated	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
hybrid	O
graphics	O
system	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
movies	O
,	O
and	O
virtual	O
reality	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
text-based	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
AI	B-Application
Dungeon	O
2	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
either	O
GPT-2	B-General_Concept
or	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
to	O
allow	O
for	O
near-infinite	O
possibilities	O
that	O
are	O
otherwise	O
impossible	O
to	O
create	O
through	O
traditional	O
game	O
development	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
company	O
Nvidia	O
has	O
also	O
worked	O
on	O
developed	O
AI-generated	O
video	O
game	O
demos	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
model	O
that	O
can	O
generate	O
an	O
interactive	O
game	O
based	O
on	O
non-interactive	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
procedural	O
generation	O
,	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
may	O
eventually	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
"	O
help	O
designers	O
and	O
developers	O
create	O
art	O
assets	O
,	O
design	O
levels	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
build	O
entire	O
games	O
from	O
the	O
ground	O
up.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
misrepresent	O
well-known	O
politicians	O
in	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
downloadable	O
Windows	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
application	O
called	O
DeepNude	O
was	O
released	O
which	O
used	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
specifically	O
generative	B-Algorithm
adversarial	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
,	O
to	O
remove	O
clothing	O
from	O
images	O
of	O
women	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
multiple	O
social	O
media	O
networks	O
began	O
banning	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
used	O
for	O
purposes	O
of	O
manipulation	O
in	O
the	O
lead-up	O
to	O
the	O
2020	O
United	O
States	O
presidential	O
election	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
involve	O
generating	O
,	O
manipulating	O
,	O
and	O
altering	O
data	O
to	O
emulate	O
creative	O
processes	O
on	O
a	O
much	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
accurate	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
News	O
organizations	O
have	O
explored	O
ways	O
to	O
use	O
video	O
synthesis	O
and	O
other	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
to	O
become	O
more	O
efficient	O
and	O
engaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Potential	O
future	O
hazards	O
include	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
different	O
subfields	O
to	O
generate	O
fake	O
news	O
,	O
natural-language	O
bot	B-Protocol
swarms	O
generating	O
trends	O
and	O
memes	O
,	O
false	O
evidence	O
being	O
generated	O
,	O
and	O
potentially	O
addiction	O
to	O
personalized	O
content	O
and	O
a	O
retreat	O
into	O
AI-generated	O
fantasy	O
worlds	O
within	O
virtual	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
text-generating	O
bots	B-Protocol
could	O
potentially	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
manipulate	O
social	O
media	O
platforms	O
through	O
tactics	O
such	O
as	O
astroturfing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	O
reinforcement	O
learning-based	O
natural-language	O
generators	O
could	O
potentially	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
advanced	O
chatbots	B-Application
that	O
could	O
imitate	O
natural	O
human	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
use	O
case	O
for	O
natural-language	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
generate	O
or	O
assist	O
with	O
writing	O
novels	O
and	O
short	O
stories	O
,	O
while	O
other	O
potential	O
developments	O
are	O
that	O
of	O
stylistic	O
editors	O
to	O
emulate	O
professional	O
writers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
automation	B-Application
process	O
takes	O
away	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
teams	O
of	O
designers	O
,	O
artists	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
making	O
of	O
entertainment	O
,	O
costs	O
could	O
plunge	O
to	O
virtually	O
nothing	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
"	O
bedroom	O
multimedia	O
franchises	O
"	O
where	O
singular	O
people	O
can	O
generate	O
results	O
indistinguishable	O
from	O
the	O
highest	O
budget	O
productions	O
for	O
little	O
more	O
than	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
running	O
their	O
computer	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
combination	O
of	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
and	O
deepfakes	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
automatically	O
redub	O
an	O
actor	O
's	O
speech	O
into	O
multiple	O
languages	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
reshoots	O
or	O
language	O
classes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
increase	O
in	O
cyberattacks	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
feared	O
due	O
to	O
methods	O
of	O
phishing	O
,	O
catfishing	O
,	O
and	O
social	O
hacking	O
being	O
more	O
easily	O
automated	B-Application
by	O
new	O
technological	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Natural-language	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
bots	B-Protocol
mixed	O
with	O
image	O
synthesis	O
networks	O
may	O
theoretically	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
clog	O
search	B-Application
results	I-Application
,	O
filling	O
search	B-Application
engines	I-Application
with	O
trillions	O
of	O
otherwise	O
useless	O
but	O
legitimate-seeming	O
blogs	O
,	O
websites	O
,	O
and	O
marketing	O
spam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
speculation	O
about	O
deepfakes	B-Application
being	O
used	O
for	O
creating	O
digital	O
actors	O
for	O
future	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digitally	O
constructed/altered	O
humans	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
films	O
before	O
,	O
and	O
deepfakes	B-Application
could	O
contribute	O
new	O
developments	O
in	O
the	O
near	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amateur	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
has	O
already	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
insert	O
faces	O
into	O
existing	O
films	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
insertion	O
of	O
Harrison	O
Ford	O
's	O
young	O
face	O
onto	O
Han	O
Solo	O
's	O
face	O
in	O
Solo	O
:	O
A	O
Star	O
Wars	O
Story	O
,	O
and	O
techniques	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
used	O
by	O
deepfakes	B-Application
were	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
acting	O
of	O
Princess	O
Leia	O
in	O
Rogue	O
One	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
for	O
GANs	O
to	O
generate	O
photorealistic	O
human	O
bodies	O
presents	O
a	O
challenge	O
to	O
industries	O
such	O
as	O
fashion	O
modeling	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
at	O
heightened	O
risk	O
of	O
being	O
automated	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Dadabots	O
unveiled	O
an	O
AI-generated	O
stream	O
of	O
death	O
metal	O
which	O
remains	O
ongoing	O
with	O
no	O
pauses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Musical	O
artists	O
and	O
their	O
respective	O
brands	O
may	O
also	O
conceivably	O
be	O
generated	O
from	O
scratch	O
,	O
including	O
AI-generated	O
music	O
,	O
videos	O
,	O
interviews	O
,	O
and	O
promotional	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
process	O
by	O
WaveNet	B-Application
for	O
timbre	O
musical	O
transfer	O
,	O
researchers	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
shift	O
entire	O
genres	O
from	O
one	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
old	O
bands	O
and	O
artists	O
may	O
be	O
"	O
revived	O
"	O
to	O
release	O
new	O
material	O
without	O
pause	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
even	O
include	O
"	O
live	O
"	O
concerts	O
and	O
promotional	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
will	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
discredit	O
factual	O
news	O
sources	O
and	O
scientific	O
facts	O
as	O
"	O
potentially	O
fabricated.	O
"	O
</s>
